Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

9th century official script of the Serbian language

"Serbian alphabet" redirects here. For the Serbian Latin alphabet, see Gaj's Latin alphabet.

Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

Српска ћирилица
Srpska ćirilica

Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

Script type|

Alphabet

Time period

| 9th century – present
Direction| Left-to-right
Official script| Serbia
Montenegro
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Greece (Mount Athos, Hilandar)
Languages| Serbian
Bosnian

Related scripts

Parent systems

Egyptian hieroglyphs[1]

* Phoenician alphabet
* Greek alphabet (partly Glagolitic alphabet)
* Early Cyrillic alphabet
* Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

Child systems

| Macedonian alphabet (partly)
Montenegrin Cyrillic (partly)
ISO 15924
ISO 15924| Cyrl (220), ​Cyrillic
Unicode

Unicode alias

| Cyrillic

Unicode range

| subset of Cyrillic (U+0400...U+04FF)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

South Slavic languages and dialects

Western South Slavic

* Serbo-Croatian

* Standard languages
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Montenegrin
* Serbian
(Slavonic-Serbian)

* Dialects
* Shtokavian

* (Younger Ikavian

* Bunjevac

* Slavonian

* Šokac

* Dubrovnik
* Eastern Herzegovinian

* Užice

* Zeta–Raška
* Kosovo–Resava (Smederevo–Vršac)
* Šumadija–Vojvodina
* Prizren–Timok (Prizren–South Morava

* Gorani
* Janjevo–Letnica

* Svrljig–Zaplanje
* Timok–Lužnica))

* Chakavian

* (Burgenland
* Molise)

* Kajkavian
* Torlakian

* (Prizren–South Morava

* Gorani
* Janjevo–Letnica

* Svrljig–Zaplanje
* Timok–Lužnica)

* Accents
*     * Ekavian
* Ijekavian
* Ikavian

* Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

* Slovene
* Dialects

* (Prekmurje Slovene
* Resian)

Eastern South Slavic

* Church Slavonic (Old)

* Bulgarian
* Dialects
* Banat
*     * Torlakian
* Meshterski

* Macedonian
* Dialects

* (Western
* Southeastern

* Northern
* Torlakian)

* Spoken Macedonian
* Standard Macedonian

Transitional dialects

* Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian
* Transitional Bulgarian dialects
*     * Torlakian
* Gorani

* Croatian–Slovenian
* Kajkavian

* Bulgarian–Macedonian
* Slavic dialects of Greece

Alphabets

* Modern
*     * Gaj's Latina
* Serbian Cyrillic

* Bulgarian Cyrillic
* Macedonian Cyrillic
* Montenegrin
* Slovene

* Historical
*     * Bohoričica
* Dajnčica
* Metelčica

*     * Arebica
* Bosnian Cyrillic

*     * Glagolitic
* Early Cyrillic

a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.

* v
* t
* e

The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (Serbian: Српска ћирилица, Srpska ćirilica, Serbian pronunciation: [sr̩̂pskaː tɕirǐlitsa]) is a variation of the Cyrillic script used to write the Serbian language originated in medieval Serbia. Reformed in 19th century by the Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Karadžić. It is one of the two alphabets used to write modern standard Serbian, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet.

Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters that represent iotated vowels, introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology. During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters.

The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period. Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia, Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the "official script", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, along with Gaj's Latin alphabet.

## Official use

[edit]

Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2] Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",[2] the Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,[2] whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska.[2][3] The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism.

Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity.[4] In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only[5] even though, according to a 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic.[6]

## Modern alphabet

[edit]

Example of typical cursive modern Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Capital letters of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Example of typical antique style in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling is necessary (or followed by a short schwa, e.g. /fə/).:

| Cyrillic | Latin | IPA value

|
|

А а | A a | /ä/
Б б | B b | /b/
В в | V v | /v/
Г г | G g | /ɡ/
Д д | D d | /d/
Ђ ђ | Đ đ | /dʑ/
Е е | E e | /e̞/
Ж ж | Ž ž | /ʐ/
З з | Z z | /z/
И и | I i | /i/
Ј ј | J j | /j/
К к | K k | /k/
Л л | L l | /l/
Љ љ | Lj lj | /ʎ/
М м | M m | /m/
| Cyrillic | Latin | IPA value

|
|

Н н | N n | /n/
Њ њ | Nj nj | /ɲ/
О о | O o | /ɔ̝/
П п | P p | /p/
Р р | R r | /ɾ/
С с | S s | /s/
Т т | T t | /t/
Ћ ћ | Ć ć | /tɕ/
У у | U u | /u/
Ф ф | F f | /f/
Х х | H h | /x/
Ц ц | C c | /ts/
Ч ч | Č č | /t͡ʂ/
Џ џ | Dž dž | /d͡ʐ/
Ш ш | Š š | /ʂ/

