Shenzhou 7

2008 Chinese crewed spaceflight

Shenzhou 7

Shenzhou 7 spacecraft model

COSPAR ID| 2008-047A
SATCAT no.| 33386
Mission duration| 2 days, 20 hours, 27 minutes
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type| Shenzhou
Crew
Crew size| 3
Members| Zhai Zhigang
Liu Boming
Jing Haipeng
EVAs| 1
EVA duration| 22 minutes
Start of mission
Launch date| 25 September 2008, 13:10:04.988 (2008-09-25UTC13:10:04Z) UTC[1]
Rocket| Long March 2F
Launch site| Jiuquan LA-4/SLS-1
End of mission
Landing date| 28 September 2008, 09:37 (2008-09-28UTC09:38Z) UTC[2]
Landing site| Siziwang Banner
Central Inner Mongolia[vague]
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric
Regime| Low Earth

Zhai, Liu and Jing

Shenzhou missions

<- Shenzhou 6

Shenzhou 8 ->

Shenzhou 7 (simplified Chinese: 神舟七号; traditional Chinese: 神舟七號; pinyin: Shénzhōu Qī Hào) was the third human spaceflight mission of the Chinese space program. The mission, which included the first Chinese extra-vehicular activity (EVA) carried out by crew members Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming, marked the commencement of the second phase of the Chinese government's Project 921.

The Shenzhou spacecraft carrying the three crew members was launched 25 September 2008, by a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket which lifted off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 21:10 CST.[1][3] The mission lasted three days, after which the craft landed safely in Siziwang Banner in central Inner Mongolia on 28 September 2008, at 17:37 CST.[2][4] The Shenzhou 7 EVA made the Chinese space program the third to have conducted an EVA. EVAs had previously been conducted by the space programs of the Soviet Union (later Russia) and the United States.

## Crew

[edit]

The crew for Shenzhou 7 was announced on 17 September 2008.[5]

Position | Crew Member

|

Commander  | Zhai Zhigang
First spaceflight
Orbital module astronaut[6] | Liu Boming
First spaceflight
Descent module monitor astronaut[6] | Jing Haipeng
First spaceflight

### Backup crew

[edit]

Position | Crew Member

|

Commander  | Chen Quan (陈全)
Orbital module astronaut[6] | Fei Junlong (费俊龙)
Descent module monitor astronaut[6] | Nie Haisheng (聂海胜)

Of the back-up crew, only Chen Quan had not previously flown in space.

## Mission highlights

[edit]

Shenzhou 7 was the first Chinese space mission to carry a three-person crew for several days and conduct a full operation. A total of six astronauts were trained, three to conduct the mission and three others to serve as a backup crew.

The Long March 2F rocket launched the Shenzhou 7 into an initial elliptical orbit of 200 x 330 kilometres inclined at 42.4 degrees on 25 September 2008. About seven hours later the spacecraft raised its orbit to a more circular orbit of 330 x 336 km.[1] After three days in space, deorbit manoeuvres began on 28 September at 08:48, and the return module landed at 09:37 UTC at coordinates 42°16′41″N 111°21′18″E﻿ / ﻿42.278°N 111.355°E﻿ / 42.278; 111.355.[7]

China has been congratulated by a number of foreign leaders for the successful completion of the mission,[8] which marked a number of developments for China's space program, including several first-time achievements.

The Shenzhou 7 Mission won the 2009 Space Achievement Award[9] from the Space Foundation.

### Spacewalk

[edit]

Space capsule of Shenzhou 7 at a 'homecoming' exhibition in Hong Kong

On 27 September, Zhai Zhigang, wearing a Chinese-developed Feitian space suit, conducted a 22-minute space walk, the first ever for a Chinese astronaut.[10][11] Zhai slipped out of the orbital module in a head-first position at around 16:43 (0843 GMT) and wandered around the orbital module, retrieved experiment samples and waved the Chinese flag in space. The spacewalk lasted about 20 minutes, with Zhai returning to the orbital module at 17:00.[12] The first space walk was limited in scope: cables were used to tie Zhai to the handrail outside the orbital module, and his moving route was restricted to areas near the exits. Liu Boming, wearing a Russian Orlan-M suit, stayed in the airlock in the orbital module to provide help if necessary. Liu also conducted an EVA, standing up at 08:58 UTC to hand Zhai a flag.[10] The third astronaut, Jing Haipeng remained in the re-entry module to monitor the general situation of the spacecraft.[13] By 09:00 UTC both astronauts were back inside and the hatch was closed.[10] The space walk was broadcast live on Chinese media, and two cameras provided panoramic images.[14]

