Sexual orientation discrimination

Discrimination of person because of sexual orientation

"Sexualism" redirects here. Not to be confused with Sexism.

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Article contains a lot of broad and uncited information that could be rewritten and cleaned up into more comprehensible paragraphs. Please help improve this article if you can. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Sexual orientation discrimination" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (March 2023)

|

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

Part of a series on

Discrimination

Forms

* Institutional
* Structural
* Statistical
* Taste-based

Attributes

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Dialect
* Disability
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Race / Ethnicity
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social

* Arophobia
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-albinism
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Antisemitism
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Cronyism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Social determinants of health
* Social determinants of health in poverty
* Social determinants of mental health
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Homophobia
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Discrimination against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Nepotism
* Pedophobia
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Reverse
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious

* Ahmadiyya
* Atheism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Christianity
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Judaism
* Persecution
* LDS or Mormon
* Neopaganism
* Eastern Orthodox
* Oriental Orthodox
* Protestantism
* Rastafari
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Zoroastrianism

Ethnic/national

* Afghan
* African
* Albanian
* American
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African Americans
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Bulgarian
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Colombian
* Croat
* Filipino
* Fulani
* Finnish
* Georgian
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hispanic
* Hungarian
* Igbo
* Indian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinians
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Tatar
* Thai
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese

Manifestations

* Anti-LGBT rhetoric
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Disability hate crime
* Dog whistle
* Economic
* Education
* Employment
* Eliminationism
* Enemy of the people
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* LGBT
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Indian rolling
* Intersectionality
* Lavender scare
* LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
* List of people killed for being transgender
* Lynching
* Mortgage
* Murder music
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Segregation academy
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch-hunt

Policies

* Age of candidacy
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Crime of apartheid
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Law for Protection of the Nation
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* Nonpersons
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial segregation
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* religious
* sexual
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression

Countermeasures

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* LGBT rights
* Masculism
* Multiculturalism
* Nonviolence
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Toleration

Related topics

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Christian privilege
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Dehumanization
* Diversity
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Gender-blind
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Male privilege
* Masculism
* Medical model of disability
* autism
* Multiculturalism
* Net bias
* Neurodiversity
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Political correctness
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social exclusion
* Social identity threat
* Social model of disability
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* threat
* The talk
* White privilege

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

LGBT rights
Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender

Overview

* Rights
* Movements
* Student
* Germany (pre-1933)
* United States
* Intersex rights
* Social attitudes
* Transgender rights
* Legal status
* Movement

Aspects

* Decriminalization
* Marriage
* Legal status
* Timeline
* Migration
* Military service
* Organizations
* List
* Parenting
* Adoption
* Pinkwashing
* Relationship
* Recognition
* Union

Opposition

* Censorship
* Conversion therapy
* Corrective rape
* Discrimination
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Execution
* Opposition
* Propaganda
* Rhetoric
* Violence

Organizations

* LGBT
* Bisexual
* Intersex
* Community centre
* Medical
* Military and Veteran
* Rights
* Transgender
* United States
* Religious
* Christian
* Jewish
* Muslim

Politics

* Anarchist
* Bisexual politics
* Communism
* Conservatism
* Ecology
* Homonationalism
* Liberation
* Libertarianism
* Nationalism
* Radicalism
* Sexual revolution
* Socialism
* Transfeminism
* Political parties affiliates
* Political ideologies regarding LGBT

Timeline

* Years
* List
* Category

Related

* Discrimination
* Freedom Index
* Human rights
* Minority rights
* LGBT people in prison

LGBT portal

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

LGBT topics

* Lesbian
* Gay
* Bisexual
* Transgender

Sexual orientation and gender

* Aromanticism
* Asexuality
* Gray asexuality
* Biology
* Bisexuality
* Pansexuality
* Demographics
* Environment
* Gender fluidity
* Gender identity
* Gender role
* Gender variance
* Homosexuality
* Intersex
* Non-heterosexual
* Non-binary gender
* Queer
* Queer heterosexuality
* Questioning
* Sexual identity
* Sex–gender distinction
* Trans man
* Trans woman
* Transgender
* Transsexual
* Two-spirit