Summary tables

Latin to Cyrillic A | a | B | b | C | c | Č | č | Ć | ć | D | d | Dž | dž | Đ | đ | E | e | F | f | G | g | H | h | I | i | J | j | K | k

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А | а | Б | б | Ц | ц | Ч | ч | Ћ | ћ | Д | д | Џ | џ | Ђ | ђ | Е | е | Ф | ф | Г | г | Х | х | И | и | Ј | ј | К | к
L | l | Lj | lj | M | m | N | n | Nj | nj | O | o | P | p | R | r | S | s | Š | š | T | t | U | u | V | v | Z | z | Ž | ž
Л | л | Љ | љ | М | м | Н | н | Њ | њ | О | о | П | п | Р | р | С | с | Ш | ш | Т | т | У | у | В | в | З | з | Ж | ж
Cyrillic to Latin А | а | Б | б | В | в | Г | г | Д | д | Ђ | ђ | Е | е | Ж | ж | З | з | И | и | Ј | ј | К | к | Л | л | Љ | љ | М | м

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A | a | B | b | V | v | G | g | D | d | Đ | đ | E | e | Ž | ž | Z | z | I | i | J | j | K | k | L | l | Lj | lj | M | m
Н | н | Њ | њ | О | о | П | п | Р | р | С | с | Т | т | Ћ | ћ | У | у | Ф | ф | Х | х | Ц | ц | Ч | ч | Џ | џ | Ш | ш
N | n | Nj | nj | O | o | P | p | R | r | S | s | T | t | Ć | ć | U | u | F | f | H | h | C | c | Č | č | Dž | dž | Š | š

## Early history

[edit]

See also: History of Serbia

Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, attributed to Saint Cyril and Methodius, 16th century[7]

### Early Cyrillic

[edit]

Main article: Early Cyrillic

According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs. Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century.[8]

Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet Script by Pierre Simon Fournier, 18th century

The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav, based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki.[8]

### Medieval Serbian Cyrillic

[edit]

See also: Serbian manuscripts and Srbulja

Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel, Vukan Gospels, St. Sava's Nomocanon, Dušan's Code, Munich Serbian Psalter, and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494).

It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of the djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (*t͡ɕ, *d͡ʑ, *d͡ʒ, and *tɕ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters.

## Karadžić's reform

[edit]

Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet Script by Claude Duret, 16th century Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet Script by Edmund Fry, 1799

Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar, a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized the alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary.

Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung' model and Jan Hus' Czech alphabet. Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic, instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to the dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić, the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which was published in 1868.

He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ.[9]

The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death.[10]

From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters:

А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з

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И и | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р
С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш

He added one Latin letter:

Ј ј

And 5 new ones:

Ђ ђ | Љ љ | Њ њ | Ћ ћ | Џ џ

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He removed:

Ѥ ѥ (је) | Ѣ, ѣ (јат) | І ї (и) | Ѵ ѵ (и) | Оу оу (у) | Ѡ ѡ (о) | Ѧ ѧ (мали јус) | Ѫ ѫ (велики јус) | Ы ы (јери, тврдо и)  |

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Ю ю (ју) | Ѿ ѿ (от) | Ѳ ѳ (т) | Ѕ ѕ (дз) | Щ щ (шт) | Ѯ ѯ (кс) | Ѱ ѱ (пс) | Ъ ъ (тврди полуглас) | Ь ь (меки полуглас) | Я я (ја)

## Modern history

[edit]

Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet Script before and after reform by Montenegro church public school, Cetinje, 1836Serbian dictionary

### Austria-Hungary

[edit]

Orders issued on the 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities".[11][12]

### World War II

[edit]

See also: Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia and Axis occupation of Serbia

In 1941, the Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic,[13] having regulated it on 25 April 1941,[14] and in June 1941 began eliminating "Eastern" (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools.[15][16]

The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski.

