Shavian alphabet

Phonemic, featural alphabet for English

"Shavian" redirects here. For other uses, see Shavian (disambiguation).

Shavian alphabet

𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑

Script type|

Alphabet

Creator| Ronald Kingsley Read

Period

| 1960—present
Direction| Left-to-right
Languages| English, Esperanto
Related scripts

Child systems

| Quikscript, Shaw Alphabet, Ŝava
ISO 15924
ISO 15924| Shaw (281), ​Shavian (Shaw)
Unicode

Unicode alias

| Shavian

Unicode range

| U+10450–U+1047F
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

This article contains Shavian text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Shavian characters.

The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Androcles and the Lion, 1962. Paperback cover design by Germano Facetti

The Shavian alphabet (/ˈʃeɪviən/ SHAY-vee-ən;[1] also known as the Shaw alphabet) is a constructed alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonemic orthography for the English language to replace the inefficiencies and difficulties of conventional spelling using the Latin alphabet. It was posthumously funded by and named after Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw and designed by Ronald Kingsley Read.

Shaw set three main criteria for the new alphabet. It should be:

1. at least 40 letters;
2. as phonetic as possible (that is, letters should have a 1:1 correspondence to phonemes);
3. distinct from the Latin alphabet to avoid the impression that the new spellings were simply misspellings.

## Letters

[edit]

The Shavian alphabet consists of three types of letters: tall (with an ascender), deep (with a descender) and short.[2] All vowels but the consonant–vowel ligature yew are short. Among consonants, the short letters are liquids (r, l) and nasals (m, n); these, the semivowels (y, w) and the heng letters (h, ng) are derived from each other through rotation or reflection. Tall letters are voiceless consonants, excepting Yea 𐑘 and Hung 𐑙. A tall letter rotated 180°, with the tall part now extending below the baseline, becomes a deep letter, representing the corresponding voiced consonants (except Haha 𐑣). These rotation pairs, with the exception of the heng consonants, are the same letters that are paired in Pitman shorthand. Affricates, several diphthongs, and rhotic vowels are ligatures. The alphabet is therefore to some extent featural.

| Tall and deep letters:

|

Shavian letter  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unicode text  | 𐑐 𐑚  |  | 𐑑 𐑛  |  | 𐑒 𐑜  |  | 𐑓 𐑝  |  | 𐑔 𐑞
Pronunciation
(may vary, see below) | /p/ /b/ |  | /t/ /d/ |  | /k/ /ɡ/ |  | /f/ /v/ |  | /θ/ /ð/
Name/example  | peep bib |  | tot dead |  | kick gag |  | fee vow |  | thigh they

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
𐑕 𐑟  |  | 𐑖 𐑠  |  | 𐑗 𐑡  |  | 𐑘 𐑢  |  | 𐑙 𐑣
/s/ /z/ |  | /ʃ/ /ʒ/ |  | /tʃ/ /dʒ/ |  | /j/ /w/ |  | /ŋ/ /h/
so zoo |  | sure measure |  | church judge |  | yea woe |  | hung ha-ha

* * *

Short letters:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
𐑤 𐑮  |  | 𐑥 𐑯  |  | 𐑦 𐑰  |  | 𐑧 𐑱  |  | 𐑨 𐑲
/l/ /r/ |  | /m/ /n/ |  | /ɪ/ /iː/ |  | /ɛ/ /eɪ/ |  | /æ/ /aɪ/
loll roar |  | mime nun |  | if eat |  | egg age |  | ash ice

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
𐑩 𐑳  |  | 𐑪 𐑴  |  | 𐑫 𐑵  |  | 𐑬 𐑶  |  | 𐑭 𐑷
/ə/ /ʌ/ |  | /ɒ/ /oʊ/ |  | /ʊ/ /uː/ |  | /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/ |  | /ɑː/ /ɔː/
ado up |  | on oak |  | wool ooze |  | out oil |  | ah awe

* * *

Ligatures:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 𐑸 𐑹  |  | 𐑺 𐑻  |  | 𐑼 𐑽  |  | 𐑾 𐑿
| /ɑːr/ /ɔːr/ |  | /ɛər/ /ɜːr/ |  | /ər/ /ɪər/ |  | /iə/ /juː/
| are or |  | air err |  | array ear |  | Ian yew

There are no separate uppercase or lowercase letters as in the Latin script; instead of using capitalization to mark proper nouns, a "namer-dot" (·) is placed before a name. Sentences are typically not started with a namer-dot, unless it is otherwise called for. All other punctuation and word spacing is similar to conventional orthography.[2]

Each character in the Shavian alphabet requires only a single stroke to be written on paper. The writing utensil needs to be lifted up only once when writing each character, thus enabling faster overall writing than Latin script.

