Serbian cross

National symbol of Serbia

Serbian cross

Serbian tetragrammic cross

Heraldic tradition| Byzantine
Jurisdiction| Serbia
Governing body| Serbian Heraldry Society

The Serbian cross (Serbian: Cрпски крст, romanized: Srpski krst), also known as the Firesteels (Serbian: Оцила, romanized: Ocila), is one of the national symbols of Serbia. It is present on the coat of arms and flag of Serbia. The cross is based on a tetragrammic cross emblem of the Palaiologos dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, with the difference in Serbian use being that the cross is usually white on a carmine red background, rather than gold on a red background (though it can be depicted in gold as well). The Serbian cross was adopted from the Eastern Roman Empire and the Byzantine cross in the 10th century.

It is composed of a cross symbol with four "fire striker" shapes, originally four Greek letters beta (Β). Serbian tradition attributes the letters to Saint Sava, the 13th-century Archbishop of the Serbs, and interprets the four "fire striker" shapes as four Cyrillic letters "С", for the motto Only Unity Saves the Serbs (Serbian: Cамо слога Србина спасава, romanized: Samo sloga Srbina spasava). The Serbian cross has been frequently used in Serbian heraldry, and along with the Serbian eagle, is the main heraldic symbol which represent the national identity of the Serbian people.[citation needed][1]

## History

[edit]

See also: Byzantine flags and insignia § Tetragrammatic cross

Crosses with firesteels have been used since Roman times as symbols, but not as coats of arms or emblems. Some historians connect it with the labarum, the Imperial flag of Constantine the Great (r. 306–337).[2] In the 6th century, the cross with four fields (with either letters or heraldry) appeared on Byzantine coins.[3] The symbol was adopted by the First Crusaders starting with the People's Crusade (1096).[4]

Michael VIII Palaiologos (1261–1282) adopted the symbol when he resurrected the Byzantine Empire, with the initials (letters β) of the imperial motto of the Palaiologos dynasty: "King of Kings, help the King" (Ancient Greek: Βασιλεῦ Βασιλέων Βασιλεῖ Βοήθει; Basileu Basileōn, Basilei Boethei).[citation needed] It was used on flags and coins.[citation needed] The symbol appears on the Imperial flag divellion (διβέλλιον) used in front of all other banners, recorded by Pseudo-Kodinos (fl. 1347–68) wrongly[citation needed] as "a cross with firesteels" (σταυρὸν μετὰ πυρεκβόλων),[5] and depicted in the Castilian Conosçimiento de todos los reynos atlas (c. 1350).[citation needed][6] As Alexander Soloviev writes, the use of letters in western heraldry is nonexistent.[3]

"Tetragrammic cross", emblem of the Palaiologos dynasty, mid-13th century

The oldest preserved historical source of the cross used in Serbia is from the Dečani oil-lamp (Dečanski polijelej), which was a gift to King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321), the ktetor (founder) of Visoki Dečani, now preserved at the Monastery of Prohor Pčinjski.[citation needed] Stojan Novaković argued that the recorded use of the Serbian cross, as a national symbol, began in 1397, during the rule of Stefan Lazarević.[7] Serbian historian Stanoje Stanojević argued that it entered its use in 1345, with Stefan Dušan's elevation to Emperor.[2] In the Middle Ages, both the "Greek style", with closed fire-steels (β–B), and the "Serbian syle", with open fire-steels (C-S), were used in Serbia.[citation needed]

A 1439 map by Gabriel de Vallseca used both the Serbian cross and eagle when depicting Serbia.

In South Slavic heraldic sources (also known as Illyrian Armorials), the Serbian cross is found in the Korenić-Neorić Armorial (1595), which shows the coat of arms of Serbia (Svrbiae) as a white cross over a red background, with four firesteels, also depicting the Mrnjavčević noble house with the same design, with inverted colours and the Serbian eagle in the center of the cross. According to Mavro Orbini (1607), it was used by Vukašin Mrnjavčević (King, 1365–1371) and Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović (r. 1371–1389).[citation needed] Next, it is found in the Belgrade Armorial II (ca. 1600–1620), the Fojnica Armorial (between 1675 and 1688), the Armorial of Stanislaus Rubcich (c. 1700), and Stemmatographia (1741), while still continuing to be used in foreign heraldic sources.

