Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Sexual violence related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of Russo-Ukrainian War
| Date| February 24, 2022 – present

|

Location|

Ukraine

Result|  Ongoing
Rape

Types

* Acquaintance rape
* Campus rape
* Child sexual abuse
* Corrective rape
* LGBT victims
* Cybersex trafficking
* Drug-facilitated rape
* Date rape
* Gang rape
* Genocidal rape
* Gray rape
* Live streaming rape
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* Prison rape
* Rape chant
* Serial rape
* Sexual abuse
* Sexual assault
* Statutory rape
* Unacknowledged rape
* Rape by deception

Effects and motivations

* Effects and aftermath
* Factors involved
* Pregnancy from rape
* Rape crisis movement
* Rape trauma syndrome
* Causes
* Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
* Weinstein effect
* Secondary victimisation
* Sociobiological theories
* Rape culture

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Laws

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Related articles

* Anti-rape movement
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* Sex and the law
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* Sexual harassment
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* Sexual trauma therapy
* Sexual violence

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Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine has been committed by Armed Forces of Russia, including the use of mass rape as a weapon of war. According to the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, the victims of sexual assault by Russian soldiers ranged from 4 years old to over 80 years old.[1]

The United Nations Human Rights High Commissioner issued a report on human rights violations and war crimes in October 2022; in the opening summary section, it stated, "Furthermore, the Commission documented patterns of summary executions, unlawful confinement, torture, ill-treatment, and rape and other sexual violence committed in areas occupied by Russian armed forces across the four provinces on which it focused. People have been detained, some have been unlawfully deported to the Russian Federation, and many are still reported missing. Sexual violence has affected victims of all ages. Victims, including children, were sometimes forced to witness the crimes. Children have become the victims of the full spectrum of violations investigated by the Commission, including indiscriminate attacks, torture and rape, and have suffered the predictable psychological consequences."[2]

## Nature and extent of sexual violence

[edit]

See also: Wartime sexual violence

In its report covering the initial period of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, from 24 February to 26 March 2022, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) listed four types of risks of sexual violence: increased military presence and activities in civilian areas, the destruction of homes and infrastructure, internal displacement, and high numbers of women and girls leaving Ukraine caused high risks of conflict-related sexual violence and human trafficking. OHCHR stated that reports to a national telephone hotline service indicated a high risk of sexual violence, and that several factors made under-reporting likely.[3][4][5]

Following the late March liberation of the Kyiv region and reports of gang rape, gunpoint sexual assaults, and rapes in front of children, The Guardian said that Ukrainian women were facing a threat of rape as a weapon of war.[6] As of May 2022, about 82.4% of cases of sexual violence related to the conflict that were reported by the United Nations were alleged to have been perpetrated by Russian or Russian-aligned combatants, while about 9.25% were reported to have been committed by the Ukrainian Armed Forces or law enforcement.[7][8] On 29 June 2022, the OHCHR reported that it had received 108 allegations of conflict related sexual violence and it had verified 23 cases.[7] On 2 December 2022, the OHCHR reported that it had documented 86 cases of conflict-related sexual violence, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity and forced public stripping, most of which were perpetrated by members of the Russian armed forces or police authorities.[9] The OHCHR also reported that Ukrainian law enforcement authorities were investigating 43 cases of sexual violence.[9]

### Sexual violence as a weapon of war

[edit]

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe released a statement on 19 June 2022 condemning the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war. Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid "called for an urgent end to the use of rape and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine". They highlighted the need for continued investigation, the prosecution of sexual violence during the war, and called on the international community to provide assistance to the survivors.[10] In November 2022 the OSCE participated in the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence and called for "an end to the use of rape, sexual violence and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine".[11]

UN envoy Pramila Patten, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, stated "When women are held for days and raped, when you start to rape little boys and men, when you see a series of genital mutilations, when you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy."[12][13][14] They stated that the cases currently reported are the "tip of the iceberg".[15] Ukraine's prosecutor general commented that acts of sexual violence is massively under reported due to the difficulty investigators faced in Russian occupied areas and the fear and shame experienced by survivors, "To investigate sexual crimes on the occupied territory, when we are still in the military conflict, is very hard," said Ukraine's prosecutor general, Iryna Venediktova. "It's very difficult, because the victims are actually scared."[15][16]

### Extent of sexual violence

[edit]

Reports of sexual violence against women, men, and children have been widespread in areas liberated from Russian occupation. Evidence of mass acts of sexual violence began to be uncovered early in the conflict;[17][18][19] Information regarding sexual violence by Russian soldiers in occupied areas have been steadily accumulating, allowing prosecutors to begin criminal proceeding and providing additional information for investigations.[20] Ukraine's prosecutor generals office stated they are documenting acts of sexual violence against civilians in all areas occupied by Russian soldiers;[21] evidence shows that acts of sexual violence were committed against men and children in addition to women.[22][23]

The United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and humanitarian organizations have all confirmed the widespread use of sexual violence by Russian soldiers in Ukraine.[24][25][26][27] The United Nations reported in January 2023, that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights had documented over 90 cases of sexual violence in Russian occupied areas.[28]

The New York Times reported "widespread evidence of sexual violence by Russian troops documented by Ukrainian and international investigators"; Anna Sosonska, an investigator in Ukraine's prosecutor general's office stated, "We are finding this problem of sexual violence in every place that Russia occupied. ... Every place: Kyiv region, Chernihiv region, Kharkiv region, Donetsk region and also here in Kherson region."[29] The BBC reported on additional evidence of widespread sexual violence in the Kyiv region.[30][31]

### Communications intercepts

[edit]

Since the beginning of the invasion, the Ukrainian Security Service has been monitoring and releasing communications, mainly phone calls, made by Russian soldiers and officials. Many of these communications have included comments regarding sexual violence.

Ukrainska Pravda reported an intercepted telephone conversation where a Russian soldier recounts their experience with sexual violence in Ukraine and its widespread nature;

> "When we surrendered Lyman, we slaughtered everyone out there, f**king khokhols [a derogatory Russian term for Ukrainians]. ... We raped them, slaughtered them, shot them. In Lyman and Torske, we just walked around shooting everyone. All the men who were younger were taken to us out there, and the women, young ones: they were all f**ked, slaughtered, shot."[32][33][34]

Security services of Ukraine released an intercepted phone call from a Russian soldier stating, "Locals hate us all here. Ours [Russian soldiers] rape local women".[35][36] The Toronto Sun reported 14 April 2022 on an intercepted phone call where "A Russian wife laid down two ground rules after giving her soldier husband permission to rape women during the invasion of Ukraine"; "Rape them, yeah, ... Don't tell me anything, understand? Yeah, I allow you—just use protection."[37] Ukrainian authorities issued an arrest warrant for the woman in the call, Olga Bykovskaya, on charges of violating the Geneva Conventions.[38]

### Sexual violence during refugee crisis

[edit]

Main article: 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis

There have been at least two separate cases of women and children refugees who were allegedly taken advantage of while they were fleeing the violence in Ukraine. A man was arrested in Poland in mid-March for the alleged rape of a 19-year-old refugee who reportedly had sought shelter and aid from the man and two men reportedly assaulted a Ukrainian teenage refugee who was staying in German accommodations for refugees.[39] Prior to the launch of the United Kingdom Government's housing scheme for refugees, one woman reported a man who attempted to have her stay with him and promised free accommodation, food, expenses and a monthly allowance in return for sex. The woman reportedly tried to rebuff the man, who only stopped after she informed him she was traveling with her mother.[40]

