Shenzhou (spacecraft)

Class of crewed spacecraft from China

Shenzhou

A Shenzhou spacecraft undergoing ground testing without solar panels

Manufacturer| China Academy of Space Technology
Country of origin|  China
Operator| China Manned Space Agency
Applications| Crewed spaceflight
Specifications
Launch mass| 7,840 kg (17,280 lb)[2]
Crew capacity| 3
Dimensions| 9.25 m × 2.8 m (30.3 ft × 9.2 ft)
Volume| Habitable: 14 m3 (490 cu ft)[1]
Regime| Low Earth
Design life| Up to 183 days (docked at the Tiangong space station)
Production
Status| In service
On order| 0
Built| 19
Launched| 19
Operational| 1
Maiden launch|

* Uncrewed: 19 November 1999 (Shenzhou 1)
* Crewed: 15 October 2003 (Shenzhou 5)

Shenzhou (Chinese: 神舟; pinyin: Shénzhōu, /ˈʃɛnˈdʒoʊ/ shen-JOH;[3] see § Etymology) is a Chinese spacecraft developed for the nation's crewed space program. Its design was based on Russia's Soyuz, but larger and modernized. Like Soyuz, Shenzhou is a single-use vehicle composed of three modules; a descent module which houses the crew during launch and reentry, an orbital module which provides additional living space and storage during orbit, but is jettisoned before reentry, and a service module responsible for propulsion and power, also discarded before reentry. For added safety and aerodynamics, the spacecraft is encased within a fairing and fitted with a launch escape system during liftoff.

Its maiden uncrewed flight, Shenzhou 1, was on 19 November 1999, with the first crewed mission, Shenzhou 5, taking flight on 15 October 2003. It is slated for replacement by the next-generation Mengzhou, currently in development, with a two module configuration.

## Etymology

[edit]

The literal meaning of the native name 神舟 (p: Shénzhōu; /ˈʃɛnˈdʒoʊ/[3]) is "the Divine vessel [on the Heavenly River]", to which Heavenly River (天河) means the Milky Way in Classical Chinese.[4] 神舟 is a pun and neologism that plays on the poetic word referring to China, 神州,[4] meaning Divine realm,[5] which bears the same pronunciation. For further information, refer to Chinese theology, Chinese astronomy and names of China.

## History

[edit]

Main article: Shenzhou program

China's first efforts at human spaceflight started in 1968 with a projected launch date of 1973.[6] Although China successfully launched an uncrewed satellite in 1970, its crewed spacecraft program was cancelled in 1980 due to a lack of funds.[7]

The Chinese crewed spacecraft program was relaunched in 1992 with Project 921. The Phase One spacecraft followed the general layout of the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, with three modules that could separate for reentry. China signed a deal with Russia in 1995 for the transfer of Soyuz technology, including life support and docking systems. The Phase One spacecraft was then modified with the new Russian technology.[7] The general designer of Shenzhou-1 through Shenzhou-5 was Qi Faren ((Chinese: 戚发轫), 26 April 1933), and from Shenzhou-6 on, the general design was turned over to Zhang Bainan ((Chinese: 张柏楠), 23 June 1962).[citation needed]

The first uncrewed flight of the spacecraft was launched on 19 November 1999, after which Project 921/1 was renamed Shenzhou, a name reportedly chosen by Jiang Zemin.[citation needed] A series of three additional uncrewed flights were carried out. The first crewed launch took place on 15 October 2003 with the Shenzhou 5 mission. The spacecraft has since become the mainstay of the Chinese crewed space program, being used for both crewed and uncrewed missions.

## Design

[edit]

Diagram of the post-Shenzhou 7 spacecraftCurrently operational crewed spacecraft (at least orbital class)

Shenzhou consists of three modules: a forward orbital module (Chinese: 轨道舱); pinyin: Guǐdào cāng), a reentry module (Chinese: 返回舱); pinyin: Fǎnhuí cāng) in the middle, and an aft service module (Chinese: 推进舱); pinyin: Tuījìn cāng). This division is based on the principle of minimizing the amount of material to be returned to Earth. Anything placed in the orbital or service modules does not require heat shielding, increasing the space available in the spacecraft without increasing weight as much as it would if those modules were also able to withstand reentry.