Spelling in Androcles follows the phonemic distinctions of Received Pronunciation except for explicitly indicating vocalic "r" with the above ligatures. Most dialectal variations of English pronunciation can be regularly produced from this spelling, but those who do not make certain distinctions, particularly in the vowels, find it difficult to produce the canonical spellings spontaneously. For instance, most North American dialects merge 𐑭 /ɑː/ and 𐑪 /ɒ/ (the father–bother merger), though standard English orthography is a guide.

There is no ability to indicate word stress, so billow /ˈbɪloʊ/ and below /bɪˈloʊ/ are both spelled 𐑚𐑦𐑤𐑴, and diploid /ˈdɪplɔɪd/ and deployed /dɪˈplɔɪd/ are both spelled 𐑛𐑦𐑐𐑤𐑶𐑛.[3] However, in most cases the reduction of unstressed vowels is sufficient to distinguish word pairs that are distinguished only by stress in spoken discourse. For instance, the noun convict /ˈkɒnvɪkt/ and the verb convict /kənˈvɪkt/ can be spelled 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 ˈkɒnvɪkt and 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 kənvɪkt, respectively.

Additionally, five common words are abbreviated as single letters. The words the (𐑞), of (𐑝), and (𐑯), to (𐑑), and often for (𐑓) are written with the single letters indicated.

## History

[edit]

Libraries were furnished with free hardcover copies of Androcles and the Lion: Shaw Alphabet Edition, 1962. Cover design by Germano Facetti

George Bernard Shaw, the writer, critic and playwright, was a vocal critic of English spelling because it often deviates from the alphabetic principle. Shaw had served from 1926 to 1939 on the BBC's Advisory Committee on Spoken English, which included several exponents of phonetic writing. He also knew Henry Sweet, creator of Current Shorthand (and a prototype for the character of Henry Higgins), although Shaw himself for years wrote his literary works in Pitman shorthand. However, he found its limitations frustrating as well and realized that it was not a suitable replacement for traditional orthography, making the production of printed material difficult and impossible to type. Shaw desired and advocated a phonetic spelling reform, and this called for a new alphabet.[4]

All of his interest in spelling and alphabet reform was made clear in Shaw's will of June 1950, in which provision was made for (Isaac) James Pitman, with a grant in aid from the Public Trustee, to establish a Shaw Alphabet. Following Shaw's death in November 1950, and after some legal dispute, the Trustee announced a worldwide competition to design such an alphabet, with the aim of producing a system that would be an economical way of writing and of printing the English language. a contest for the design of the new alphabet was won by four people, including Ronald Kingsley Read who had corresponded extensively with Shaw for several years regarding such an alphabet. Read was then appointed to amalgamate the four designs to produce the new alphabet.[5]

Due to the contestation of Shaw's will, the trust charged with developing the new alphabet could afford to publish only one book: a version of Shaw's play Androcles and the Lion, in a bi-alphabetic edition with both conventional and Shavian spellings (1962 Penguin Books, London). Copies were sent to major libraries in English-speaking countries.

## Other print literature

[edit]

Between 1963 and 1965, 8 issues of the journal, Shaw-script, were published by Read in Worcester, U.K. The journal used Shaw's Alphabet, and much of the content was submitted by Shaw enthusiasts. In more recent years, there have been several published works of classical literature transliterated into Shavian.

The first, released in 2012, was the works of Edgar Allan Poe entitled Poe Meets Shaw: The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Edgar Allan Poe, by Tim Browne. This book was published via Shaw Alphabet Books and had two editions in its original release. One, like Androcles and the Lion, had Shavian side-by-side with the Latin equivalent and the other was a Shavian-only edition.

The second, released in 2013, was an edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, transcribed into Shavian by Thomas Thurman.[6] This was published as a Shaw-only edition with no side-by-side Latin equivalent. The Shavian fonts were designed by Michael Everson.

In 2019, a print version of Pride and Prejudice was published in Shaw-only form by the website Shavian.info.[7]

## Disagreement

[edit]

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|

Some disagreement has arisen among the Shavian community in regard to sound–symbol assignments, which have been the topic of frequent arguments. Primarily, this has concerned the alleged reversal of two pairs of letters.[citation needed]

### Haha–Hung reversal

[edit]

The most frequent disagreement of the letter reversals has been over the Haha–Hung pair. The most convincing evidence suggesting this reversal is in the names of the letters: the unvoiced letter Haha is deep, while the voiced Hung, which suggests a lower position, is tall. This is often assumed to be a clerical error introduced in the rushed printing of the Shavian edition of Androcles and the Lion.[citation needed] This reversal obscures the system of tall letters as voiceless consonants and deep letters as voiced consonants.