### Children and elderly

[edit]

The United Nations has found that victims of sexual violence in Ukraine include children as young as 4 and adults older than 80.[41]

In late September 2022, a panel of investigators from the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine[42] released a statement which said that the commission has "documented cases in which children have been raped, tortured, and unlawfully confined" and labeled these as war crimes. The same report also referenced children being killed and injured by Russia's indiscriminate attacks as well as forced separation from family and kidnapping.[43][44]

In the Kyiv region, two Russian soldiers raped an entire family, including the husband, wife and their four-year-old daughter. In regions outside of Kyiv, Russian soldiers raped an 83-year-old woman, whose disabled husband was also present in the home. In another village in the same region, Russian soldiers gang-raped a 56-year-old woman after robbing her. Later the Russians tortured and murdered her husband.[45][44]

### Reports and statements

[edit]

* According to the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict data set, sexual violence by Russian forces has been reported in three of seven years of conflict since 2014 in eastern Ukraine.[46]
* In April 2022, Ukrainian officials and human rights organisations reported that Russian troops were using sexual violence on a huge scale as an instrument of war against the civilian population, to break down the morale of Ukrainians and prevent them from resisting.[47] On 3 April, La Strada Ukraine, which runs a hotline for helping survivors of human trafficking, sexual assault and domestic violence, stated that rape is underreported and stigmatised in peacetime and that the cases known to the organisation could be "the tip of the iceberg".[6]
* On 3 April 2022, British Ambassador to Ukraine Melinda Simmons called rape "an element of Russia's unprovoked war campaign. … Though we don't yet know the full extent of its use in Ukraine, it's already clear it was part of Russia's arsenal. … Women raped in front of their kids, girls in front of their families, as a deliberate act of subjugation."[48]
* On 21 April 2022, the Canadian and UK foreign ministers Mélanie Joly and Liz Truss jointly signed a letter in which they said that rape was being "used as a weapon of war" by Russian soldiers in Ukraine.[49] They described rape as a weapon of war to be "a systematic weapon to exert control and exercise power over women … as destructive in conflict as chemical weapons or landmines, which are both banned by international conventions, but yet to be treated as seriously."[50][51]
* In May 2022 Ukraine's prosecutor general Iryna Venediktova said that she was sure that rape was used as a deliberate war tactic by the Russian army.[52]
* On 19 June 2022, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe released a statement condemning sexual violence in war and referenced the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war against Ukraine. It stated in part, "Today, on the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, OSCE Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid called for an urgent end to the use of rape and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine and elsewhere in the OSCE region and beyond."[53]
* On 27 September 2022 a report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) said that it was not yet able to draw any conclusions on the extent of conflict-related sexual violence in Ukraine, but that it had documented "numerous cases" perpetrated against women, girls and men.[54] OHCHR had documented 9 cases of rape, 15 cases of sexual violence used as a method of torture, and 11 cases of forced public stripping against people considered to be "lawbreakers".[54]
* On 18 October 2022, a United Nations commission issued a report finding Russia responsible for a "pattern of rape and other abuses in Ukraine"; they found Russia was responsible for the vast majority of human rights violations and war crimes.[44] The report was presented to the United Nations General Assembly by the Independent Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine.[55][2]
* On 31 October 2022, UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly said that Russian soldiers in Ukraine were responsible of "mass rape".[56]
* In January 2023, Human Rights Watch issued the World Report 2023, the 33rd edition of the human rights report reviewing events during 2022. Regarding Ukraine reported it part, "In areas they occupied, Russian or Russian-affiliated forces committed apparent war crimes, including torture, summary executions, sexual violence, and enforced disappearances."[57]
* In February the Pilecki Institute in Poland published a report on conflict-related sexual violence based on interviews with 42 women who were victims of sexual violence and 11 women who witnessed it, 22 women who were held in captivity, 11 women who were raped and 8 men who witnessed sexual violence.[58]
* In January 2023 a group of Kadyrovites in occupied Melitopol were reported to have raped Russian journalist Olga Zenkova who was there to report the progress of the Special Military Operation.[59]

## Prominent cases in the media

[edit]

In late March, the Prosecutor General, Venediktova, started an investigation into a claim of Russian soldiers shooting a man and then raping his wife. The Times published an interview with the woman. She stated that she was from a small village in Brovary Raion. According to her testimony, when Russian soldiers arrived at the couple's house, they shot the couple's dog and then murdered her husband telling her, "You don't have a husband anymore. I shot him with this gun. He was a fascist." The woman was gang raped at gunpoint multiple times over several hours while the soldiers drank; eventually they became "so drunk they were barely standing". The woman eventually escaped with her son who had been in the home while this occurred. The alleged rapists were later identified from social media profiles.[60][61] Meduza published a report about this incident and similar crimes in the Bogdanivka region.[62] Russian spokesperson Dmitry Peskov described the allegations as "a lie".[63] An arrest warrant was issued in the case for an identified Russian soldier based on "suspicion of violation of the laws and customs of war".[63][64] The case has been verified by OHCHR and it was described in its June 2022 report on human rights in Ukraine during the Russian invasion.[61]

Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported on a 13 March beating and rape of a 31-year-old woman in the village of Mala Rohan in Kharkiv Raion, which at the time was controlled by the Russian Armed Forces. The report stated a Russian soldier entered a school and beat and raped at gunpoint a woman sheltering with her family and other villagers.[8]

The BBC News interviewed a 50-year-old woman from a village 70 kilometres (70,000 m) west of Kyiv, who said she was raped at gunpoint by a Chechen allied with the Russian Armed Forces. According to neighbours a 40-year-old woman was raped and killed by the same soldier, leaving what the BBC News described as a "disturbing crime scene". The police chief of Kyiv Oblast, Andrii Nebytov, stated that the police were investigating a case on 9 March when Russian soldiers shot a man and repeatedly raped his wife. The soldiers pillaged and burnt the house and killed the family's dogs.[65]

In September 2022, two fighters of the Donetsk People's Republic were allegedly raped by allied Chechen Kadyrovite soldiers in the village of Berestove.[66][67] The perpetrators also allegedly threatened other service people who attempted to protect the victims.[68] Abubakar Yangulbaev, a human rights activist, confirmed the authenticity of the related video.[69]

The New York Times described how one woman was "held as a sex slave, naked except for a fur coat and locked in a potato cellar before being executed", found after the late March 2022 liberation of the Kyiv region.[70] Bucha mayor Anatoliy Fedoruk stated that at least 25 rapes had been reported during Bucha massacre.[71]

In June 2023, The Sunday Times reported on two former Ukrainian soldiers who had been tortured by Russians while in captivity and castrated with a knife, before being freed in a prisoner of war swap. A psychologist who was treating the men stated that she had heard of many other similar cases from her colleagues. The same report stated that doctors at a maternity clinic in Poltava reported cases of women who had been raped by Russian soldiers and then had window sealant injected into their sexual organs so that they could never have children.[72]

## Responses

[edit]

### Protests

[edit]

Women held protests at Russian embassies against rape by Russian soldiers in the invasion. The women protested with bags over their heads, their hands tied behind their backs, and their bare legs covered in red liquid, symbolising blood, with four women protesting on 16 April 2022 in Dublin, Ireland,[73] and 80 women protesting on the same day in Vilnius, Lithuania.[74] On 20 April, a similar protest, by 130 women took place in front of the Russian embassy in Riga, Latvia,[75] and another was held by a dozen women in front of the Russian consulate in Gdańsk, Poland.[76]