Complete spacecraft  Mass  | 7,840 kg (17,280 lb)

|

Length  | 9.25 m (30 ft 4 in)
Diameter  | 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Span  | 17 m (55 ft 9 in)

### Orbital module

[edit]

Shenzhou 5's reentry module

The orbital module (Chinese: 轨道舱); pinyin: Guǐdào cāng) contains space for experiments, crew-serviced or crew-operated equipment, and in-orbit habitation. Without docking systems, Shenzhou 1–6 carried different kinds of payload on the top of their orbital modules for scientific experiments.

The Chinese spacecraft docking mechanism (beginning with Shenzhou 8) is based on the Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS).[8]

Up until Shenzhou 8, the orbital module of the Shenzhou was equipped with its own propulsion, solar power, and control systems, allowing autonomous flight. It is possible for Shenzhou to leave an orbital module in orbit for redocking with a later spacecraft, a capability which Soyuz does not possess, since the only hatch between the orbital and reentry modules is a part of the reentry module, and orbital module is depressurized after separation. For future missions, the orbital module(s) could also be left behind on the planned Chinese project 921/2 space station as additional station modules.

In the uncrewed test flights launched, the orbital module of each Shenzhou was left functioning on orbit for several days after the reentry modules return, and the Shenzhou 5 orbital module continued to operate for six months after launch.

Orbital Module  Design life  | 200 days

|

Length  | 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Diameter  | 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)
Span  | 10.4 m (34 ft 1 in)
Habitable volume  | 8 m3 (280 cu ft)
Mass  | 1,500 kg (3,300 lb)
RCS (coarse)  | 16 × 5 N (1.1 lbf)
RCS propellant  | Hydrazine
Electrical system  | Solar panels, 12.24 m2 (131.8 sq ft)
Power  | 0.50 kW (avg.)

### Reentry module

[edit]

Shenzhou 14 spacecraft undergoing tests prior to launch

The reentry module (Chinese: 返回舱); pinyin: Fǎnhuí cāng) is located in the middle section of the spacecraft and contains seating for the crew. It is the only portion of Shenzhou which returns to Earth's surface. Its shape is a compromise between maximizing living space and allowing for some aerodynamic control upon reentry.

Reentry Module  Crew capacity  | 3

|

Design life  | 20 days (original)
Length  | 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
Diameter  | 2.52 m (8 ft 3 in)
Habitable volume  | 6 m3 (210 cu ft)
Mass  | 3,240 kg (7,140 lb)
Heat shield mass  | 450 kg (990 lb)
Lift-to-drag-ratio  | 0.30 (hypersonic)
RCS (coarse)  | 8 × 150 N (34 lbf)
RCS propellant  | Hydrazine

[9]

### Service module

[edit]

Launch of Shenzhou 13 on a Long March 2F rocket

The aft service module (Chinese: 推进舱); pinyin: Tuījìn cāng) contains life support and other equipment required for the functioning of Shenzhou. Two pairs of solar panels, one pair on the service module and the other pair on the orbital module, have a total area of over 40 square metres (430 sq ft), indicating average electrical power over 1.5 kW (Soyuz have 1.0 kW).

Service Module  Design life  | 20 days (original)

|

Length  | 2.94 m (9 ft 8 in)
Basic diameter  | 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
Maximum diameter  | 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Span  | 17 m (55 ft 9 in)
Mass  | 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)
RCS (coarse)  | 8 × 150 N (34 lbf)
RCS (coarse)  | 16 × 5 N (1.1 lbf)
Main engine thrust  | 10 kN (2,200 lbf)
Main engine
specific impulse | 290 s (2.8 km/s)
Propellant  | N2O4/MMH
Propellant mass  | 1,000 kg (2,200 lb)
Electrical system  | Solar panels, 36.72 m2 (395.3 sq ft)
Power  | 1.50 kW (avg.)

### Comparison with Soyuz

[edit]

Although the Shenzhou spacecraft follows the same layout as the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, it is approximately 10% larger and heavier than Soyuz. It also has a bigger cylindrical orbital module and four propulsion engines. There is enough room to carry an inflatable raft in case of a splashdown, whereas Soyuz cosmonauts must jump into the water and swim. The commander sits in the center seat on both spacecraft. However, the pilot sits in the left seat on Shenzhou and the right seat on Soyuz.[10]

## Launch records

[edit]

The records information is all from Gunter's space page.[11] All times are in Coordinated Universal Time.