The Metropolitanate of Karlovci, established in 1691, adopted it in its seal.

After the Serbian Revolution, the Serbian cross then appeared on all official Serbian coats of arms, except the Serbian coat of arms adopted in 1947, which had the cross removed, leaving four stylized S; this was done symbolically by the Yugoslav government to "socially curtail and politically marginalize religious communities and religion in general".[8] Miloš Obrenović adopted the Serbian cross as the military flag when forming the first units of the regular army in 1825.[9]

## Gallery

[edit]

### Historical

[edit]

#### Flags

[edit]

* Revolutionary Serbia (1804-1812)

* Principality of Serbia (1835)

* Principality of Serbia (1835–1882)

* Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849)

* Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)

* Republic of Serbian Krajina (1992–1995)

* Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)

* Republic of Serbia (2004–2010)

#### Coat of arms and seals

[edit]

* Mrnjavčević family,
(c. 1370)

* Serbian Empire,
by G. de Vallseca (1439)

* Serbia,
Belgrade Armorial II
(c. 1600–1620)

* Serbs,
ed. of Mavro Orbini's Regno degli Slavi (1601)

* Serbia,
Fojnica Armorial
(1675–1688)

* Metropolitanate of Karlovci (1713)

* Revolutionary Serbia (1805–1813)

* Prince Miloš I
(1817–1835)

* Principality of Serbia
(1835–1882)

* Voivodeship of Serbia and Ban. of Temeschwar
(1849–1860)

* King Milan I
(1878–1889)

* King Peter I
(1903–1918)

* House of Obrenović (1882–1903)

* House of Karađorđević
(1903–1918)

* Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)

* Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1944)

* Government of National Salvation (1941–1944)

* Socialist Republic of Serbia (1947–1992) and Republic of Serbia (1992–2004)

* Republic of Serbian Krajina (1992–1995)

* Republika Srpska (1992–2006)

* Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)

* FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) and
Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)

* Republic of Serbia (2004–2010)

* Republic of Serbia (2004–2010)

### Current

[edit]

#### National

[edit]

* State flag of the Republic of Serbia

* Greater coat of arms of the Republic of Serbia

* Lesser coat of arms of the Republic of Serbia

#### Regional

[edit]

* Traditional flag of Vojvodina

* Traditional coat of arms of Vojvodina

#### Local

[edit]

* Aranđelovac (Serbia)

* Barajevo (Serbia)

* Kragujevac (Serbia)

* Ljubovija (Serbia)

* Mladenovac (Serbia)

* Rača (Serbia)

* Srpska Crnja (Serbia)

* Surdulica (Serbia)

* Varvarin (Serbia)

* Voždovac (Serbia)

* Vračar (Serbia)

* Zemun (Serbia)

* Zvezdara (Serbia)

* Gradiška
(Republika Srpska, BiH)

* Istočno Novo Sarajevo
(Republika Srpska, BiH)

* Kotor Varoš
(Republika Srpska, BiH)

* Laktaši
(Republika Srpska, BiH)

* Srbac
(Republika Srpska, BiH)

* Šipovo
(Republika Srpska, BiH)

* Višegrad
(Republika Srpska, BiH)

* Staro Nagoričane
(North Macedonia)

### Other usage

[edit]

#### Military

[edit]

* Shoulder patch on service uniforms of the Serbian Armed Forces

* Shoulder patch on combat uniforms of the Serbian Armed Forces

* Emblem of Serbian Volunteer Corps (Ljotićevci) paramilitary organization
(1941–1945)

* Emblem of Serb Volunteer Guard (Arkanovci) paramilitary unit (1990–1996)

* Emblem of the Serbian Guard paramilitary unit (1991–1992)

* Emblem of the Scorpions paramilitary unit (1991–1999)

#### Police

[edit]

* Emblem of the Police Helicopter Unit

* Emblem of the Police Technical Directorate

#### Intelligence

[edit]

* Emblem of the Security Intelligence Agency

* Emblem of the State Security Directorate (1991-2002)

#### Orders and decorations

[edit]

* Sretenje Order

* Order of Merits in Defense and Security

#### Science and arts

[edit]

* Member badge of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

#### Religious

[edit]

* Flag of the Serbian Orthodox Church

* Serbian cross on the dome of the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade

#### Sports

[edit]