### Investigations

[edit]

In August 2022, Ukraine's prosecutor general's office reported that there were "several dozen" criminal proceedings underway for sexual violence committed by Russian servicemen.[77] As of 31 October 2022, Ukrainian authorities were reportedly investigating 43 cases of sexual violence.[9] In November the same year two Russian soldiers were convicted of war crimes in absentia for sexual violence towards civilians.[78][79]

Ukrainian Prosecutor Iryna Didenko stated in January 2023 that their office had opened 154 cases related to acts sexual violence committed by Russian soldiers, but cautioned that the actual number of incidents is probably far higher. They stated that doctors and mental health workers had determined that in the Kyiv Oblast one in nine women had experienced sexual violence during the Russian occupation. Didenko added that Russian invaders have a clear pattern of behavior: “Ground forces arrive, and rapes start on the second or third day".[80]

## See also

[edit]

* Bucha massacre
* Crimes against humanity
* Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Dedovshchina
* Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine § War crimes and violence against women
* War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

## References

[edit]

### Sources related to mass rape and rape as a weapon of war or military strategy

[edit]

* "Russians killed and raped civilians as they fled from Lyman, admits soldier in intercepted call". Ukrainska Pravda. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via Yahoo News. "The Security Service of Ukraine (SSU) has intercepted a telephone conversation between occupiers which testifies to the fact that the Russians killed civilians and raped women during their retreat from Lyman, Donetsk Oblast. ... 'When we surrendered Lyman, we slaughtered everyone out there, f**king khokhols [a derogatory Russian term for Ukrainians]... We raped them, slaughtered them, shot them. In Lyman and Torske, we just walked around shooting everyone. All the men who were younger were taken to us out there, and the women, young ones: they were all f**ked, slaughtered, shot.'"
* Gall, C.; Boushnak, L. (5 January 2023). "'Fear Still Remains': Ukraine Finds Sexual Crimes Where Russian Troops Ruled". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "We are finding this problem of sexual violence in every place that Russia occupied," said Ms. Sosonska, 33 [an investigator with the Ukraine's prosecutor general's office]. "Every place: Kyiv region, Chernihiv region, Kharkiv region, Donetsk region and also here in Kherson region."
* Ochab, D. E. U. (17 December 2022). "Mobile Justice Team In Ukraine To Assist With Cases Of Conflict Related Sexual Violence". Forbes. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Prosecutor General of Ukraine has documented more than 100 cases of sexual violence, with the youngest victim being only 4 years old, and the oldest over 80. However, as Olena Zelenska stressed, "these are only those cases where the victims found the strength to testify.""
* Barber, H. (28 November 2022), "Rape as a weapon of war will trigger UK sanctions", The Telegraph, retrieved 12 January 2023, "Most recently, following Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine, our sanctioning of over 1,200 individuals including members of the Russian military responsible for atrocities"
* Barber, H. (28 November 2022). "Castration, gang-rape, forced nudity: How Russia's soldiers terrorise Ukraine with sexual violence". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Since Russia's soldiers first stormed Ukraine, women have been gang-raped, men castrated, children sexually abused, and civilians forced to parade naked in the streets, according to the United Nations."
* Chandra, T. (27 November 2022). "Russia Is Using Rape as a Weapon in Ukraine. The West Must Hold Putin Accountable". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "As the war in Ukraine enters its 10th month, and as the Ukrainian military has begun to recover ground previously occupied by the Russians, new evidence of systematic campaigns of rape and torture has come to light. There had previously been troubling reports of widespread use of sexual violence against civilians, along with other clear violations of international laws that compel combatants to protect civilians."
* Macias, A. (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops". CNBC. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "A U.N. report says Russian forces committed an array of war crimes, including summary executions, torture, rape and other acts of sexual violence against Ukrainian civilians."
* Chen, P. W.; Tim Lister, Josh; Pennington, Heather (15 October 2022). "Russia using rape as "military strategy" in Ukraine: UN envoy". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Russia is using rape and sexual violence as part of its "military strategy" in Ukraine, a UN envoy said this week ... "When you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy," Pramila Patten, UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, said in an interview with AFP on Thursday."
* Gans, J. (15 October 2022). "UN official: Russia using rape as war strategy in Ukraine". The Hill. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Pramila Patten, the U.N.'s special representative on sexual violence in conflict, told AFP in an interview that Russian forces have been carrying out sexual assault as a "deliberate tactic to dehumanize the victims," part of its military strategy. "When you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy," she said. Patten said the U.N. has verified more than a hundred cases of rape or sexual assault since the war began in February, and the first cases were reported just three days after Russia launched its full-scale invasion."
* "Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". The Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "The prosecutor general's office said last week there are "several dozen" criminal proceedings underway involving sexual violence committed by Russian military personnel. But police, prosecutors and counselors say the true number is likely far larger, in part because of reluctance to report such attacks."
* ""I wanted to take off my skin": Ukrainian women recount rape by Russian soldiers". ABC News. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Stories of rape and other atrocities at the hands of Russian troops are not unheard of in small towns and suburbs of Kyiv. Residents of Bucha and Borodyanka have reported human rights violations including rape, murder and torture by Russian forces during the invasion."
* OSCE Secretariat (19 June 2022), "OSCE Secretary General condemns use of sexual violence as weapon of war, urges for international support to survivors", Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), retrieved 12 January 2023, "Today, on the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, OSCE Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid called for an urgent end to the use of rape and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine and elsewhere in the OSCE region and beyond."
* Morris, L. (8 June 2022). "She was raped in Ukraine. How many others have stories like hers?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Pramila Patten, the U.N. special representative on sexual violence in conflict, called that only the "tip of the iceberg" of "the most constantly and massively underreported allegation.""
* Fadel, L., Helić, A. (3 May 2022), "In the war on Ukraine, rape has been used as a weapon", NPR, retrieved 12 January 2023, "NPR's Leila Fadel talks to British lawmaker Arminka Helić about how rape and sexual violence are being used as weapons in Russia's war on Ukraine."
* Wamsley, L. (30 April 2022). "Rape has reportedly become a weapon in Ukraine. Finding justice may be difficult". NPR. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "The number of reports that have emerged since the start of the war in late February suggests that rape in Ukraine at the hands of Russian soldiers may be widespread. Those fears were further crystallized earlier this month following the Russian withdrawal from Bucha, a suburb of the capital Kyiv, where some two dozen women and girls were "systematically raped" by Russian forces, according to Ukraine's ombudswoman for human rights, Lyudmyla Denisova."
* Sidhu, T. J.; Oleksandra Ochman, Sandi (22 April 2022). "Russian troops use rape as "an instrument of war" in Ukraine, rights groups allege". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Ukrainian officials say Russian forces have been sexually abusing women, children and men since the invasion began, using rape and other sexual offenses as weapons of war. Human rights groups and Ukrainian psychologists who CNN spoke to say they have been working around the clock to deal with a growing number of sexual abuse cases allegedly involving Russian soldiers. A report by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), released on April 13, found violations of international humanitarian law by Russian forces in Ukraine, noting that "reports indicate instances of conflict-related gender-based violence, such as rape, sexual violence or sexual harassment.""
* Domi, T. (18 April 2022). "In Ukraine, Russia Is Using Rape as a Weapon of War". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
* "Russia's war on Ukraine: Sexual violence as a weapon of war", France24, 4 April 2022, retrieved 12 January 2023, "Russia's war on Ukraine: Sexual violence as a weapon of war"