Number  | Launch  | Landing  | Crew  | Flight duration  | Orbits  | Launch vehicle  | Launch location  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Shenzhou 1 | 19 November 1999, 22:30  | 20 November 1999, 19:41  | —  | 21 hours, 11 minutes  | 14  | Long March 2F | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 2 | 9 January 2001, 17:00  | 16 January 2001, 11:22  | —  | 6 days, 18 hours, 22 minutes  | 108  | Long March 2F | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Partial failure[a]
Shenzhou 3 | 25 March 2002, 14:15  | 1 April 2002, 08:51  | —  | 6 days, 18 hours, 51 minutes  | 108  | Long March 2F | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 4 | 29 December 2002, 16:40  | 5 January 2003, 11:16  | —  | 6 days, 18 hours, 36 minutes  | 108  | Long March 2F | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 5 | 15 October 2003, 01:00  | 15 October 2003, 22:22  | Yang Liwei | 21 hours, 22 minutes,  | 14  | Long March 2F | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 6 | 12 October 2005, 01:00  | 16 October 2005, 20:33  |

* Fei Junlong
* Nie Haisheng

| 4 days, 19 hours, 33 minutes  | 77  | Long March 2F | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 7 | 25 September 2008, 13:10  | 28 September 2008, 09:37  |

* Zhai Zhigang
* Liu Boming
* Jing Haipeng

| 2 days, 20 hours, 27 minutes  | 45  | Long March 2F | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 8 | 31 October 2011, 21:58  | 17 November 2011, 11:32  | —  | 17 days, 13 hours, 34 minutes  | 249  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 9 | 16 June 2012, 10:37  | 29 June 2012, 02:01  |

* Jing Haipeng
* Liu Wang
* Liu Yang

| 12 days, 15 hours, 24 minutes  | 198  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 10 | 11 June 2013, 09:38  | 26 June 2013, 00:07  |

* Nie Haisheng
* Zhang Xiaoguang
* Wang Yaping

| 14 days, 14 hours, 29 minutes  | 229  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 11 | 16 October 2016, 23:30  | 18 November 2016, 05:59  |

* Jing Haipeng
* Chen Dong

| 32 days, 6 hours, 29 minutes  | 507  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 12 | 17 June 2021, 01:22  | 17 September 2021, 05:34  |

* Nie Haisheng
* Liu Boming
* Tang Hongbo

| 92 days, 4 hours, 11 minutes  | 1,454  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 13 | 15 October 2021, 16:23  | 16 April 2022, 01:56  |

* Zhai Zhigang
* Wang Yaping
* Ye Guangfu

| 182 days, 9 hours, 32 minutes  | 2,885  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 14 | 5 June 2022, 02:44  | 4 December 2022, 12:09  |

* Chen Dong
* Liu Yang
* Cai Xuzhe

| 182 days, 9 hours, 25 minutes  | 2,885  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 15 | 29 November 2022, 15:08  | 3 June 2023, 22:33  |

* Fei Junlong
* Deng Qingming
* Zhang Lu

| 186 days, 7 hours, 25 minutes  | 2,931  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 16 | 30 May 2023, 09:31  | 31 October 2023, 00:12  |

* Jing Haipeng
* Zhu Yangzhu
* Gui Haichao

| 153 days, 22 hours and 41 minutes  | 2,429  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 17 | 26 October 2023, 03:14  | 30 April 2024, 09:46  |

* Tang Hongbo
* Tang Shengjie
* Jiang Xinlin

| 187 days, 6 hours and 32 minutes  | 2,943  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 18 | 25 April 2024, 12:59  | 3 November 2024, 17:24  |

* Ye Guangfu
* Li Cong
* Li Guangsu

| 192 days, 4 hours and 25 minutes  | 3,041  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 19 | 29 October 2024, 20:27  | 29 April 2025, 5:09  |

* Cai Xuzhe
* Song Lingdong
* Wang Haoze

| 182 days, 8 hours and 42 minutes  | 2,886  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Success
Shenzhou 20 | 24 April 2025, 9:17  | November 2025  |

* Chen Dong
* Chen Zhongrui
* Wang Jie

| 180 days (planned)  | Currently in orbit  | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan, LA-4 | Docked at Tiangong

## In popular culture

[edit]