### Yugoslavia

[edit]

The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of the two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet (latinica).

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script.[17]

### Contemporary period

[edit]

Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script is the only one in official use.[18]

## Special letters

[edit]

Serbian Cyrillic, from Comparative orthography of European languages. Source: Vuk Stefanović Karadžić "Srpske narodne pjesme" (Serbian folk poems), Vienna, 1841

The ligatures:

Ђ ђ | Љ љ | Њ њ | Ћ ћ | Џ џ

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were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet.

* Karadžić based the letters ⟨Љ⟩ and ⟨Њ⟩ on a design by Serb linguist, grammarian, philologist, and poet Sava Mrkalj, known for his attempt to reform the Serbian language before, combining the letters ⟨Л⟩ (L) and ⟨Н⟩ (N) with the soft sign (Ь).
* Karadžić based ⟨Џ⟩ on letter "Gea" in the Old Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.[citation needed]
* ⟨Ћ⟩ was adopted by Karadžić to represent the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate (IPA: /tɕ/). The letter was based on, but different in appearance to, the letter Djerv, which is the 12th letter of the Glagolitic alphabet; that letter had been used in written Serbian since the 9th century, to represent /ɡʲ/, /dʲ/ and /dʑ/.
* Karadžić adopted a design by Serbian poet, prose writer, polyglot, and Serbian Orthodox bishop Lukijan Mušicki for the letter ⟨Ђ⟩. It was based on the letter ⟨Ћ⟩, as adapted by Karadžić.
* ⟨Ј⟩ was adopted from the Latin alphabet, apparently in preference to ⟨Й⟩.

## Differences from other Cyrillic alphabets

[edit]

See also: Cyrillic alphabets

Alternate variants of lowercase Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш.

Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.

Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle.

Alternate Serbian (Southern) italic forms on the right.

Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign (ъ) and soft sign (ь), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э, Ukrainian/Belarusian І, the semi-vowels Й or Ў, nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya), Є (Ukrainian ye), Ї (yi), Ё (Russian yo) or Ю (yu), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју. Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й. The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ, ШЋ or ШТ.

Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б, г, д, п, and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б, г, д, п, and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations.[19][20] That presents a challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe,[21] Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and a few other font houses[citation needed] include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic).

If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode:

* `<span lang="sr">бгдпт</span>`, produces in Serbian language script: бгдпт, same (except for the shape of б) as
* `<span lang="ru">бгдпт</span>`, producing in Russian language script: бгдпт

whereas:

* `<span lang="sr" style="font-style: italic">бгдпт</span>` gives in Serbian language script: бгдпт, and
* `<span lang="ru" style="font-style: italic">бгдпт</span>` produces in Russian language script: бгдпт.

Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters,[22] font support must be present to display the correct variant.

## Keyboard layout

[edit]

See also: Keyboard layout § Serbian (Cyrillic)

The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:

## See also

[edit]

* Yugoslav braille
* Yugoslav manual alphabet
* Romanization of Serbian
* Serbian calligraphy

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
2. ^ a b c d Ronelle Alexander (15 August 2006). Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Grammar: With Sociolinguistic Commentary. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 1–2\. ISBN 978-0-299-21193-6.1-2&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-299-21193-6&rft.au=Ronelle+Alexander&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HTdZ5rxJ-cC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Serbian+Cyrillic+alphabet" class="Z3988">
3. ^ Tomasz Kamusella (15 January 2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-55070-4. "In addition, today, neither Bosniaks nor Croats, but only Serbs use Cyrillic in Bosnia."
4. ^ Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. 13 June 2013. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.
5. ^ "Ćeranje ćirilice iz Crne Gore". www.novosti.rs.
6. ^ "Ivan Klajn: Ćirilica će postati arhaično pismo". B92.net. 16 December 2014.
7. ^ Duret, Claude (1613). "Thrésor de l'histoire des langues de cest univers". Retrieved 2024-02-02.
8. ^ a b Cubberley, Paul (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". in Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
9. ^ The life and times of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, p. 387
10. ^ Vek i po od smrti Vuka Karadžića (in Serbian), Radio-Television of Serbia, 7 February 2014
11. ^ Andrej Mitrović, Serbia's great war, 1914-1918 p.78-79. Purdue University Press, 2007. ISBN 1-55753-477-2, ISBN 978-1-55753-477-4
12. ^ Ana S. Trbovich (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. p. 102\. ISBN 9780195333435.
13. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. pp. 312–. ISBN 0-253-34656-8.
14. ^ Enver Redžić (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. Psychology Press. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0.
15. ^ Alex J. Bellamy (2003). The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream. Manchester University Press. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6502-6.
16. ^ David M. Crowe (13 September 2013). Crimes of State Past and Present: Government-Sponsored Atrocities and International Legal Responses. Routledge. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-1-317-98682-9.
17. ^ Yugoslav Survey. Vol. 43\. Jugoslavija Publishing House. 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
18. ^ Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (English version Archived 2011-03-14 at the Wayback Machine)
19. ^ Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42\. ISBN 86-363-0296-X.
20. ^ Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3\. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2.
21. ^ "Adobe Standard Cyrillic Font Specification - Technical Note #5013" (PDF). 18 February 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
22. ^ "Unicode 8.0.0 ch.02 p.14-15" (PDF).