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ For sources related to mass rape and the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war, see Sources related to mass rape and rape as a weapon of war or military strategy.
2. ^ a b "'Undeniable need for accountability' in Ukraine as violations mount". UN News. 18 October 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
3. ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine – Reporting period: 24 February – 26 March" (PDF). Office of the High Commission for Human Rights. 26 March 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
4. ^ "First free national anti-trafficking hotline in Ukraine to start today". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 18 November 2002. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
5. ^ "La Strada Ukraine". La Strada International Association. 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
6. ^ a b McKernan, Bethan (4 April 2022). "Rape as a weapon: huge scale of sexual violence inflicted in Ukraine emerges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
7. ^ a b The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR. 29 June 2022. para. 96-102. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
8. ^ a b "Ukraine: Apparent War Crimes in Russia-Controlled Areas". Human Rights Watch. 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
9. ^ a b c Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine 1 August - 31 October 2022 (PDF) (Report). OHCHR. 2 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
10. ^ OSCE Secretariat (19 June 2022), OSCE Secretary General condemns use of sexual violence as weapon of war, urges for international support to survivors, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), retrieved 14 January 2023
11. ^ OSCE joins the 16 Days of Activism campaign and urges States to step up efforts to end violence against women in conflict, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 25 November 2022, retrieved 14 January 2023, "All reaffirmed their call to put an end to the use of rape, sexual violence and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine and around the world. Such a heinous crime can have no place and must be stopped."
12. ^ "UN envoy: Russia uses rape as part of 'military strategy' in Ukraine", Times of Israel, 14 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2023 `{{citation}}`: Unknown parameter `|agency=` ignored (help)
13. ^ Boezio, G., Remarks of SRSG-SVC Pramila Patten at the Summit of First Ladies and Gentlemen Hosted by the First Lady of Ukraine, 23 July 2022, retrieved 14 January 2023
14. ^ Chen, P. W.; Tim Lister, Josh; Pennington, Heather (15 October 2022). "Russia using rape as "military strategy" in Ukraine: UN envoy". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
15. ^ a b Morris, L. (8 June 2022). "She was raped in Ukraine. How many others have stories like hers?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
16. ^ "Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". The Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "police, prosecutors and counselors say the true number is likely far larger, in part because of reluctance to report such attacks."
17. ^ Domi, T. (18 April 2022). "In Ukraine, Russia Is Using Rape as a Weapon of War". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
18. ^ Wamsley, L. (30 April 2022). "Rape has reportedly become a weapon in Ukraine. Finding justice may be difficult". NPR. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "The number of reports that have emerged since the start of the war in late February suggests that rape in Ukraine at the hands of Russian soldiers may be widespread. Those fears were further crystallized earlier this month following the Russian withdrawal from Bucha, a suburb of the capital Kyiv, where some two dozen women and girls were "systematically raped" by Russian forces, according to Ukraine's ombudswoman for human rights, Lyudmyla Denisova."
19. ^ Chandra, T. (27 November 2022). "Russia Is Using Rape as a Weapon in Ukraine. The West Must Hold Putin Accountable". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "As the war in Ukraine enters its 10th month, and as the Ukrainian military has begun to recover ground previously occupied by the Russians, new evidence of systematic campaigns of rape and torture has come to light. There had previously been troubling reports of widespread use of sexual violence against civilians, along with other clear violations of international laws that compel combatants to protect civilians."
20. ^ "Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". The Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "The prosecutor general's office said last week there are "several dozen" criminal proceedings underway involving sexual violence committed by Russian military personnel. But police, prosecutors and counselors say the true number is likely far larger, in part because of reluctance to report such attacks."
21. ^ Gall, C.; Boushnak, L. (5 January 2023). "'Fear Still Remains': Ukraine Finds Sexual Crimes Where Russian Troops Ruled". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "We are finding this problem of sexual violence in every place that Russia occupied," said Ms. Sosonska, 33 [an investigator with the Ukraine's prosecutor general's office]. "Every place: Kyiv region, Chernihiv region, Kharkiv region, Donetsk region and also here in Kherson region."
22. ^ Barber, H. (28 November 2022). "Castration, gang-rape, forced nudity: How Russia's soldiers terrorise Ukraine with sexual violence". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Since Russia's soldiers first stormed Ukraine, women have been gang-raped, men castrated, children sexually abused, and civilians forced to parade naked in the streets, according to the United Nations."
23. ^ "Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". The Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "... people who had been raped or sexually abused in the course of this conflict — most are women and girls, but many are men and boys—are often reluctant to speak even in confidence with a therapist, let alone go to police or other investigators and provide a detailed account."
24. ^ Gans, J. (15 October 2022). "UN official: Russia using rape as war strategy in Ukraine". The Hill. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Patten [United Nations special representative on sexual violence in conflict] said the U.N. has verified more than a hundred cases of rape or sexual assault since the war began in February, and the first cases were reported just three days after Russia launched its full-scale invasion."
25. ^ OSCE Secretariat (19 June 2022), OSCE Secretary General condemns use of sexual violence as weapon of war, urges for international support to survivors, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), retrieved 12 January 2023, "I am shocked by continued reports of sexual violence against women and girls, including rape, torture, trafficking and sexual exploitation occurring in Ukraine and in other conflict areas. Men and boys are also the targets of such crimes. This violence is completely unacceptable and must stop"
26. ^ "Ukraine: Russian Invasion Causing Widespread Suffering for Civilians", Human Rights Watch, 2023, retrieved 14 January 2023
27. ^ "World Report 2023: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence", Human Rights Watch, 2023, retrieved 14 January 2023, "In December, the HRMMU reported that between February 24 and October 21, it had documented 86 cases of sexual violence, most by Russian forces, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity and forced public stripping in various regions of Ukraine and in one penitentiary facility in Russia."
28. ^ "Ukraine: 'Humanitarian and human rights catastrophe' continues, Security Council hears", United Nations News Service, 13 January 2023, retrieved 14 January 2023, "Turning to allegations of grave human rights violations, OHCHR has documented over 90 cases of conflict-related sexual violence since last February. Of those, men have been predominantly affected by torture and ill-treatment in detention, while women and girls in areas under Russian control have been sexually violated, including gang rape."
29. ^ Gall, C.; Boushnak, L. (5 January 2023). "'Fear Still Remains': Ukraine Finds Sexual Crimes Where Russian Troops Ruled". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
30. ^ "Ukraine conflict: "Russian soldiers raped me and killed my husband"", BBC News, BBC News, 11 April 2022, retrieved 14 January 2023
31. ^ Hopkins, V. (29 June 2022), "After Rapes by Russian Soldiers, a Painful Quest for Justice", The New York Times, retrieved 14 January 2023
32. ^ "Russians killed and raped civilians as they fled from Lyman, admits soldier in intercepted call". Ukrainska Pravda. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via Yahoo News.
33. ^ СБУ отримала чергове підтвердження воєнних злочинів рф: при відступі з Лиману рашисти вбивали цивільних і ґвалтували жінок (аудіо) (Ukrainian), Intercept by Security Service of Ukraine
34. ^ "Когда Лиман сдавали, всех расстреливали, баб резали": СБУ выложило перехват разговора оккупантов" (Russian)
35. ^ ""Locals hate us. Russian soldiers] rape their women," Russian soldier says in intercepted call", Euromaidan Press, 9 September 2022, retrieved 14 January 2023