* The Shenzhou was prominently featured in the film Gravity and was used by the main character, STS-157 Mission Specialist Dr. Ryan Stone, to safely return home after the destruction of her spacecraft.[12][13]
* In Star Trek: Discovery, the Walker class starship USS Shenzhou is named after this spacecraft.[14]

## See also

[edit]

* Spaceflight portal
* China portal

* 863 Program
* Beihang University
* Mengzhou
* Harbin Institute of Technology
* Long March (rocket family)
* Names of China
* Shuguang
* Tiangong program
* List of human spaceflights to the Tiangong space station

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Unlike other Shenzhou missions, China has never publicly released images of the Shenzhou 2 return module. In 2017, Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut and subsequent head of China's space agency, disclosed that the spacecraft experienced a parachute failure during reentry, resulting in a hard landing. Some of the cargo was damaged by fire, and the fate of the animals on board remains unknown.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/shenzhou.htm
2. ^ 朱光辰 (2022). "我国载人航天器总体构型技术发展". 航天器工程. 第31卷 (第6期): 47.
3. ^ a b "Shenzhou pronunciation". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
4. ^ a b 樊永强 (23 September 2008). "中国载人航天飞船为何命名"神舟"号？". Xinhua News. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008.
5. ^ Hughes, April D. (2021). Worldly Saviors and Imperial Authority in Medieval Chinese Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. p. 103\. "Attesting Illumination states that two saviors will manifest in the Divine Realm (shenzhou 神州; i.e. China) 799 years after Śākyamuni Buddha's nirvāṇa."
6. ^ Mark Wade (2009). "Shuguang 1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
7. ^ a b "China and the Second Space Age" (PDF). Futron Corporation. 15 October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
8. ^ John Cook; Valery Aksamentov; Thomas Hoffman; Wes Bruner (1 January 2011). "ISS Interface Mechanisms and their Heritage" (PDF). NTRS. Houston, Texas: Boeing. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
9. ^ http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/shenzhou.htm
10. ^ Hollingham, Richard (27 June 2018). "Why Europe's astronauts are learning Chinese". BBC Future. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019.
11. ^ "Shenzhou Flight History". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
12. ^ Kramer, Miriam (6 October 2013). "The Spaceships of 'Gravity': A Spacecraft Movie Guide for Astronauts". Yahoo. SPACE.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
13. ^ Lyons, Lauren (19 October 2013). ""Gravity", China and the end of American Exceptionalism in outer space". Spaceflight Insider. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
14. ^ "Shenzhou NCC-1227, U.S.S." Star Trek. CBS Entertainment. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2020.

## Further reading

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shenzhou.

* "China's first astronaut revealed". BBC. 7 March 2003.
* "China's Manned Space Program: Trajectory and Motivations". Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
* "Details on purchase of Soyuz descent capsule by China". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

## External links

[edit]

* Flickr: Photos tagged with shenzhou, photos likely relating to Shenzhou spacecraft
* Subsystems and Project management of Shenzhou 7[usurped]

* v
* t
* e

China Manned Space Program

* China Manned Space Agency
* Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
* People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
* Taikonauts

Shenzhou missions|

| Uncrewed|

* Shenzhou 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 8

|

Crewed|

* Shenzhou 5
* 6
* 7
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21

Tianzhou missions|

* Tianzhou 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Space stations|

* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* 2
* ~~3~~
* Tiangong space station

Hardware|

* Shenzhou
* Tianzhou
* Long March
* 2F
* 7
* 5B
* Feitian space suit

Facility|

* Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
* Wenchang Space Launch Site
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

Related|

* CNSA
* Project 921
* Shuguang
* Chinese women in space
* Shuguang Group 1970 list
* China Group 1996
* Chinese Group 1
* Group 2
* Group 3
* Yuan Wang tracking ship
* Mengzhou

* Underline indicates current missions
* Italics indicates future missions

* v
* t
* e

Tiangong space station

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)
* Chinese space program
* Crewed flight
* Expeditions
* Spacewalks

Components|

* Core Module (Tianhe) (2021)
* Laboratory Module 1 (Wentian) (2022)
* Laboratory Module 2 (Mengtian) (2022)
* Space Station Telescope (Xuntian) (2026)

