Shanghai Free-Trade Zone

"SFTZ" redirects here. For the computer instruction, see ND812 § Shift/rotate instructions.

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2019)

|

Free-Trade Zone in Shanghai, China

Shanghai Free-Trade Zone

中国（上海）自由贸易试验区

Free-Trade Zone

Gate 4 of Waigaoqiao FTZ

Country|  China
Municipality| Shanghai
District| Pudong
Area

• Total

| 240.22 km2 (92.75 sq mi)
Time zone| UTC+8 (China Standard)
Website| en-shftz.pudong.gov.cn
Shanghai Free-Trade Zone

Simplified Chinese| 中国（上海）自由贸易试验区
Traditional Chinese| 中國（上海）自由貿易試驗區
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Zhōngguó (Shànghǎi) Zìyóu Màoyì Shìyànqū

Yangshan Port

Pudong Airport

Gate 2 of Waigaoqiao FTZ

Lujiazui

Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park

Dishui Lake in Lingang New City

Shanghai Free-Trade Zone[note 1] (Shanghai FTZ or SFTZ), officially China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone,[note 2] is a free-trade zone in Shanghai, China. On 22 August 2013, the State Council approved the establishment of the zone. Officially launched on 29 September 2013 with the backing of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, it is the first free-trade zone in mainland China and covers an area of 240.2 square kilometres (92.7 sq mi).[1][2] Shanghai FTZ integrates four existing bonded zones in the district of Pudong—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.

Since 21 April 2015, the zone's areas have been expanded to include Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone, Shanghai Jinqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone (formerly Jinqiao Export Processing Zone) and Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park.[3] On 6 August 2019, Shanghai FTZ's areas were expanded again to include Nanhui New City (Lingang New City), Lingang Equipment Industry Area, Xiao Yangshan island (Yangshan Port) and the south side of Pudong Airport.[2]

## Features

[edit]

The zone is being used as a testing ground for a number of economic and social reforms.[4][5] For example, the sale of video game consoles, banned in China since 2000, will be allowed within the zone. While Microsoft had aimed at having its Xbox on the market by late April 2014, it ended up being delayed to 23 September 2014.[6][7] While selling video game consoles was exclusive to the zone at the time, the ban on video game consoles was later lifted completely in 2015.[8]

Although it was initially reported that the zone would also have unrestricted access to the internet (with bans on sites such as Facebook lifted),[9] the official Xinhua News Agency has stated that Internet restrictions would not be lifted.[citation needed]

Commodities entering the zone are not subject to duty and customs clearance as would otherwise be the case. This has been a boom to the wine industry in China, as it grants importers more flexibility in bringing wine into the country.[10]

### Arbitration

[edit]

The FTZ features a mechanism for dispute resolution that doesn't exist elsewhere in China. Arbitration in the zone is governed by a separate set of Arbitration Rules issued by the Shanghai International Arbitration Center (SHIAC). These introduce several reforms favourable to foreign investment in the FTZ, including emergency arbitration, hybrid mediation/arbitration, and lower barriers to summary procedure. Additionally, arbitrators may be chosen from outside of the official roster maintained by SHIAC, provided they satisfy certain qualifying criteria.[11][12]

### Corporate establishment

[edit]

The zone cancels out a number of financial requirements for setting up a company in China, including the minimum registration capital of RMB30,000 for limited liability companies, the RMB100,000 minimum for single shareholder companies, and the RMB5 million minimum for joint stock companies. Moreover, under the FTZ's new capital registration system, foreign investors are no longer required to contribute 15 percent capital within three months and full capital within two years of the establishment of a foreign invested enterprise (FIE).[13]

Instead, shareholders of companies established in the zone may agree upon the contribution amount, form, and period of contribution at their own discretion. However, shareholders are still liable for the authenticity and legality of capital contributions and will be held accountable to the company within the limits of their respective subscribed capital or shares.