36. ^ Bhuiyan, J., Yang, M., Chao-Fong, L., Belam, M., McClure, T. (21 September 2022), "Zelenskiy lays out peace formula as arrests at Russia anti-war protests pass 1,000 – as it happened", The Guardian, retrieved 14 January 2023, "The security service of Ukraine has released a recording of an intercepted call by a Russian soldier in which he appears to complain about the setbacks faced by Russian troops in recent months. "Locals hate us here. Ours rape local women," the soldier appeared to say into the phone, adding that there was little to no chance of him returning home anytime soon."
37. ^ "Russian wife gives soldier husband permission to "rape" Ukraine women", The Toronto Sun, 14 April 2022, retrieved 14 January 2023
38. ^ Hockaday, James (22 December 2022). "Russian who urged soldier husband to 'rape Ukrainian women' on international wanted list". LBC.
39. ^ Reis, Chen (28 March 2022). "Ukrainian female refugees are fleeing a war, but in some cases more violence awaits them where they find shelter". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
40. ^ Bradley, Jane (1 April 2022). "Ukraine-Russia: Homes for Ukraine scheme exploited by men offering shelter in return for sex, Scots charity warns". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
41. ^ Gall, C. (6 January 2023), "Russia 'used sexual violence as weapon'", Telegraph India, retrieved 14 January 2023, "After investigating some areas Russia retreated from, an independent international commission reported to the United Nations in October that "an array of war crimes committed in Ukraine" included cases of sexual violence against women and girls. Victims ranged from older than 80 to as young as a 4-year-old girl forced to perform oral sex on a soldier, which is rape, the report said. It detailed more than a dozen cases involving gang rapes, family members forced to watch a relative being sexually assaulted and sexual violence against detainees."
42. ^ "OHCHR | Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine". Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
43. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.
44. ^ a b c "UN finds Russian 'pattern of rape' and other abuses in Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Victims of sexual assault in Russia-occupied areas at the start of the war were aged between four and 80, commission says"
45. ^ "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops". CNBC. 28 October 2022.
46. ^ Hallsdóttir, Esther (24 March 2022). "Are Russian troops using sexual violence as a weapon? Here's what we know". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
47. ^ Sidhu, Tara John,Oleksandra Ochman,Sandi (22 April 2022). "Russian troops use rape as 'an instrument of war' in Ukraine, rights groups allege". CNN. Retrieved 26 December 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
48. ^ Krutov, M., Yehoshyna, V. (15 April 2022), Russian Soldier And Wife Discussing Rape Of Ukrainian Women Identified By RFE/RL, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, retrieved 14 January 2023
49. ^ "Opinion | Sexual violence as a weapon of war in Ukraine — the world is watching". thestar.com. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
50. ^ Paas-Lang, Christian (24 April 2022). "Foreign minister decries sexual violence in Ukraine; top commander highlights information warfare". CBC. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
51. ^ Joly, Mélanie; Truss, Liz (21 April 2022). "Sexual violence as a weapon of war in Ukraine – the world is watching". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
52. ^ "Russia Accused of Weaponising Rape in Ukraine". iwpr.net. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
53. ^ OSCE Secretariat (19 June 2022), OSCE Secretary General condemns use of sexual violence as weapon of war, urges for international support to survivors, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), retrieved 12 January 2023
54. ^ a b Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 1 February to 31 July 2022 (PDF) (Report). OHCHR. 29 June 2022. para. 54-60. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
55. ^ The Independent Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine (18 October 2022). "Summary". OHCHR A/77/533: Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine (Report). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 2. Retrieved 10 January 2023. "Furthermore, the Commission documented patterns of summary executions, unlawful confinement, torture, ill-treatment, and rape and other sexual violence committed in areas occupied by Russian armed forces across the four provinces on which it focused. People have been detained, some have been unlawfully deported to the Russian Federation, and many are still reported missing. Sexual violence has affected victims of all ages. Victims, including children, were sometimes forced to witness the crimes. Children have become the victims of the full spectrum of violations investigated by the Commission, including indiscriminate attacks, torture and rape, suffering the predictable psychological consequences."
56. ^ "Situation in Ukraine 31 October 2022: Foreign Secretary's statement". GOV.UK. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
57. ^ "World Report 2023: Ukraine", Human Rights Watch, 2023, retrieved 12 January 2023
58. ^ "Raport "Podoba ci się, nie podoba, cierp, moja piękna – nieukarane zbrodnie. Przemoc seksualna rosyjskich wojsk okupacyjnych wobec ukraińskich kobiet" - Instytut Pileckiego". instytutpileckiego.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
59. ^ "Scandal in Russia/ The Russian journalist close to the Kremlin is raped by Kadyrov's nephew". Vox News. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
60. ^ Philp, Catherine (28 March 2022). "'One soldier raped me, then the other, as my son cried'". The Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
61. ^ a b The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR. 29 June 2022. para. 101. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
62. ^ "'I can do whatever I want to you' Russian soldiers raped and murdered Ukrainian civilians in the village of Bogdanivka". Meduza. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
63. ^ a b Engelbrecht, Cora (29 March 2022). "Reports of sexual violence involving Russian soldiers are multiplying, Ukrainian officials say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
64. ^ "Ukraine charges Russian soldier with raping a woman and murdering her husband, the first rape trial from the invasion". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
65. ^ Limaye, Yogita (12 April 2022). "Ukraine conflict: 'Russian soldiers raped me and killed my husband'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
66. ^ "Кадирівці гвалтують мобілізованих бійців з так званої «ДНР» — Високий Замок" [Kadyrov soldiers rape mobilized fighters from the so-called "DNR"]. wz.lviv.ua (in Ukrainian). 27 September 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
67. ^ Krasnolutska, Olesya (4 January 2023). "Грабіж та зґвалтування солдатів. Що відбувається в армії РФСЮЖЕТ" [Robbery and rape of soldiers. What is happening in the army of the Russian Federation?] (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 22 June 2023.
68. ^ "Чеченський правозахисник розповів, що кадирівці зґвалтували двох "мобілізованих" на окупованій Донеччині чоловіків | ZMINA". zmina.info (in Ukrainian). 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
69. ^ "В телеграме выложили жалобу жен и матерей мобилизованных жителей ДНР. Они заявили, что их родственников якобы публично изнасиловали военные из Чечни" [A complaint from the wives and mothers of mobilized residents of the DPR was posted on Telegram. They stated that their relatives were allegedly publicly raped by Chechen soldiers]. Meduza (in Russian). 27 September 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
70. ^ Gall, Carlotta; Berehulak, Daniel (11 April 2022). "'They shot my son. I was next to him. It would be better if it had been me.' – Bucha's Month of Terror". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
71. ^ Peuchot, Emmanuel (13 April 2022). "Biden Accuses Putin of Ukraine Genocide as Humanitarian Corridors Paused". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
72. ^ Christina Lamb (17 June 2023). "She thought she was unshockable, then two castrated Ukrainian soldiers arrived". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Wikidata Q119707348. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023.
73. ^ Griffin, Niamg (17 April 2022). "'Rape is a weapon of war': Women protest outside Russian embassy in Dublin". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
74. ^ Balčiūnaitė, Sniegė (19 April 2022). "Protest outside Russian embassy in Vilnius draws attention to Ukrainian rape victims". LRT. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
75. ^ "Protest against the rape of Ukrainian women by russian army took place near russian embassy in Riga". Rubryka. 20 April 2022. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
76. ^ "Worki na głowach, związane ręce i poplamione majtki. Protest przeciw gwałtom pod konsulatem Rosji" [Bags on their heads, tied hands and stained underwear. Protest against rape in front of the Russian consulate]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 20 April 2022. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
77. ^ "Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
78. ^ Plucinska, Joanna; Deutsch, Anthony; Bern, Stefaniia (23 November 2022). "Insight: Some Russian commanders encouraged sexual violence, says lawyer advising Kyiv". Reuters.
79. ^ "Wives of Russian troops 'encourage' them to rape Ukrainian women, Ukraine's first lady says". Sky News. 29 November 2022.
80. ^ "Russian commanders in occupied Ukrainian territories encouraged sexual violence", Yahoo News, 5 January 2023, retrieved 14 January 2023