History

|  General

* Timeline
* Same-sex marriage
* Homosexuality
* Movements
* Gay liberation
* Same-sex unions
* Stonewall riots

Identities

* Lesbian
* Gay men
* Bisexuality
* Transgender
* Intersex

Culture

* Business
* Coming out
* Community
* African-American
* Dyke March
* Events
* Largest events
* Gay village
* Media
* Films
* New queer cinema
* Periodicals
* LGBT culture
* in New York City
* Pride
* Pride Month
* Parade
* Queer art
* QPR and QPP
* Same-sex relationship
* Slang
* Socialization
* Subcultures
* Symbols
* Flags
* Takatāpui
* Moe aikāne
* Tourism

Rights

* Adoption
* Civil union
* Decriminalization
* Intersex human rights
* Marriage
* Military service
* Parenting
* Rights by country or territory
* Transgender rights
* Yogyakarta Principles

Health

* MSM and Blood donation restrictions / HIV
* LGBT medical organizations
* Reproduction
* Transgender health care
* Youth suicide
* Detransition

Social attitudes

* 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
* Allonormativity
* Amatonormativity
* Cisnormativity
* Heteronormativity
* LGBT rights opposition
* Mixed-orientation marriage
* Media portrayal
* Religion and homosexuality / trans people
* Sexual diversity
* Stereotypes

Issues

* Acephobia
* Arophobia
* AIDS stigma
* Anti-LGBT rhetoric
* Biphobia
* Bullying
* Censorship
* Closeted
* Outing
* Comphet
* Criminalization
* Domestic violence
* Erasure
* Straightwashing
* Bisexual
* Lesbian
* Trans
* Gay bashing
* Gayphobia
* Heteropatriarchy
* Heterosexism
* Homophobia
* Liberal
* Intersex discrimination
* Lesbophobia
* LGBT youth
* Suicide
* Vulnerability
* Migration
* Racism
* Sexualism
* Transphobia
* Non-binary people
* Trans men
* Trans women
* Violence
* Trans people

Academic fields and discourse

* Communism and LGBT rights
* Gender studies
* Lesbian feminism
* Lavender linguistics
* LGBT conservatism
* LGBT conservatism in the United States
* Queer anarchism
* Queer studies
* Queer theory
* Social construction of gender
* Socialism and LGBT rights
* Transfeminism
* Transgender studies
* Travesti

LGBT portal

* v
* t
* e

Sexual orientation discrimination (also known as sexualism) is discrimination based on a person's sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or pregnancy.[1]

## Sexual bias[edit]

Sexual orientation discrimination often comes up in the context of employment actions.[2] It refers to sexual prejudice, a negative attitude towards someone that is based on their sexual orientation.[3] An example of this bias is homophobia, which refers to discrimination towards someone who is homosexual. Often in the work environment, this is seen with heterosexual individuals who are prejudiced against lesbian, gay, and bisexual people (among others). This is specifically referred to as heterosexism.

An earlier definition of this term is: Sexual orientation discrimination is a belief or argument that one sexual orientation or sexual behaviour is inherently superior to some or all others. Usually it comes in the form of heterosexuality being considered the only natural, normal, or moral mode of sexual behavior, and is also used to refer to the effects of that instinct. The word heterosexism has also been proposed to mean essentially the same thing as this form of sexual orientation discrimination.[4] This word has been suggested as an alternative to homophobia,[5] in part because it uses a parallel structure to sexism or racism. The intent of the concept of heterosexism is the examination of the cultural bias against non-heterosexuals rather than individual bias, which is the focus of homophobia, as well as the adverse effects of normative heterosexuality on heterosexual identifying people.[6]

## Forms of discrimination[edit]

### Employment actions[edit]

Employment actions (or ultimate employment actions), refer to hiring, firing, demotions, promotions, and compensation.[7] Adverse employment actions, however, include termination, demotions, suspension, and changes to conditions, responsibilities and pay.[8] Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of sex. In Bostock v. Clayton County 590 U.S. ___ 2020, the Supreme Court found that adverse employment actions made due to an employee's sexual orientation or gender identity violates Title VII.[9]

### Service provision[edit]

Sexual orientation discrimination also occurs at the time of service provision from a business or government agency to an individual or group. Such services may include dining at a restaurant, visiting a partner at the hospital, receiving healthcare, or acquiring a marriage license.