In addition to these financial reforms, the FTZ also introduces a simplified procedure for foreign investors to establish a company in China. The "one-stop application processing platform" unique to the zone requires that all application materials be submitted to and handled by the Industry and Commerce Authority (AIC) in the zone. The relevant approval and filing procedures are then conducted via inter-departmental circulation, after which the various licenses and certificates (including the business license, enterprise code certificate, and tax registration certificate) are issued to the applicant(s) by the AIC.

This means that applicants may obtain all the necessary documents for company establishment in one place, in contrast with outside the zone where applicants must run around between different authorities for the issuance of various certificates.[13]

According to the Shanghai Statistics Bureau, close to 10,000 businesses had registered within the FTZ as of June 2014—661 of which were foreign-invested enterprises.[14] By the end of 2020, a total of 69,000 enterprises had been established in the FTZ, including 12,000 foreign enterprises.[15]

### Foreign exchange

[edit]

As announced by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) Shanghai branch on 28 February 2014, the FTZ will permit yuan convertibility and unrestricted foreign currency exchange, and a tax-free period of 10 years for the businesses in the area as a means to simplify the process of foreign direct investment (FDI) and facilitate the management of capital accounts.[16]

Under the new regulations, foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) registered in the FTZ may now make foreign exchange capital account settlements at their own discretion, as opposed to under the previous rules, where settlements were restricted to those deemed to be "actual needs" by SAFE. FIEs in the FTZ may also now open RMB special deposit accounts to hold RMB funds obtained from foreign exchange settlements, which may then be used to make payments for real transactions. However, restrictions still apply for using RMB funds for certain types of transactions.[17][18]

### Real estate

[edit]

Given that the FTZ amalgamated two existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao and Yangshan—a large percentage of its total area is given over to industrial use. Moreover, commercial space was quickly snatched up by speculators betting on the future desirability of the zone's preferential policies. This drove up office rents in the FTZ and has created a bubble in the sector. In response, the Shanghai municipal government implemented measures to rezone industrial districts for commercial and R&D usage. Notably, enterprises are permitted to register virtual offices in the FTZ, through which they can still enjoy the zone's distinctive regulations.[14]

### Foreign investment

[edit]

The zone introduces a number of reforms designed to create a preferential environment for foreign investment. On 18 September 2013, the State Council published a list of 18 service industries to receive more relaxed policies in the zone, including medical services, value-added telecommunications, ocean freight and international ship management and banking. Another important feature of the zone is found in its "negative list" approach to foreign investment, which is permitted in all sectors unless explicitly prohibited by the inclusion of a given sector on the Negative List published by the Shanghai municipal government. The 16 sectors thus named as restricted or prohibited for foreign investment are organized as follows:[19]

* Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery
* Mining
* Manufacturing
* Production and supply of power, gas and water
* Construction
* Wholesale and retail
* Transportation, warehousing and postal services
* Information transmission, computer services and software
* Finance
* Real estate
* Leasing and commercial services
* Scientific research and technical services
* Water conservancy, environmental, and public facilities management
* Education
* Health and Social Industries
* Cultural, sports and entertainment industries[20]

The Negative List was updated in July 2014, further relaxing restrictions on foreign investment in the financial industry, manufacturing, and transportation services.[21]

In March 2019, China adopted the Foreign Investment Law, which legalizes the state's power to establish FTZs and carry out pilot policies and measures on foreign investment in specific sectors.[22]

## Specific industries

[edit]

### E-commerce

[edit]

In one of the first measures introduced as part of the Shanghai FTZ, the General Administration of Customs (GAC) launched a cross-border E-commerce platform, buyeasi.com (Chinese: 跨境通; pinyin: Kuàjìng tōng). This was intended to stymie the widespread evasion of customs duty and smuggling that have emerged amidst China's booming e-commerce market through online vendors such as Taobao. Products on the new site, which will be monitored by the GAC, are sold by vendors who have conducted record-filing with the customs authorities, thereby avoiding the risk of fake products and lowering product prices through the use of bonded warehouses.[23][24]