## Further reading

[edit]

* King, L. (21 August 2022). "Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". Los Angeles Times.
* Plucinska, J.; Deutsch, A.; Bern, S. (23 November 2022). "Some Russian commanders encouraged sexual violence, says lawyer advising Kyiv". Reuters.

## External links

[edit]

* "Fighting conflict-related sexual violence in Ukraine". The United Nations. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
* Marija Pejčinović Burić (24 November 2022). "Ukraine: We must help victims of sexual violence by Russian soldiers". Council of Europe.
* "Pushing forward: Ending conflict-related sexual violence in Ukraine". Un Women – Headquarters. 18 November 2022.
* Nordås, R. (11 April 2022). "Why Widespread Sexual Violence Is Likely in Ukraine". Peace Research Institute Oslo.

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Overview

General|

* Outline
* Timeline
* Prelude
* Feb–Apr 2022
* Apr–Aug 2022
* Aug–Nov 2022
* Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
* Jun–Aug 2023
* Sep–Nov 2023
* Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
* Apr–Jul 2024
* Aug–Dec 2024
* Jan–May 2025
* Jun 2025 – present
* Aerial warfare
* Defense lines
* Foreign fighters
* Information war
* Naval warfare
* Legality
* Map
* Order of battle
* Peace negotiations
* Ukraine's Peace Formula
* China peace proposal
* June 2024 peace summit
* Proposed no-fly zone
* Red lines
* Reparations
* Territorial control
* Women

Prelude|

* Reactions
* Disinformation
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* Belarus–European Union border crisis
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Crimea Platform
* Zapad 2021
* December 2021 ultimatum
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* Zametil 2022
* Union Resolve 2022
* Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
* British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
* Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* "Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
* "On conducting a special military operation"

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Annexation of Crimea
* reactions
* War in Donbas
* 2022 timeline
* Minsk agreements
* humanitarian situation
* international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Novorossiya
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Foreign
relations|

* Russia–Ukraine
* Belarus–Ukraine
* Belarus–Russia
* Russia–United States
* Ukraine–United States
* Russia–NATO
* Ukraine–NATO
* enlargement of NATO
* eastward expansion controversy in Russia
* open door policy

Military engagements

Southern
Ukraine|

* Snake Island campaign
* Siege of Mariupol
* Battle of Kherson
* Capture of Melitopol
* Battle of Mykolaiv
* Battle of Enerhodar
* Battle of Voznesensk
* Kherson counteroffensive
* Liberation of Kherson
* Dnieper campaign
* Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Eastern
Ukraine|

* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Kharkiv
* Battle of Izium
* Battle of Rubizhne
* Battle of Popasna
* Battle of Marinka
* Battle of Donbas
* Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Lysychansk
* Battle of Pisky
* Battle of Bakhmut
* Battle of Soledar
* Battle of Vuhledar
* Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)
* Luhansk Oblast campaign
* Kupiansk
* Northeast Donetsk
* Battle of Avdiivka
* Battle of Chasiv Yar
* Battle of Krasnohorivka
* Battle of Ocheretyne
* Battle of Toretsk
* Pokrovsk offensive
* Battle of Kurakhove

Northern
Ukraine|

* Capture of Chernobyl
* Russian Kyiv convoy
* Battle of Kyiv
* Battle of Antonov Airport
* Battle of Hostomel
* Battle of Bucha
* Battle of Irpin
* Battle of Makariv
* Battle of Moshchun
* Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam
* Battle of Brovary
* Battle of Slavutych
* Battle of Sumy
* Siege of Chernihiv
* Northeastern border skirmishes
* 2025 Sumy Oblast incursion

Russia|

* Bryansk Oblast raid
* Kremlin drone attack
* Moscow drone strikes
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
* February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* March 2024 western Russia incursion
* 2024 Kursk offensive
* occupation
* Battles for Olgovskiy Forest
* Toropets depot explosions
* 2025 Belgorod Oblast incursion

Airstrikes
by city|

* Chernihiv strikes
* Dnipro strikes
* Huliaipole strikes
* Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
* Kharkiv strikes
* Kherson strikes
* Khmelnytskyi strikes
* Kryvyi Rih strikes
* Kyiv strikes
* Lviv strikes
* Mykolaiv strikes
* Odesa strikes
* Rivne strikes
* Vinnytsia strikes
* Zaporizhzhia strikes
* Zhytomyr strikes

Airstrikes
on military
targets|

* Chuhuiv air base attack
* Millerovo air base attack
* Chornobaivka attacks
* 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
* Yavoriv military base attack
* 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
* Berdiansk port attack
* Sinking of the Moskva
* Desna barracks airstrike
* Attack on Nova Kakhovka
* Crimea attacks
* Saky air base attack
* Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
* Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
* Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
* Makiivka military quarters shelling
* Machulishchy air base attack
* Zarichne barracks airstrike
* Operation Spider's Web

Resistance|

| Russian-occupied Ukraine|

* Popular Resistance of Ukraine
* Berdiansk Partisan Army
* Yellow Ribbon
* Atesh

|

Belarus and Russia|

* Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
* Civic Council
* Irpin Declaration
* Killing of Darya Dugina
* National Republican Army
* Military commissariats arsons
* Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
* Black Bridge
* Rail war in Russia
* Stop the Wagons
* Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
* Rail war in Belarus
* Busly liaciać
* BYPOL
* Community of Railway Workers
* Cyber Partisans

Russian
occupations|

* Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Ongoing|

* Annexation referendums
* Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
* Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
* Donetsk Oblast
* Kharkiv Oblast
* Kherson Oblast
* Luhansk Oblast
* Mykolaiv Oblast
* Zaporizhzhia Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry)

Previous|

* Chernihiv Oblast
* Kyiv Oblast
* Odesa Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2022)
* Zhytomyr Oblast

Potentially
related|

* Black Sea drone incident
* Bridge collapses in Russia
* Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike
* Mystery fires in Russia
* Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Transnistria attacks
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash

Other|

* 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2025 Crimean Bridge explosion
* Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
* Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Dragon drone
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Missile explosion in Poland
* Operation Synytsia
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia
* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
* Wagner Group rebellion

War crimes

General|

* Accusations of genocide in Donbas
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
* child abductions
* Attacks on hospitals
* Cluster munitions
* Incendiary weapons
* Landmines
* Russian filtration camps
* Russian mobile crematoriums
* Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
* Russian torture chambers
* Looting
* Sexual violence
* Mistreatment of prisoners of war