## Sexuality or sexual nature[edit]

The term pansexualism, seen especially in the field of early-20th-century psychoanalysis,[10] was based on the usage of the term "sexualism" to refer to humanity's sexual nature. The terms "homosexualism" and "bisexualism" were also based on this usage, and were commonly used before the general adoption of the terms homosexuality and bisexuality.[11][12]

## Key court decisions[edit]

### Latta v. Otter[edit]

Latta v. Otter, 771 F.3d 456 (9th Cir. 2014) is a court case that resulted from a federal lawsuit filed by four couples from Boise, Idaho, where same-sex marriage remained illegal until the couples' victory in 2014.[13] Prior to Latta v. Otter, only 16 U.S. states had legalized same-sex marriage,[14][15] and Idaho refused to recognize same-sex marriages performed in such states. On September 8, 2014, the Ninth Circuit ruled that Idaho's ban on same-sex marriage was a violation of the U.S. Constitution's guarantee of equal protection.[16]

### Obergefell v. Hodges[edit]

Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015) is the landmark civil rights case that resulted in federal legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States. In July 2013, James Obergefell and John Arthur James, filed a lawsuit in the state of Ohio because of its refusal to recognize same-sex marriages on death certificates. In September 2013, the lawsuit was amended to include a second gay couple and a funeral director who feared prosecution for falsifying death certificates if he were to note same-sex spouses on gay clients' documents.

### Hively v. Ivy Tech Community, College of Indiana[edit]

Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College, __ F.3d __, 2017 WL 1230393 (7th Cir. Apr. 4, 2017) ruled in an 8-3 decision by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals that sex discrimination includes homophobia, and therefore violates federal civil rights law.[17] Part-time professor and open lesbian Kimberley Hively applied multiple times for full-time employment, but she was not approved, and her contract was not renewed. She claimed that this was due to her sexuality, and filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The Seventh Circuit Court ruled in her favor.[18]

### Bostock v. Clayton County[edit]

Prior to the Bostock v. Clayton County case, the language of Title VII in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 left the phrase 'on the basis of sex' up for interpretation. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has recognized members of the LGBTQ community as a protected class under Title VII since 2013, but even in 2020, only 21 states had extended employment discrimination protections to members the LGBTQ community.[19] The Bostock ruling found that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity would, in fact, be considered discrimination on the basis of sex.

## See also[edit]

* Antisexualism
* Biphobia
* Discrimination against asexual people
* Heteronormativity
* Heterosexism
* Homophobia
* Sexism
* Sexualization
* Transphobia

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Sex-Based Discrimination". US EEOC. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
2. ^ Berry, John, "Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Current State of the Law (2017)" Archived 2018-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ Matlin, Margaret W., Ph.D., "The Psychology of Women", (2004)
4. ^ Corsini, Raymond J., The Dictionary of Psychology (2001), ISBN 1-58391-328-9
5. ^ Herek, Gregory M., Ph.D., "Beyond 'Homophobia': Thinking About Sexual Prejudice and Stigma in the Twenty-First Century." Sexuality Research & Social Policy (April, 2004)
6. ^ Jackson, S. (2006) Gender, sexuality and heterosexuality: the complexity (and limits) of heteronormativity. Feminist Theory, 7 ( 1). pp. 105-121. ISSN 1464-7001
7. ^ Rusie, Michael (January 2002). "The Meaning of Adverse Employment Actions in the Context of Title VII Retaliation Claims". Washington University Journal of Law and Policy. 9 (1): 385. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
8. ^ Bachman, Eric. "What Counts as an "Adverse Employment Action" in Discrimination and Retaliation Cases?". Forbes. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
9. ^ Wolf, Richard (15 June 2020). "Supreme Court grants federal job protections to gay, lesbian, transgender workers". USA Today. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
10. ^ Malinowski, Bronislaw, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927)
11. ^ Kodaigaku - 'Bi-sexualism in Buddhist Literature', by Kodaigaku Kyōkai (Japan)
12. ^ 'For Sex Education, See Librarian: A Guide to Issues and Resources,' by Martha Cornog, Timothy Perper (1996)
13. ^ "Latta v. Otter". National Center for Lesbian Rights. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
14. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage, State by State". Pew Research Center. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
15. ^ Arthur, Dylan. "Gay dating". Retrieved 11 September 2023.
16. ^ "Latta v. Otter". National Center for Lesbian Rights. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
17. ^ "Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College". Lambda Legal. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
18. ^ "Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College". Harvard Law Review. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
19. ^ Bynum, Russ; Kastanis, Angeliki (20 April 2021). "AP analysis: Most states lack laws protecting LGBT workers". Associated Press News. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 January 2022.