### Legal services

[edit]

The FTZ introduces two main changes to the Chinese legal services industry: firstly, whereas previously foreign lawyers were prohibited from directly participating in China's legal affairs and foreign law firms were only permitted to set up a branch or a representative office (RO) in China, under the FTZ pilot program, a foreign law firm that has established an RO in the Shanghai FTZ will be allowed to enter into an agreement with a Chinese law firm to mutually dispatch lawyers to the other firm.[25]

Secondly, foreign law firms that have already established ROs in China can now set up joint operations in the Shanghai FTZ with Chinese law firms, whereby they may provide legal services to Chinese and foreign clients based on Chinese and foreign laws in accordance with the rights and obligations stipulated in their agreement.[25]

### Logistics, warehousing, and transportation

[edit]

The logistics industry in the FTZ benefits from the presence of Waigaoqiao Port, Yangshan Deepwater Port, and Pudong International Airport, as well as the streamlined customs approval process in the zone, which halves the time required to bring goods into/out of China. As a result of the rush of companies looking to incorporate in the zone, industrial property (warehouses) has witnessed soaring rental prices in comparison with elsewhere in Shanghai.[26]

### Marine insurance

[edit]

Insurance companies in the FTZ are able to apply to the Shanghai Institute of Marine Insurance for approval to offer new marine insurance products. This is the first instance of an industry association being granted such powers in China, and is intended to raise the competitiveness of Shanghai's marine insurance industry.[27]

### Medical

[edit]

Under legislation issued by the Shanghai Municipal Government, foreign investors may establish wholly foreign-owned enterprises (WFOE) in the medical industry in the FTZ.[28] Foreign ownership (up to 70 percent) is also permitted for equity or cooperative joint ventures in the medical industry. Both forms of establishment are subject to certain conditions, such as a minimum total investment of RMB20 million and a maximum operating period of 20 years.

### Telecom

[edit]

China's telecom sector remains heavily restricted in the FTZ as elsewhere in China, where the industry is dominated by state-owned giants China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom. However, the zone does allow foreign investment in "value-added telecom services" (VATS), defined as non-core telecom services (i.e. services other than voice calls, fax, and basic messaging). VATS enterprises in the zone also benefit from a shortened approval process.[29][30]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Colloquially known as 上海自由贸易区/上海自贸区 in Chinese
2. ^ Chinese: 中国（上海）自由贸易试验区; pinyin: Zhōngguó (Shànghǎi) Zìyóu Màoyì Shìyànqū

## References

[edit]