The Feitian spacesuit is similar to the Orlan-M (known as Haiying, 海鹰, in Chinese) in shape and volume and are designed for spacewalks of up to seven hours,[15] providing oxygen and allowing for the excretion of bodily waste.[15] According to Chinese media reports, spacesuit materials with such features as fire and radiation resistance were developed by several civilian corporations and national institutes.[16][17] Each suit was reported to have cost 30 million RMB (about US$4.4 million).[18][19] Except for the gloves of the Feitian suit, the space suits were not brought back to Earth.[20][21]

A fire alarm was reported to the control center at the beginning of the EVA, but it was confirmed to be a false alarm.[22][23]

### Solid lubricant experiment

[edit]

Scientists conducted a solid lubricant exposure experiment during the mission. A piece of equipment the size of a book was installed on the outside wall of the orbital module, and was later retrieved during the space walk, after having been exposed in space for more than 40 hours. The experiment was aimed to study a lubricant which will be used for space-based moving components in future space facilities.[24]

### Release of miniaturized satellite

[edit]

Main article: Banxing

A miniaturized satellite was released during the mission on 27 September at 19:24, after Zhai returned to the spacecraft. The satellite was a cube about 40 cm (16 in) long, with a mass of 40 kilograms (88 lb); it carried boost devices and two 150-megapixel stereo cameras.[25] The satellite's tasks included testing the mini-satellite technology, observing and monitoring the spacecraft, and testing the tracking and approaching technology used for space rendezvous and docking.[26]

The miniaturized satellite took photos and videos near the spacecraft, then maneuvered to about 100 to 200 kilometres (62 to 124 mi) away from the spacecraft. After the return module separated from the spacecraft and re-entered the atmosphere, the satellite caught up to the orbiting spacecraft using a liquid ammonia engine, then continue to orbit around the spacecraft. The mini-satellite will work for about three months.[27][needs update]

### Data relay satellite

[edit]

China launched its first data relay satellite, called Tianlian I (天链一号), from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center on a Long March-3C carrier rocket on 25 April 2008.[28] The Tianlian I satellite will be used to speed up communication between the Shenzhou 7 spacecraft and the ground stations, and to increase the amount of data that can be transferred to the ground. The Tianlian I satellite alone can cover 50 percent of the orbit of Shenzhou 7—whereas the Yuanwang space tracking ships, along with China's ten ground observation stations, have a coverage of only 12 percent—and thus will increase the total coverage to about 62 percent of the mission.[24]

## Mission support and preparation

[edit]

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|

### Subsystems

[edit]

The Shenzhou 7 project consists of seven subsystems, with the Chinese military responsible for launching, recovering, crew, and tracking subsystems, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation responsible for the carrier rocket and spacecraft itself, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences responsible for the payloads on board the spacecraft (other than the crew).[citation needed]

### Water training pool

[edit]

A columniform water training pool of 23 metres (75 ft) in diameter and 10 metres (33 ft) in depth, located in China Astronaut Training Center, simulates the weightlessness experienced in space. A model of the Shenzhou orbital module has been used in the pool to train the crew for the space walk.[29]

### Modifications to the CZ-2F carrier rocket

[edit]

Special attention has been paid to solving vibration problems that were encountered 120 seconds into the Shenzhou 5 mission. These vibrations were described by Shenzhou 5 astronaut Yang Liwei as hard to endure.[citation needed] Corrective measures were implemented for the Shenzhou 6 mission,[citation needed] but since then more improvements have been added to the carrier rocket, to the pipes of the second stage, and to more than thirty other parts of the spacecraft..[citation needed]

### Modifications to the spacecraft

[edit]

The Orbital module has been modified and its solar panels removed in order to allow for the EVA experiment. For this same reason, in contrast to previous Shenzhou missions, it will not remain in space after its separation with the departing crew in the Return module.[30] Handrails have been added to the external wall of the Orbital module to allow the space walking astronaut to reach specific experiment areas.[31]

More cameras have been installed on this spacecraft than on the Shenzhou 6 vessel, in addition to those covering the Orbital module and the Return module.[19]

### New space tracking ships

[edit]

Two new, recently commissioned Yuanwang-class tracking ships, Yuanwang-5 and Yuanwang-6, played a key role in the Shenzhou VII mission.[32]

### Toilets

[edit]

Custom-made, compact, foldable toilets allow the astronaut's collected urine to be scientifically inspected.[33]

### Project management

[edit]

Most of the Shenzhou 6 project management team has stayed for the Shenzhou 7 mission. Changes in personnel include:

* General Project Manager and Commander Chen Bingde has been replaced, after his promotion to the position of Chief of the General Staff, by the current Director-General of the General Armaments Department, Chang Wanquan.[citation needed]
* First Vice General Project Manager and Commander Lieutenant General Hu Shixiang (胡世祥) has been replaced by the current Vice Director-General of the General Armaments Department, Lieutenant General Zhang Jianqi (张建启)[citation needed]
* Vice General Project Manager and Commander Zhang Qingwei has been replaced after his promotion to head of the ACAC consortium, by Ma Xingrui, the head of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
* Vice General Engineer of Shenzhou 6, Zhou Jianping (周建平) was promoted to General Engineer of Shenzhou 7, succeeding Wang Yongzhi.[citation needed]
* Director of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center: Major General Zhang Yulin (张育林) has been replaced, after his promotion to Chancellor of the National University of Defense Technology, by the Vice Director of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Major General Cui Jijun (崔吉俊)