### Sources

[edit]

* Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
* Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.185-195&rft.pub=George+Bariţiu+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Isailović&rft.aufirst=Neven+G.&rft.au=Krstić,+Aleksandar+R.&rft_id=https://www.academia.edu/25272837&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Serbian+Cyrillic+alphabet" class="Z3988">
* Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.
* Samardžić, Radovan; Duškov, Milan, eds. (1993). Serbs in European Civilization. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 9788675830153.
* Sir Duncan Wilson, The life and times of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, 1787-1864: literacy, literature and national independence in Serbia, p. 387\. Clarendon Press, 1970. Google Books

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbian Cyrillic.

* Omniglot – Serbian

* v
* t
* e

Types of handwritten European scripts

Ancient
and medieval|

* Roman
* Rustic
* Uncial
* Visigothic
* Merovingian
* Carolingian
* Insular script
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Rotunda
* Bastarda
* Georgian
* Greek
* Early Cyrillic
* Ustav
* Poluustav
* Serbian Cyrillic
* Bosančica
* Glagolitic
* Angular
* Court hand
* Lombardic

Modern|

* Cursive
* Chancery
* Johannine
* Humanist
* Italic
* Round
* Secretary
* Library
* Technical lettering
* Copperplate
* Spencerian
* Ronde
* Kurrent
* Russian cursive
* Skoropis (Ukrainian skoropys)
* Shorthand

Teaching scripts|

* Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
* D'Nealian
* Getty-Dubay Italic
* Grundschrift
* Palmer
* Sütterlin
* Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
* Zaner-Bloser

* v
* t
* e

Transliteration and transcription into Cyrillic

Existing systems|

* Arabic
* Chinese
* French
* German
* Greek
* Japanese
* Korean
* Lithuanian
* Persian
* Polish

Standards|

* Alphabet comparison
* Cyrillic script
* International Phonetic Alphabet
* Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic

* v
* t
* e

Orthographies of the world's languages

* Phonologies
* Orthographies
* Grammars
* Adjectives
* Determiners
* Nouns
* Prepositions
* Pronouns
* Verbs

Indo-European|

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Serbia articles

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Related articles|

* Serbian language
* Shtokavian
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* History of Vojvodina
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* Medieval Serbian literature
* Miroslav Gospel
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* Serbian poetry
* Serbian epic poetry
* Slavic studies
* Romanticism
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* Serbian Literary Guild
* Association of Writers of Serbia
* Adligat
* Belgrade Book Fair

Medieval literature|

* Stefan the First-Crowned
* Saint Sava
* Domentijan
* Teodosije the Hilandarian
* Jakov of Serres
* Patriarch Jefrem
* Danilo II
* Stanislav of Lesnovo
* Princess Milica
* Jefimija
* Jelena Balšić
* Stefan Lazarević
* Konstantin Mihailović
* Segon
* Kantakouzenos
* Pachomius the Serb
* Dimitar of Kratovo
* Vladislav the Grammarian
* Hieromonk Makarije

Pre-19th century|

* de Boliris
* Pajsije of Janjevo
* Zmajević
* Arsenije III
* Branković
* Stefanović Venclović
* Kozačinski
* Vasilije Petrović
* Žefarović
* Rajić
* Orfelin
* Julinac
* Piščević
* Obradović
* Petar I Petrović-Njegoš
* Vićentije Rakić
* Zannowich
* Zelić
* Vezlić
* Miletić
* Janković
* Vujić
* Stojković
* Solarić