Citations

1. ^ "Shanghai free-trade zone launched". BBC News. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
2. ^ a b State Council (27 July 2019). "国务院关于同意设立中国（上海）自由贸易试验区临港新片区的批复（国函〔2019〕68号）". gov.cn. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
3. ^ "FTZ Expansion Notice". Shanghai FTZ Website. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
4. ^ "China opens free trade zone in Shanghai | DW | 29.09.2013". dw.com. Deutsche Welle.
5. ^ "上海外高桥保税区". waigaoqiao.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2 March 2001. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
6. ^ Reuters Editorial. "Microsoft Xbox One to launch in China on September 23". Reuters. USA. Retrieved 10 July 2018. `{{cite news}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)
7. ^ "Ban on Video Game Consoles Tentatively Lifted in the Shanghai FTZ", China Briefing, Shanghai, 22 April 2014.
8. ^ Mirani, Leo. "The end of China's ban on video game consoles won't change anything". Quartz. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
9. ^ "China to lift ban on Facebook – but only within Shanghai free-trade zone". South China Morning Post. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
10. ^ "The Maturing Tastes of China’s Wine Industry", China Briefing, Shanghai, 9 May 2014.
11. ^ "Shanghai FTZ Paves the Way for Arbitration Reform in China, China Briefing, 20 June 2014.
12. ^ "上海国际经济贸易仲裁委员会". shiac.org.
13. ^ a b "Establishing a Company in the Shanghai FTZ", China Briefing, Shanghai, 12 March 2014.
14. ^ a b "Choosing an Office Location in Shanghai", China Briefing, Shanghai, 16 June 2014.
15. ^ "中国（上海）自由贸易试验区——大胆试 大胆闯 自主改_滚动新闻_中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
16. ^ "中国（上海）自由贸易试验区门户网站". Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
17. ^ "Foreign Exchange FDI Regulations Loosened in the Shanghai FTZ", China Briefing, Shanghai, 7 March 2014.
18. ^ "China seeks end to FDI law in FTZs". archive.shine.cn. 18 August 2013.
19. ^ "Shanghai Releases ‘Negative List’ for Foreign Investment in Shanghai Free Trade Zone", China Briefing, Shanghai, 9 September 2013.
20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
21. ^ "Shanghai FTZ Revised Negative List Introduces Targeted FDI Reforms", China Briefing, Shanghai, 3 July 2014.
22. ^ "Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China". mofcom.gov.cn. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
23. ^ "Shanghai FTZ Launches Cross-Border E-Commerce Platform", China Briefing, Shanghai, 11 October 2013.
24. ^ "跨境通-进口商品购物商城，上海自贸区官方平台，原装进口海外直销，海淘首选". kjt.com.
25. ^ a b http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2014/06/06/marine-insurance-legal-services-liberalization-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html , China Briefing, Shanghai, 6 June 2014.
26. ^ http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2014/06/17/logistics-warehousing-transportation-china-part-2.html , China Briefing, Shanghai, 17 June 2014.
27. ^ http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2014/06/06/marine-insurance-legal-services-liberalization-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html , China Briefing, Shan ghai, 6 June 2014.
28. ^ Wholly Foreign-Owned Medical Institutions Allowed in Shanghai Free Trade Zone, China Briefing, Shanghai, 2 December 2013.
29. ^ "Approval Process for Telecom Services in Shanghai FTZ Streamlined", China Briefing, Shanghai, 24 April 2014.
30. ^ "Archive-it Wayback". Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

## External links

[edit]

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Free Trade Zones of the People's Republic of China

East|

| Fujian FTZ|

* Cross-Strait Trade Center Core Area
* Fuzhou Bonded Logistics Harbor Zone
* Fuzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
* Pingtan High-Tech Industrial Zone
* Pingtan Port Trade Zone
* Pingtan Tourism Business District
* Southeast Haicang International Shipping Center

|

Shanghai FTZ|

* Lingang Special Area
* Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone
* Shanghai Jinqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone
* Shanghai Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone
* Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park
* Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone
* Yangshan Free Trade Port Area
* Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park

Zhejiang FTZ|

* TBA

North|

| Tianjin FTZ|

* Dongjiang Free Trade Port Zone
* Tianjin Airport Economic Area
* Tianjin Airport Free Trade Zone (Airport section)
* Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone
* Tianjin Bonded Logistics Zone
* Tianjin Comprehensive Free Trade Zone
* Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone (Harbor section)

|

Northeast|

| Liaoning FTZ|

* TBA

|

South Central|

| Central|

| Henan FTZ|

* TBA

|

Hubei FTZ|

* TBA

South|

| Guangdong FTZ|

* Hengqin New Area
* Nansha New Area
* Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone
* Shekou Industrial Zone

|

Western|

| Northwestern|

| Shaanxi FTZ|

* Yangling Agricultural Hi-tech Industries Demonstration Zone
* Xi'an International Trade & Logistics Park

|

Xinjiang FTZ|

* Urumqi
* Kashgar
* Khorgos

Southwestern|

| Chongqing FTZ|

* TBA

|

Sichuan FTZ|

* TBA

* v
* t
* e

Shanghai

* Culture
* Economy
* Geography
* History
* Timeline
* Politics

Administrative
divisions|

| Current|

* Huangpu
* Xuhui
* Changning
* Jing'an
* Putuo
* Hongkou
* Yangpu
* Minhang
* Baoshan
* Jiading
* Pudong
* Shanghai Free-Trade Zone
* Jinshan
* Songjiang
* Qingpu
* Fengxian
* Chongming

|

Defunct|

* Nanshi
* Luwan
* Wusong
* Nanhui
* Zhabei
* Chuansha County
* Shanghai County

SEZ|

* Pudong
* Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone
* Shanghai Free-Trade Zone
* Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone
* Yangshan Free Trade Port Area
* Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park