Attacks on
civilians|

* February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Kharkiv government building airstrike
* 3 March Chernihiv bombing
* Irpin refugee column shelling
* Mariupol hospital airstrike
* Stara Krasnianka care house attack
* Mykolaiv cluster bombing
* March 2022 Donetsk attack
* 2022 Borodianka airstrikes
* Chernihiv breadline attack
* Mariupol theatre airstrike
* Kyiv shopping centre bombing
* Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
* March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Mykolaiv government building missile strike
* Bucha massacre
* Kramatorsk railway station attack
* April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Bilohorivka school bombing
* Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
* Maisky Market attack
* Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
* Serhiivka missile strike
* Chasiv Yar missile strike
* Olenivka prison massacre
* Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
* Chaplyne railway station attack
* Izium mass graves
* September 2022 Donetsk attack
* Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
* Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
* Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
* Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
* 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
* Sloviansk airstrike
* Uman missile strike
* Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
* Lyman cluster bombing
* 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
* Chernihiv missile strike
* Kostiantynivka missile strike
* Hroza missile attack
* Volnovakha massacre
* December 2023 strikes
* 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
* 2024 Donetsk attack
* Lysychansk missile strike
* 6 March 2024 Odesa strike
* March 2024 strikes
* Human safari (terror campaign)
* May 2024 Kharkiv strikes
* 8 July 2024 strikes
* 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack
* 26 August 2024 strikes
* September 2024 Poltava strike
* November 2024 strikes
* February 2025 Poltava strike
* 2025 Sumy airstrike

Crimes
against
soldiers|

* Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
* Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
* Makiivka surrender incident
* Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
* 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading

Legal cases|

* ICC investigation
* Arrest warrants
* ICJ court case
* Task Force on Accountability
* Universal jurisdiction
* Crime of aggression tribunal
* Criminal proceedings
* Vadim Shishimarin
* Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
* Anton Cherednik

Reactions

States
and
official
entities|

| General|

* Sanctions
* people and organizations
* restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
* Military aid
* European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
* People's Bayraktar
* Signmyrocket.com
* Humanitarian aid
* Sanctioned yachts
* Relations with Russia

|

Ukraine|

* Application to NATO
* Be Brave Like Ukraine
* Brave1
* Bring Kids Back UA
* Ban on Russia-associated religious groups
* Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
* Decolonization and derussification law
* Delta
* Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
* For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
* Grain From Ukraine
* Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Hero City
* I Want to Live
* International Legion and other foreign units
* Belarusian Volunteer Corps
* Terror Battalion
* Black Maple Company
* Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
* Freedom of Russia Legion
* German Volunteer Corps
* Karelian National Battalion
* Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
* Norman Brigade
* Pahonia Regiment
* Polish Volunteer Corps
* Romanian Battlegroup Getica
* Russian Volunteer Corps
* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
* Sibir Battalion
* Turan Battalion
* International Sponsors of War
* Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ru; uk]
* Look for Your Own
* Lukoil sanctions
* Martial law
* Mobilization
* Media Center Ukraine
* National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [uk]
* National Multi-Subject Test [uk]
* North Korea–Ukraine relations
* Points of Invincibility
* Recognition of Ichkeria
* Rescuer City
* Save Ukrainian Culture [uk]
* Syria–Ukraine relations
* Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
* United24
* United News

Russia|

* highways in the annexed territories
* A290
* A291 "Tavrida"
* R260
* R280 "Novorossiya"
* 2022 Moscow rally
* 2023 Moscow rally
* 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
* Blockade of Ukraine [ru]
* Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
* Censorship in Russia [ru]
* Chechnya
* Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
* Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ru]
* Conversations about Important Things
* Krasovsky case
* Legalization of parallel imports [ru]
* Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
* Martial law
* Masha Moskalyova case
* Metropolis of Crimea
* Mikhail Simonov case
* Mobilization
* Recruitment of irregular forces [ru]
* Operation Doppelgänger
* Opinion polling [ru]
* Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
* Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
* Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
* Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
* Special Coordinating Council
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Unfriendly countries list
* War censorship laws
* We Are Together. Sports
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"

United States|

* 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
* 2022 State of the Union Address
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Executive Order 14071
* Pentagon document leaks
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Defense Contact Group
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
* Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative

Other countries|

* Belarus
* Canada
* Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
* China
* Closer ties with Russia
* Chinese peace plan
* Hong Kong
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
* France
* Mission Aigle
* Georgia
* Germany
* German Taurus controversy
* Taurus leak
* Zeitenwende speech
* Hungary
* India
* Operation Ganga
* Iran
* Closer ties with Russia
* Israel
* Operation Israel Guarantees
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* New Zealand
* Russia Sanctions Act
* North Korea
* Poland
* border crisis with Ukraine
* Syria [ru]
* Taiwan
* United Kingdom
* Economic Crime Act
* Homes for Ukraine
* Operation Interflex
* 2025 London Summit on Ukraine
* Coalition of the willing

United Nations|

* Emergency special session
* Resolution ES-11/1
* Resolution ES-11/2
* Resolution ES-11/3
* Resolution ES-11/4
* Resolution ES-11/5
* Resolution ES-11/6
* Resolution ES-11/7
* Security Council Resolution 2623
* Resolution A/RES/77/229
* Easter truce

International
organizations|

* Accession of Moldova to the EU
* Accession of Ukraine to the EU
* Brussels summit
* European Political Community
* 1st summit
* 2nd summit
* 3rd summit
* Madrid summit
* NATO virtual summit
* Operation Oscar
* Ramstein Air Base meeting
* EU–Ukraine Summit
* REPowerEU
* Steadfast Defender 2024
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks
* Ukraine Recovery Conference
* Versailles declaration
* 2023 Vilnius summit
* 15th BRICS summit
* 2024 Washington summit
* Weimar+

Other|

* Consecration of Russia
* F-16 training coalition
* Finland–NATO relations
* Finland–Russia border barrier
* Iron diplomacy
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state
* Removal of monuments and memorials
* Streets renamed
* Ukraine Square, Oslo
* Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
* Sweden–NATO relations
* Swedish anti-terrorism bill

Public|

| Protests|

* In Ukraine
* in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
* ArmWomenNow
* Ukrainian Artistic Front
* In Russia
* Angry patriots
* Club of Angry Patriots
* Anti-War Committee
* Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
* Congress of People's Deputies
* Council of Mothers and Wives
* Feminist Anti-War Resistance
* Flower protests
* Marina Ovsyannikova
* Russian Action Committee
* North Caucasian protests
* 2022 Russian Far East protests
* State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
* White-blue-white flag
* In Belarus
* In China
* Great Translation Movement
* In Czech Republic
* Czech Republic First!

|

Companies|

* Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
* Boycott of Russia and Belarus
* "Do not buy Russian goods!"
* E.N.O.T. Corp.
* Igor Mangushev
* McDonald's in Russia
* Vkusno i tochka
* NashStore [ru]
* People's Satellite
* Starlink satellites
* Stop Bloody Energy
* Wagner Group
* Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
* Death of Nemes Tarimo
* Yale CELI List of Companies

Technology|

* Anonymous and the invasion
* alerts.in.ua
* DDoS attacks on Romania
* DeepStateMap.Live
* Denys Davydov
* IT Army of Ukraine
* Killnet
* Liveuamap
* Open-source intelligence
* peacenotwar
* Russian Asset Tracker
* Squad303 [pl]
* Ukraine Siren Alerts
* Wikipedia
* threat to block in Russia
* detention of Mark Bernstein