## Further reading[edit]

* White, Chris, 'Nineteenth-century Writings on Homosexuality: a sourcebook' - ISBN 0-415-15305-0
* Wolman, Benjamin B., 'International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis & Neurology' (1977)
* Fish, J. Heterosexism in Health & Social Care. Basingstoke: Palgrave. (2006)
* Jackson, S. (2006) Gender, sexuality and heterosexuality: the complexity (and limits) of heteronormativity. Feminist Theory, 7 (1). pp. 105–121. doi:10.1177/1464700106061462. ISSN 1464-7001.
* Michael Rusie, The Meaning of Adverse Employment Actions in the Context of Title VII Retaliation Claims, 9 WASH. U. J. L. & POL'Y 379 (2002), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol9/iss1/11
* Bachman, Eric. "What Counts as an 'Adverse Employment Action' in Discrimination and Retaliation Cases?" Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 17 Nov. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericbachman/2021/11/15/what-counts-as-an-adverse-employment-action-in-discrimination-and-retaliation-cases/.

* v
* t
* e

Discrimination

Forms|

* Institutional
* Structural
* Statistical
* Taste-based

Attributes|

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Dialect
* Disability
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Race / Ethnicity
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social|

* Arophobia
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-albinism
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Antisemitism
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Cronyism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Social determinants of health
* Social determinants of health in poverty
* Social determinants of mental health
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Homophobia
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Discrimination against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Nepotism
* Pedophobia
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Reverse
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious|

* Ahmadiyya
* Atheism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Christianity
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Judaism
* Persecution
* LDS or Mormon
* Neopaganism
* Eastern Orthodox
* Oriental Orthodox
* Protestantism
* Rastafari
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Zoroastrianism

Ethnic/National|

* Afghan
* African
* Albanian
* American
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African Americans
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Bulgarian
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Colombian
* Croat
* Filipino
* Fulani
* Finnish
* Georgian
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hispanic
* Hungarian
* Igbo
* Indian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinians
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Tatar
* Thai
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese

Manifestations|

* Anti-LGBT rhetoric
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Disability hate crime
* Dog whistle
* Economic
* Education
* Employment
* Eliminationism
* Enemy of the people
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* LGBT
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Indian rolling
* Intersectionality
* Lavender scare
* LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
* List of people killed for being transgender
* Lynching
* Mortgage
* Murder music
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Segregation academy
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch-hunt

Discriminatory
policies|

* Age of candidacy
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Crime of apartheid
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Law for Protection of the Nation
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* Nonpersons
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial segregation
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* religious
* sexual
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression

Countermeasures|

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* LGBT rights
* Masculism
* Multiculturalism
* Nonviolence
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Toleration

Related topics|

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Christian privilege
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Dehumanization
* Diversity
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Gender-blind
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Male privilege
* Masculism
* Medical model of disability
* autism
* Multiculturalism
* Net bias
* Neurodiversity
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Political correctness
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social exclusion
* Social identity threat
* Social model of disability
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* threat
* The talk
* White privilege

* Category
* Commons

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template