Culture and
demographics|

| Architect|

* Shikumen
* Longtang

|

Culture|

* Haipai
* Opera
* LGBT culture

Other|

* Shanghainese people
* List of people from Shanghai
* Shanghailanders
* Shanghainese language
* Shanghainese cuisine

Tourist
attractions|

| Areas|

* Historic
* Old City
* French Concession
* International Settlement
* People's Square
* Xujiahui
* Qibao
* Jinshanzui Fishing Village

* European-style boroughs
* Thames Town
* Holland Village
* Scandinavian
* Venice Town
* German Town
* Fengjing

* Water Town
* Zhujiajiao
* Jinze
* Dianshan Lake
* Fengjing
* Beach
* Jinshan Beach
* Bund Beach

|

Streets|

* Historic
* The Bund
* Wukang Road
* Duolun Road
* Dongmen Road
* Zhouqiao Old Street

* Shopping
* Nanjing Road
* Huaihai Road
* Xintiandi
* Xujiahui
* North Sichuan Road
* Tianzifang
* M50 Art district

* Thoroughfare
* Yan'an Road
* Century Avenue
* Hengshan Road
* Henan Road

Mall|

* 1933 Old Millfun
* Tianzifang
* Union Building
* Xujiahui Shopping City
* Global Harbor
* Grand Gateway
* HKRI Taikoo Hui
* IAPM Mall
* Jing An Kerry Centre
* K11
* Longemont Shopping Centre
* Ciros Plaza
* Plaza 66
* Raffles City
* IFC Mall
* The River Mall
* Super Brand Mall

Amusement|

* Circus World
* Disney Resort
* Film Studio
* Great World
* Haichang Ocean Park
* Happy Valley
* Jinjiang Action Park
* Ocean Aquarium
* Zoo

Cultural|

* Oriental Art
* Concert Hall
* Shanghai Grand Theatre
* Opera Theater
* Yue Opera House
* Tianchan
* Dramatic Arts
* Grand Theatre
* Library

Museums|

* Art
* Art
* Contemporary Art
* Power Station
* Rockbund Art
* Long
* Poster Art
* Yuz
* OV

* Museum
* Shanghai
* Aerospace Enthusiasts
* Film
* Revolution History
* Jewish Refugees
* Natural History
* Planetarium
* Science and Technology
* Urban Planning
* C. Y. Tung Maritime
* Postal
* Bamboo Carving
* Madame Tussauds
* Open House
* Waterworks Science and Technology

* Transport
* Railway
* Metro
* Maglev
* Auto

* Protected Historical and Cultural Site
* Party's First National Congress
* Former Residence of:
* Sun Yat-Sen
* Lu Xun
* Zhou Enlai
* Zhang Wentian
* Soong Ching-ling
* Moller Villa
* Tomb of
* Lu Xun
* Xu Guangqi
* People's Heroes Memorial Tower

Urban parks|

* Public
* Century Park
* Gongqing Forest Park
* Park of the Old City
* Expo Park
* Huangpu Park
* Fuxing Park
* Jing'an Park
* Lu Xun Park
* People's Park
* Zhongshan Park
* Dongping National Forest Park
* Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve
* Shanghai Greenway
* Jinshan Binhai Park

* Admission
* Ancient Chinese gardens
* Guyi Garden
* Yu Garden
* Zuibaichi
* Qiuxia Garden
* Guilin Park
* Botanical Garden