Spies|

* Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Other|

* Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* Collaboration with Russia
* We Are Together with Russia
* Concert for Ukraine
* Free Buryatia Foundation
* Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
* Game4Ukraine
* Get Lost
* Global Tour for Peace
* Go by the Forest
* Guide to the Free World
* Mozart Group
* Olena Zelenska Foundation
* Open letter from Nobel laureates
* Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
* Rubikus.HelpUA
* Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
* Russia's War Crimes House
* Save Ukraine
* Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
* Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
* Spain letter bomb attacks
* Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
* Pavel Filatyev
* True Russia
* Volos Declaration
* Wimbledon ban

Impact

Effects|

* Aircraft losses
* Casualties
* journalists killed
* Russian generals killed
* Economic impact
* Inflation surge
* 2022 Moldovan energy crisis
* protests
* 2025 Moldovan energy crisis
* Russia–EU gas dispute
* 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Russian debt default
* 2022 Russian oil price cap
* 2022-2024 German economic crisis
* 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
* EU natural gas price cap
* Education
* End of the Whisky War
* Environmental impact
* European re-armament
* Eurovision Song Contest 2022
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Eurovision Song Contest 2023
* Food crises
* Impact on theatre [uk]
* List of notable deaths
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Nuclear power plants
* Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
* Nuclear risk
* Religion
* Russian emigration
* The Ark
* Ship losses
* Ukrainian cultural heritage
* art theft and looting
* damaged cultural sites
* Trauma
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
* Ukrainian energy crisis
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Women

Human
rights|

* Humanitarian impact
* Ukrainian refugee crisis
* 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack
* Sobieskiego 100
* UN Commission of Inquiry
* UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission

Terms and
phrases|

* "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
* "Anglo-Saxons"
* "Bavovna"
* "Grandpa in his bunker"
* "Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
* "Orc"
* "Putin khuylo!"
* "Khuy Voyne!"
* "Russia is here forever [uk]"
* "Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Special military operation"
* "To bomb Voronezh"
* "Strength is in truth"
* "Westsplaining"
* "Where have you been for eight years?"
* "Without you"

Popular
culture|

| Songs|

* "12"
* "Bakhmut Fortress"
* "Bayraktar"
* "Bilia topoli"
* "City of Mary"
* "Flowers of Minefields"
* "Generation Cancellation"
* "Generation Z"
* "I'm Russian"
* "Oyda"
* "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!"
* "Mama ŠČ!"
* "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Stefania"
* "Ukraine"
* "Crushed"

|

Films|

* 20 Days in Mariupol
* A Rising Fury
* Follow Me
* Intercepted
* Russians at War
* Turn in the Wound
* Ukraine on Fire 2 [uk]

Other|

* Babylon'13
* Back to the Cold War
* Borodianka cat [uk]
* Ghost of Kyiv
* Kherson watermelon
* Královec Region
* Madonna of Kyiv
* North Atlantic Fella Organization
* Newspeak in Russia
* Patron
* "Putler"
* "Putinversteher"
* Raccoon of Kherson
* Saint Javelin
* Saint Mariuburg [ru; uk]
* Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
* Vladimir Putin's meeting table
* Walk of the Brave
* "Z" military symbol

Key people

Ukrainians|

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* speeches during the invasion
* visit to the United States
* visit to the United Kingdom
* visits to Europe
* Anatolii Kryvonozhko
* Anatoliy Barhylevych
* Andrii Hnatov
* Andriy Biletsky
* Andriy Yermak
* Denys Shmyhal
* Denys Kireyev  X
* Denys Monastyrsky  †
* Denys Prokopenko
* Ihor Klymenko
* Iryna Venediktova
* Kyrylo Budanov
* Mykhailo Drapatyi
* Mykola Oleschuk
* Oleksandr Pavlyuk
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Oleksii Reznikov
* Oleksiy Danilov
* Oleksiy Neizhpapa
* Ruslan Khomchak
* Rustem Umerov
* Sergiy Kyslytsya
* Serhiy Shaptala
* Serhii Sternenko
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
* Vasyl Malyuk
* Vitali Klitschko
* Yevhen Moisiuk

Russians|

* Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Aleksandr Lapin
* Aleksey Dyumin
* Aleksey Nagin  †
* Alexander Bortnikov
* Andrei Kolesnikov
* Andrei Sychevoi
* Andrey Belousov
* Andrey Vorobyov
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Gennady Zhidko  #
* Igor Kastyukevich
* Ivan Popov
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Maria Lvova-Belova
* Nikolai Patrushev
* Oleg Salyukov
* Oleg Tsokov  †
* Ramzan Kadyrov
* Roman Berdnikov
* Rustam Muradov
* Sergey Kobylash
* Sergey Lavrov
* Sergey Naryshkin
* Sergei Shoigu
* Sergey Surovikin
* Timur Ivanov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Viktor Sokolov
* Viktor Zolotov
* Vitaly Gerasimov
* Vyacheslav Gladkov
* Vyacheslav Volodin
* Yevgeny Prigozhin  X

Other|

* Alexander Lukashenko
* Denis Pushilin
* Leonid Pasechnik
* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vitaly Ganchev
* Vladimir Saldo
* Yevgeny Balitsky
* Yuriy Barbashov

Related

* 2023 North Korea–Russia summit
* 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
* 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
* 2025 Putin–Trump call
* Anti-drone mesh
* Anti-Russian sentiment
* Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
* Antonov An-225 Mriya
* Axis of Upheaval
* Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243
* Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
* Brovary helicopter crash
* Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
* Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
* Decolonization in Ukraine
* Decommunization in Ukraine
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
* Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
* Institute for the Study of War
* Irkutsk Su-30 crash
* Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Kyivstar cyberattack
* Lady R incident
* Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
* Nord Stream 2
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Punisher
* Russian nuclear weapons
* Sarmat
* Rico Krieger
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Ryazan Il-76 crash
* Siberian wildfires
* Sinhury mid-air collision [uk; zh]
* Soloti military training ground shooting
* Soviet imagery
* Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support
* Turtle tank
* U-24 association
* Ukrainian-African Renaissance
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Western long-range weapons in Russia
* Ural Airlines Flight 1383
* "The Vladimir Putin Interview"
* Voronezh An-26 crash
* Wagner Group plane crash
* Yeysk Su-34 crash
* Yaroslav Hunka scandal
* Time of Heroes

* Category

* v
* t
* e

International criminal law

Sources|

* Customary international law
* Geneva Conventions
* Hague Conventions
* International legal theories
* Nuremberg Charter
* Nuremberg principles
* Peremptory norm
* United Nations Charter
* Genocide Convention
* Convention against Corruption
* Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
* Convention Against Torture
* Rome Statute

Crimes against
international law

* Crimes against humanity
* Crime of aggression
* Crime of apartheid
* Genocide
* Genocidal intent
* Incitement to genocide
* Piracy
* Slave trading
* Starvation
* War crime

International courts
(in order of foundation)

* International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
* International Military Tribunal for the Far East
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
* International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
* Special Court for Sierra Leone
* International Criminal Court
* Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
* Special Panels of the Dili District Court
* Special Tribunal for Lebanon
* International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

International anti-crime bodies|

* Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
* International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
* UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
* UN Office on Drugs and Crime

Related concepts|

* Command responsibility
* Superior orders
* Joint criminal enterprise
* International humanitarian law
* International speech crimes
* Universal jurisdiction

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