Spaceflights|

| Crewed|

* 2021
* Shenzhou 12
* 13
* 2022
* Shenzhou 14
* 15
* 2023
* Shenzhou 16
* 17
* 2024
* Shenzhou 18
* 19
* 2025
* Shenzhou 20
* 21

|

Uncrewed|

* 2021
* Tianhe
* Tianzhou 2
* 3
* 2022
* Tianzhou 4
* 5
* 2023
* Tianzhou 6
* 2024
* Tianzhou 7
* 8
* 2025
* Tianzhou 9

Vehicles|

| Spacecraft|

* Shenzhou
* Tianzhou

|

Rocket|

* Long March 2F
* Long March 5
* Long March 7

Sites and facilities|

* Beijing C&C Center
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Wenchang Satellite Launch Center

Precursors|

* Project 921
* Shenzhou program
* Shenzhou 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* 2
* 3 (cancelled)

* Ongoing spaceflights in underline
* Future spaceflights in italics

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)
* China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
* China Manned Space Agency
* People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
* People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 1
* Long March 2
* Long March 3
* Long March 3A
* Long March 3B
* Long March 3C
* Long March 4
* Long March 4A
* Long March 4B
* Long March 4C
* Long March 5
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* Long March 8
* Long March 9 (In development)
* Long March 10 (In development)
* Long March 11
* Long March 12
* Kuaizhou
* Kaituozhe

Exploration programs|

* Shuguang (cancelled)
* CMS (human spaceflight)
* Chang'e (lunar exploration)
* Tiangong (space station)
* Tianwen (interplanetary exploration)

Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–2009)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–2014)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–2016)
* Yutu rover (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–2020)
* Chang'e 4 (2018–present)
* Yutu-2 rover (2018–present)
* Tianwen-1 (2020–present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020)
* Zhurong rover (2021–present)
* Chang'e 6 (2024)
* Tianwen-2 (2025– present)
* Chang'e 7 (2026)
* Chang'e 8 (2028)
* Tianwen-3 (2028)
* Tianwen-4 (2029)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
* HXMT (2017–present)
* GECAM (2020–present)
* CHASE (2021–present)
* ASO-S (2022–present)
* Einstein Probe (2024–present)
* SVOM (2024–present)
* Xuntian (2026)
* Solar Polar Orbit Observatory (2029)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* Ziyuan Series (CBERS) (1999–present)
* Haiyang Series (2002–present)
* Double Star (2003–2007)
* Yaogan Series (2006–present)
* Gaofen Series (2013–present)
* TanSat (2016–present)
* CSES (2018–present)
* SMILE (2025)

Human
spaceflight|

| Uncrewed expeditions|

* Shenzhou 1
* Shenzhou 2
* Shenzhou 3
* Shenzhou 4
* Shenzhou 8

|

Crewed expeditions|

* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11
* Shenzhou 12
* Shenzhou 13
* Shenzhou 14
* Shenzhou 15
* Shenzhou 16
* Shenzhou 17
* Shenzhou 18
* (List of Chinese astronauts)

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–2018)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–2019)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)
* Tianzhou 2 (2021)
* Tianzhou 3 (2021)
* Tianzhou 4 (2022)
* Tianzhou 5 (2022)
* Tianzhou 6 (2023)

Tiangong space station modules|

* Tianhe (2021–present)
* Wentian (2022–present)
* Mengtian (2022–present)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Apstar Series (1994–present)
* Chinasat Series (1994–present)
* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* Tianlian II (2019–present)
* Queqiao (2018–present)
* Queqiao 2 (2024–present)
* Qianfan (2024–present)
* Tiandu 1 and 2 (2024–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* Shijian Series (1971–present)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)
* Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft (2020)

Related|

* Lanyue Lunar Lander

* Future missions marked in italics. Failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

Crewed spacecraft (programs)

Active|

* China
* Shenzhou
* Russia
* Soyuz
* United States
* Crew Dragon
* Starliner
* New Shepard

Retired|

* Soviet Union
* Vostok
* Voskhod
* Buran
* United States
* X-15
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Command and service module
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Space Shuttle
* SpaceShipOne
* SpaceShipTwo

In development|

* China
* Mengzhou
* Lanyue
* India
* Gaganyaan
* Russia
* Orel
* United States
* Orion
* Starship
* Starship HLS
* Blue Moon
* Dream Chaser

Cancelled|

* United States
* SpaceShip III

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template