Proponents of traditional Shavian, however, have suggested that Kingsley Read may not have intended for this system to be all-encompassing, though it seems that vertical placement alone served this purpose in an earlier version of Shavian, before the rotations were introduced. Also, Read may have intentionally reversed these letters, perhaps to emphasize that these letters represent unrelated sounds, which happen to occur in complementary distribution.

Both sides of the debate have suggested other reasons, including associations with various styles of Latin letters (namely, the ⟨g⟩ in ⟨-ing⟩, often written with a bottom-loop in script) and the effect of letter-height on the coastlines of words, but whether Read considered any of these is uncertain. Since the letter representing the same sound in Read's Quikscript appears identical to "Hung", it is doubtful that Read reversed the letter twice by mistake. Either he always intended that letter shape or he thought it best to leave things as they were, especially as a corrected ⟨ng⟩ in hasty or careless writing might be confused with Hung "𐑣".[citation needed]

### Air–Err reversal

[edit]

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|

Two other letters that are often alleged to have been reversed—intentionally or not—are the ligatures Air "𐑺" and Err "𐑻".[8][better source needed] They are both made up of Roar "𐑮" and an unknown first part. Attempts to construct derivations of the ligatures suggest that the pronunciations and the shapes are reversed, and may assure a less conservative pronunciation of Air "𐑩", though this is not necessary.[9]

Though the shape of Air "𐑺" /ɛər/ suggests a derivation from Ado "𐑩" /ə/ \+ Ado "𐑩" /ə/ \+ Roar "𐑮" /r/ (which would give /ɜːr/), its name suggests a derivation either from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ \+ Ado "𐑩" /ə/ \+ Roar "𐑮" /r/ (reflecting the conservative pronunciation [ɛər]) or from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ \+ Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ \+ Roar "𐑮" /r/ (reflecting the contemporary pronunciation [ɛːr]).

In contrast, the name of Err "𐑻" /ɜːr/ suggests a derivation from Ado "𐑩" /ə/ \+ Ado "𐑩" /ə/ \+ Roar "𐑮" /r/ (which would suggest "𐑺"), both because the closest short approximation of the conservative pronunciation [ɜː] is [ə] and because the contemporary pronunciation is [əː]. Its shape suggests a derivation either from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ \+ Ado "𐑩" /ə/ \+ Roar "𐑮" /r/ (reflecting the conservative pronunciation [ɛər]) or from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ \+ Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ \+ Roar "𐑮" /r/ (which would give [ɛːr]).

Read, being a likely RP speaker born in 1887, would almost certainly not have had the contemporary pronunciation of Air, so that is unlikely to be relevant. It is possible that he approximated Err /ɜːr/ as [ɛːr] (which would not contradict with his [ɛər] for Air) and flipped the initial stroke of Air /ɛər/ from something like "𐑸" to "𐑺" so as to avoid confusion with Are "𐑸", or that the hypothesised derivations of the ligatures are incorrect and bear no relation to pronunciation.

## Variants

[edit]

### Quikscript

[edit]

Main article: Quikscript

Some years after the initial publication of the Shaw alphabet, Read expanded it to create Quikscript, also known as the Read Alphabet or the Second Shaw Alphabet. Quikscript is intended to be more useful for handwriting, and to that end is more cursive and uses more ligatures. It is also intended to be closer to shorthand, with a "senior Quikscript" mode providing many more shortenings. Some letter forms are roughly the same in both alphabets, though the rotation symmetry of tall–deep pairs is sacrificed for connected handwriting. See the separate article for more details.

### Shavian in Esperanto (Ŝava alfabeto)

[edit]

The Shavian alphabet adapted to write Esperanto: alphabet and ligatures

An adaptation of Shavian to another language, Esperanto, was developed by John Wesley Starling; though not widely used, at least one booklet has been published with transliterated sample texts.[10] As that language is already spelled phonemically, direct conversion between Latin and Shavian letters can be performed, though several ligatures are added for the common combinations of vowels with n and s and some common short words. Vowels use the letters of the orthographically equivalent short vowels in English (i.e. ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ), except that o and u are reversed, as are j and w. The oo-vowel letters are reassigned to m and n, and the unneeded letters for th and ng are assigned to c and ĥ.

Pronunciations that differ from their English values are marked in bold blue.