* Logo of the Olympic Committee of Serbia

#### Miscellaneous

[edit]

* Serbian identity card

* Serbian vehicle registration plate

* Montenegrin cap

* Česnica, Serbian Christmas bread

## See also

[edit]

* National symbols of Serbia
* Serbian eagle

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Anarheologija Slika 5: Srpski štit, grb Despotovine od početka XV veka.
2. ^ a b Stanojević, Stanoje (1930). Glasnik Istoriskog Društva u Novom Sadu III. Srpska Manastirska Štamp. pp. 98–99.
3. ^ a b Vasiljevič Solovjev, Aleksandar (1958). Istorija srpskog grba. Srpska misao. p. 23.
4. ^ Zmajić, Bartol (1971). Heraldika. Školska knjiga. p. 3.
5. ^ Palavestra 1998, p. 1.
6. ^ "Other Byzantine flags shown in the "Book of All Kingdoms" (14th century)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
7. ^ Novaković, Stojan (1982). "Heraldički običaji u Srba u primeni i književnosti". In Ćirković, Sima (ed.). Istorija i tradicija - izabrani radovi. Srpska književna zadruga. p. 496.
8. ^ Mitja Velikonja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-1-60344-724-9. "nations (in a symbolical sense as well, for example, by removing the cross from the Serbian coat of arms but keeping the four stylized esses), and to socially curtail and politically marginalize religious communities and religion in general."
9. ^ Posebna izdanja 295. SANU. 1957. p. 133.

## Sources

[edit]

* Milićević, Milić (1995). Grb Srbije: razvoj kroz istoriju. Službeni glasnik. ISBN 9788675490470.
* Palavestra, Aleksandar (June 1998). "O ocilima" (PDF). Glasnik SHD (in Serbian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29.
* Solovjev, Aleksandar Vasiljevič (1958). Istorija srpskog grba. Srpska misao.
* Stanojević, Stanoje (1934). "O srpskom grbu". Iz naše prošlosti. Belgrade: Geca Kon A. D. pp. 85–90.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbian cross.

* Борис Субашић (16 March 2014). "Србија сачувала симболе Византије" (in Serbian). Novosti.

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National symbols of Serbia

Official symbols|

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UNESCO|

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Intangible Cultural Heritage|

* Slava
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* Singing to the accompaniment of the gusle
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Memory of the World|

* Nikola Tesla Archive
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Man and the Biosphere Programme|

* Nature park Golija-Studenica
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Monuments and locations|

* Bač Fortress
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* Gazimestan
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* Šar Mountains National Park
* Tara National Park
* Trajan's Bridge
* Viminacium
* Vinča-Belo Brdo
* Žiča monastery

People|

| Patron saints|

* Saint Sava

|

Fathers of the Nation|

* Karađorđe
* Miloš Obrenović

Depicted on
Serbian dinar|

* Vuk Karadžić (Linguist)
* Petar II Njegoš (Poet)
* Stevan Mokranjac (Composer)
* Nikola Tesla (Inventor)
* Nadežda Petrović (Painter)
* Jovan Cvijić (Geographer)
* Đorđe Vajfert (Industrialist)
* Milutin Milanković (Geophysicist)
* Slobodan Jovanović (Jurist)
* Dositej Obradović (Intellectual)
* Ivo Andrić (Poet)
* Mihajlo Pupin (Physicist)

Fauna and flora|

* Wolf
* Eagle
* Plum
* Oak
* Serbian spruce
* Natalie's ramonda
* Serbian ramonda

Category

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Crosses

In modern use|

* Alcoraz
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* Serbian
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Historical|

* Avellane
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* Coptic
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* Saint Alban
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* Templar
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By function|

* Altar
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* Nordic
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* High
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* Memorial
* Mission
* Necklace
* Pectoral
* Plague
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* Lalibela
* Rood/Triumphal cross
* Summit
* Wayside

Christograms,
Chrismons|

* Chi Rho
* IX monogram
* Labarum
* Signum manus
* Staurogram/Monogrammatic/Tau Rho

Related|

* Ankh
* Armenian eternity sign
* Chakana
* Ichthys
* Irminsul
* Kolovrat
* Lauburu
* Mjölnir
* Rose
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* Solomon's knot
* Scientology
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* Sun
* Swastika
* Triskelion/Triskele
* Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
* List of tallest crosses in the world

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