Hotels|

* Peace
* Shanghai Jinjiang
* Broadway
* Grand Hyatt
* Park
* InterContinental

Expo center|

* Shanghai
* New
* National

Places of
worship|

| Buddhist|

* Jade Buddha Temple
* Jing'an Temple
* Longhua Temple
* Longhua Pagoda
* Zhenru Temple
* Yuanming Jiangtang
* Baoshan Temple
* Chenxiang Pavilion
* Hongfu Temple
* Yuanjin Temple
* Xilin Chan Temple
* Yuanying Pagoda
* Huzhu Pagoda
* Songjiang Square Pagoda
* Donglin Temple
* Fahua Pagoda

|

Christian|

* Holy Trinity Church
* Sheshan Basilica
* St Ignatius Cathedral
* St Joseph's Church
* St Nicholas' Church
* St Peter's Church

Other|

* City God Temple
* Wen Miao
* Mazu Cultural Palace
* Jiading Confucian Temple
* Songjiang Mosque

Skyscrapers|

| Pudong|

* Oriental Pearl Tower
* Jin Mao Tower
* Shanghai World Financial Center
* Shanghai Tower
* Bocom Financial Towers
* Shanghai IFC
* One Lujiazui
* Bank of Shanghai

|

Puxi|

* K11
* Shimao International Plaza
* Plaza 66
* White Magnolia Plaza
* Shanghai Wheelock Square
* Tomorrow Square
* Grand Gateway Shanghai

Sports
venues|

| Football|

* Shanghai
* Hongkou
* Pudong
* Jinshan
* Yuanshen
* Zhabei

|

Indoor|

* Jiangwan
* Luwan
* Shanghai Indoor
* Mercedes-Benz
* Int'l Gym
* Oriental

Other|

* Tennis
* Qizhong

* Motorsport circuit
* International
* Street
* Tianma

* Cycling
* Tour of Chongming Island

* Golf
* BMW Masters
* Sheshan Golf Club

* Horse racing
* Shanghai Race Club

Sports
teams|

| Football|

* Shenhua
* Port
* Jiading Huilong

|

Other|

* Basketball
* Sharks

Transport|

| Airports|

* Hongqiao
* Pudong

* Closed
* Longhua
* Jiangwan

|

Railway
station|

* Shanghai
* Shanghai South
* Shanghai Hongqiao
* Shanghai Songjiang
* Under Construction
* Shanghai East

Ports|

* Port of Shanghai
* Yangshan

Modes|

* Shanghai rail transit
* Suburban Rail
* Shanghai Metro
* Maglev Train
* Zhangjiang Tram
* Songjiang Tram
* Buses in Shanghai
* Shanghai Ferry
* Shanghai Public Transport Card

Bridges|

* Yangtze River
* Chonghai
* Chongqi
* Yangtze
* East China Sea
* Donghai
* Huangpu River
* Fengpu
* Lupu
* Minpu
* Nanpu
* Songpu
* Waibaidu
* Xupu
* Yangpu

* Stone arch
* Fangsheng
* Puji
* Wan'an

Tunnels|

* Bund Tunnel
* Bund Sightseeing Tunnel
* Dapu Road Tunnel
* Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge

Universities|

| National|

* Donghua
* East Normal
* East Science and Technology
* Finance and Economics
* Fudan
* International Studies
* Naval Medical
* Shanghai Jiaotong
* Tongji

|

Municipal|

* East Political Science and Law
* Electric Power
* Engineering Sciences
* Fisheries
* Finance
* International Business and Economics
* Leadership
* Lixin
* Maritime
* Music
* Normal
* Ocean
* Open
* Poly
* Political Science and Law
* Dianji
* Shanghai
* Science and Technology
* Sport
* Tech
* Theatre
* Technology
* Visual Art

Private|

* Europe Business
* German
* New York
* Sanda

Governance|

* Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau

* Category

31°20′03″N 121°35′56″E﻿ / ﻿31.3343°N 121.5990°E﻿ / 31.3343; 121.5990
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