Ŝava letter  | 𐑨  | 𐑚  | 𐑔  | 𐑗  | 𐑛  | 𐑧  | 𐑓  | 𐑜  | 𐑡  | 𐑣  | 𐑙  | 𐑦  | 𐑢  | 𐑠

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pronunciation  | [a] | [b] | [ts] | [tʃ] | [d] | [e] | [f] | [ɡ] | [dʒ] | [h] | [x] | [i] | [j] | [ʒ]
Conventional orthography  | a  | b  | c  | ĉ  | d  | e  | f  | g  | ĝ  | h  | ĥ  | i  | j  | ĵ

𐑒  | 𐑤  | 𐑫  | 𐑵  | 𐑩  | 𐑐  | 𐑮  | 𐑕  | 𐑖  | 𐑑  | 𐑪  | 𐑘  | 𐑝  | 𐑟
[k] | [l] | [m] | [n] | [o] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [ʃ] | [t] | [u] | [w] | [v] | [z]
k  | l  | m  | n  | o  | p  | r  | s  | ŝ  | t  | u  | ŭ  | v  | z

* * *

Short words
|  |
la | kaj | aŭ

### Shaw Alphabet

[edit]

This section may contain information not important or relevant to the article's subject. Please help improve this section. (March 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

In 1996, Paul Vandenbrink devised the self-styled Shaw Alphabet, or the Revised Shaw Abjad, which was further revised in 2001. It is based on the Hebrew script and makes many changes to the shapes and names of the letters, though it is largely unknown.[11]

## Unicode

[edit]

Shavian was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2003 with the release of version 4.0. Esperanto ligatures are not supported.

### Block

[edit]

Main article: Shavian (Unicode block)

The Unicode block for Shavian is U+10450–U+1047F and is in Plane 1 (the Supplementary Multilingual Plane).

Shavian[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
U+1045x  | 𐑐  | 𐑑  | 𐑒  | 𐑓  | 𐑔  | 𐑕  | 𐑖  | 𐑗  | 𐑘  | 𐑙  | 𐑚  | 𐑛  | 𐑜  | 𐑝  | 𐑞  | 𐑟
U+1046x  | 𐑠  | 𐑡  | 𐑢  | 𐑣  | 𐑤  | 𐑥  | 𐑦  | 𐑧  | 𐑨  | 𐑩  | 𐑪  | 𐑫  | 𐑬  | 𐑭  | 𐑮  | 𐑯
U+1047x  | 𐑰  | 𐑱  | 𐑲  | 𐑳  | 𐑴  | 𐑵  | 𐑶  | 𐑷  | 𐑸  | 𐑹  | 𐑺  | 𐑻  | 𐑼  | 𐑽  | 𐑾  | 𐑿
Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

### Fonts

[edit]

While the Shavian alphabet was added to Unicode 4.0 in 2003, Unicode Shavian fonts are still quite rare. Before it was standardized, fonts were made that include Shavian letters in the places of Roman letters, and/or in an agreed-upon location in the Unicode private use area, allocated from the ConScript Unicode Registry and now superseded by the official Unicode standard.

## See also

[edit]

* Quikscript
* Esperanto
* Shorthand
* Pitman shorthand
* Gregg shorthand
* Deseret alphabet
* Unifon alphabet
* English-language spelling reform

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Wells, John C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Ltd.
2. ^ a b Read, Kingsley (1963). "Cover letter". Shaw-Script: the Journal in a New English Alphabet. p. 1.
3. ^ Wakamatsu, Haruki. "Dang It, Shavian!". shavian.neocities.org. Retrieved 31 March 2025.[self-published source]
4. ^ Wilson, Richard Albert (1941). The Miraculous Birth of Language. London, England: JM Dent and Sons Ltd. pp. ix–xxxvii.
5. ^ Shaw, Bernard (1962). The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Androcles and the Lion. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 9–11.
6. ^ Carroll, Lewis (September 2013). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: An edition printed in the Shaw alphabet. Cathair na Mart: Evertype. ISBN 978-1-78201-036-4.
7. ^ Austen, Jane (2019). Pride and Prejudice (Shavian Alphabet ed.). Shavian.info. ISBN 9780648570509.
8. ^ ProvincialPromenade (19 October 2023). "The two small changes that would make Shavian suitable for mass adoption". r/shavian. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
9. ^ Lindsey, Geoff (8 March 2012). "The British English vowel system". english speech services. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
10. ^ Starling, Ĝan Ŭesli. "La Ŝava Alfabeto" [The Shavian Alphabet]. esperanto.us (in Esperanto). Retrieved 18 May 2022.
11. ^ "Revised Shaw Abjad". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 29 December 2024.