19th century|

* Došenović
* Mušicki
* Nenadović
* Vidaković
* Karadžić
* Milutinović Sarajlija
* Sterija Popović
* Popović Šapčanin
* Marković Koder
* Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
* Subotić
* Ignjatović
* Ljubiša
* Radičević
* J. Ilić
* Stojadnović-Srpkinja
* Nenadović
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* Matavulj
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* Vojnović
* V. Ilić
* D. Ilić
* Veselinović
* Šantić
* Ćipiko
* Domanović
* Ćorović
* Stanković

20th century|

* Nušić
* Slobodan Jovanović
* Dučić
* Milan Rakić
* Sekulić
* Kočić
* Skerlić
* Petković Dis
* Pandurović
* Uskoković
* Vasić
* Jakovljević
* Vinaver
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* Isaković
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* Dragoslav Mihailović
* Albahari
* Goran Petrović

Contemporary

* Bajac
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* Stevanović
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Literary awards|

* NIN Award
* Isidora Sekulić Award

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Slavic languages

History|

* Proto-Balto-Slavic
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* Church Slavonic
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* Cyrillic script
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* Modern languages

East Slavic|

* Belarusian
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South Slavic|

| Eastern|

* Bulgarian
* Church Slavonic
* Old Church Slavonic
* Macedonian

|

Transitional|

* Torlakian

Western [ru]|

* Alpine Slavic
* Serbo-Croatian
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Montenegrin
* Serbian
* Slavomolisano
* Slovene

West Slavic|

| Czech–Slovak|

* Czech
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|

Lechitic|

* East Lechitic
* Polish
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* Marcho-Magdeburgian
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* Rani

Sorbian|

* Upper Sorbian
* Lower Sorbian
* Schleifer

Microlanguages
and dialects|

| East Slavic|

* Carpathian Rusyn
* Lemko
* Odesan Russian
* Podlachian
* West Polesian

|

South Slavic|

* Banat Bulgarian
* Chakavian
* Burgenland Croatian
* Kajkavian
* Pomak
* Prekmurje Slovene
* Resian
* Shtokavian
* Slavomolisano
* Bunjevac
* Slavic dialects of Greece

West Slavic|

* Eastern Slovak
* Pannonian Rusyn
* Goral
* Knaanic
* Lach
* Silesian
* Cieszyn Silesian

Mixed languages|

* Balachka
* 20th century Bohemian Romani
* Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
* Mednyj Aleut
* Ponaschemu
* Quelia
* Romano-Serbian
* Runglish
* Russenorsk
* Solombala English
* Surzhyk
* Taimyr Pidgin Russian
* Trasianka

Constructed
languages|

* Pan-Slavic language
* Interslavic
* Lydnevi
* Army Slavic
* Iazychie
* Slavonic-Serbian

Historical
phonology|

* Slavic first palatalization
* Slavic second palatalization
* Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
* Monophthongization
* Dybo's law
* Havlík's law
* Hirt's law
* Illič-Svityč's law
* Ivšić's law
* Meillet's law
* Pedersen's law
* Ruki sound law
* Van Wijk's law
* Winter's law

Italics indicate extinct languages.

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Languages of Serbia

Official language|

* Serbian

Minority languages|

* Albanian
* Bosnian
* Bulgarian
* Croatian
* Hungarian
* Macedonian
* Slovak
* Romani
* Romanian
* Rusyn

Sign languages|

* Yugoslav Sign Language

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* e

Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Official languages|

* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Serbian

Other languages|

* Vlax Romani
* Yugoslav Sign Language

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* e

Languages of Croatia

Official languages|

* Croatian

Minority languages|

* Bosnian
* Czech
* Hungarian
* Italian
* Romani
* Pannonian Rusyn
* Serbian
* Slovak

Sign languages|

* Yugoslav Sign Language

See Also: Minority languages of Croatia

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* e

Languages of Montenegro

Official languages|

* Montenegrin
* Venetian

Minority languages|

* Albanian
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Serbian
* Romani

Sign languages|

* Yugoslav Sign Language

See Also: Minority languages of Montenegro

* v
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* e

Languages of Kosovo

Official languages|

* Albanian
* Serbian

Minority languages|

* Bosnian
* Gorani
* Romani
* Turkish

Sign languages|

* Albanian Sign Language

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