## External links

[edit]

* Shavian Website
* Yahoo! Group on Shavian Archived 2013-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Omniglot.com article on Shavian
* Revised Shaw Alphabet, history, etc.
* Shaw Alphabet enthusiast website & repository
* Browser test page for Unicode Shavian
* ConScript Unicode Registry, describes unofficial assignment of Shavian letters in Unicode private use area (Since withdrawn in favour of the official encoding)
* Lingua-EN-Alphabet-Shaw, a Perl module to transliterate
* Turn your text into fənɛ́tɪks here serves a Latin-to-Shavian script transcriber for English.
* The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Androcles and the Lion from George Bernard Shaw, published 1962 together with the publication of the Shaw Alphabet
* Poe Meets Shaw: The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Edgar Allan Poe
* Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: An Edition Printed in the Shaw Alphabet

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* Marcomannic
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* Staveless
* Shavian
* Sidetic
* Sorang Sompeng
* Sunuwar
* Tifinagh
* Todhri
* Tolong Siki
* Vellara
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Warang Citi
* Yezidi
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbols
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Miꞌkmaw
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Anishinaabewibii'iganan
* Olmec
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze scripts
* Seal script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Kanji
* Chữ Nôm
* Sawndip
* Bowen

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logosyllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Tenevil
* Yi (Classical)

Logoconsonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Other|

* Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Linear Elamite
* Celtiberian
* Iberian
* Northeastern
* Southeastern
* Khom
* Dunging

|

Redundant|

* Espanca script
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Bopomofo
* Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Idu
* Kana
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sōgana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered|

* Albanian
* Azerbaijani
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
* Czech
* Dutch
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Ghanaian
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hungarian
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
* Maltese
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Samoan
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Turkish
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav
* Zambian

| Nordic family|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Danish
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Northern Sámi
* Norwegian
* Swedish

|

Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Mongolian
* Russian
* Tatar
* Ukrainian

Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts|

* Arabic
* Persian
* Urdu (Pakistan)

Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille|

* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
* Gujarati
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu (India)

Other scripts|

* Amharic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Khmer
* Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan

Reordered|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent|

* Chinese semi-syllabaries
* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese Mandarin
* Taiwanese Mandarin
* Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
* Japanese
* Korean

Eight-dot|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

People|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Róża Czacka
* Valentin Haüy
* Harris Mowbray
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

* v
* t
* e

George Bernard Shaw

Bibliography

Plays|

* Passion Play
* Un Petit Drame
* Widowers' Houses
* The Philanderer
* Mrs. Warren's Profession
* Arms and the Man
* Candida
* The Man of Destiny
* You Never Can Tell
* The Devil's Disciple
* The Gadfly
* Caesar and Cleopatra
* Captain Brassbound's Conversion
* The Admirable Bashville
* Man and Superman
* John Bull's Other Island
* How He Lied to Her Husband
* Major Barbara
* Passion, Poison, and Petrifaction
* The Doctor's Dilemma
* The Interlude at the Playhouse
* Getting Married
* The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet
* Press Cuttings
* The Fascinating Foundling
* The Glimpse of Reality
* Misalliance
* The Dark Lady of the Sonnets
* Fanny's First Play
* Androcles and the Lion
* Overruled
* Beauty's Duty
* Pygmalion
* Great Catherine
* The Music Cure
* O'Flaherty V.C.
* The Inca of Perusalem
* Augustus Does His Bit
* Macbeth Skit
* Annajanska, the Bolshevik Empress
* Heartbreak House
* Back to Methuselah
* A Glimpse of the Domesticity of Franklyn Barnabas
* Jitta's Atonement
* Saint Joan
* The Apple Cart
* Too True to Be Good
* How These Doctors Love One Another!
* Village Wooing
* On the Rocks
* The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles
* The Six of Calais
* The Millionairess
* Arthur and the Acetone
* Cymbeline Refinished
* Geneva
* In Good King Charles's Golden Days
* The British Party System
* Buoyant Billions
* Farfetched Fables
* Shakes versus Shav
* Why She Would Not

Novels|

* Immaturity
* Love Among the Artists
* Cashel Byron's Profession
* An Unsocial Socialist

Short stories|

* The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God

Non-fiction|

* The Perfect Wagnerite
* The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism
* Quintessence of Ibsenism

Related|

* Charlotte Payne-Townshend (wife)
* Shaw's Corner
* Shaw Theatre
* Shavian alphabet
* Shaw Festival (production history)
* George Bernard Shaw: His Plays
* Great Contemporaries
* SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies
* Twain and Shaw Do Lunch

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

|

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