## Controversy

[edit]

According to the United States Strategic Command, at 15:07 Greenwich Mean Time on 27 September 2008, the Shenzhou 7 ship passed within 45 kilometers of the International Space Station. There is no international laws defining distance of passage of outer space objects. China did not respond to queries about why it allowed its ship to pass so close to the space station. Richard Fisher, a senior fellow at the International Assessment and Strategy Center, in an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal noted that the Shenzhou 7 had launched its companion satellite BX-1 four hours earlier. The IASC is a "think-tank" focused on medium and long-term security issues and their impact on the security of the United States and her key allies. He noted "China's track record of using all of its Shenzhou missions since 1999 for dual military-civil missions," and speculated that China may have used the opportunity to pass near the space station to test "co-orbital" antisatellite interception technology.[34]

## See also

[edit]

* Spaceflight portal
* China portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shenzhou-7.

* Chinese space program
* Tiangong program
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Long March 2F Rocket
* Voskhod 2, first spacewalk mission, first Soviet spacewalk, first spacewalk from a 2-man crew mission
* Gemini 4, first US spacewalk mission, second spacewalk mission, second spacewalk from a 2-man crew mission
* Voskhod 1, first 3-man crew mission
* Soyuz 5, first 3-man crew mission with EVA

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c McDowell, Jonathan (26 September 2008). "Jonathan's Space Report, Number 600". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
2. ^ a b "Chinese taikonauts return as heroes after landmark spacewalk". Window of China. China View. 28 September 2008. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
3. ^ "China manned mission to follow Olympics". 20 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2007. [dead link‍]
4. ^ ""神七""神九"将太空对接 "神七"准备工作顺利 (Shenzhou 7 and Shenzhou 9 to perform space rendezvous; Shenzhou 7 preparations for work going smoothly)" (in Chinese). Longhu News Center. 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
5. ^ "China names first "spacewalker" astronaut". Window of China. China View. 17 September 2008. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
6. ^ a b c d "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-07-16.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. ^ McDowell, Jonathan (29 September 2008). "JSR No. 601 draft". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
8. ^ "Foreign leaders congratulate China on successful space mission". Xinhua. 28 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
9. ^ "Symposium Awards | National Space Symposium". Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2012-01-31.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
10. ^ a b c McDowell, Jonathan (2008-10-12). "JSR No. 601". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
11. ^ "Taikonaut Zhai's small step historical leap for China". Xinhua. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
12. ^ "Chinese taikonaut greets nation, world in first spacewalk". Xinhua. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
13. ^ "神七日志：第三天 (Shenzhou 7 log: Day 3)" (in Chinese). Xinhua. 28 September 2008. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
14. ^ 神七舱外新装2台摄像机拍摄航天员太空行走 (in Chinese). Xinhua. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
15. ^ a b "China's astronaut outfitters design material for spacewalk suits". Xinhua. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
16. ^ 神七出舱服装特种外层防护材料上海制造 (in Chinese). 中国服装款式网. 2006-07-03. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
17. ^ "神七"宇航服还是成都造 (in Chinese). 中国服装款式网. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
18. ^ "Chinese astronaut walks in space". BBC News. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
19. ^ a b "神七"太空服每件造价1.6亿 将实现太空行走 (in Chinese). Xinhua. 21 September 2006. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
20. ^ "China's indigenous Feitian space suit". China.org. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
21. ^ "神七载人飞船返回舱搭载物亮相". Sina.com. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008. [dead link‍]
22. ^ "王兆耀解释为何打开舱门相当周折：不可能着火 (Wang Zhaoyao explains why opening the cabin doors is safe: It cannot catch fire)" (in Chinese). Xinhua. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
23. ^ "Spokesman says fire alarm in Shenzhou-7 false, no fire breaks out". Xinhua. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
24. ^ a b "Chief designer says Shenzhou-7 has four tasks". Xinhua. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
25. ^ "伴飞小卫星将给神七"照相"" [Banfei miniature satellite to "take pictures" of Shenzhou 7] (in Chinese). Xinhua. 24 September 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
26. ^ "Shenzhou-7 launches small monitoring satellite". Xinhua. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
27. ^ "伴飞小卫星将"追赶"分离后的神七轨道舱" [Banfei miniature satellite to "chase" Shenzhou 7 orbital module after separation] (in Chinese). Xinhua. 24 September 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
28. ^ "China blasts off first data relay satellite". Xinhua. 26 April 2008. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
29. ^ "10米水下"太空漫步" (A "space stroll" under 10 meters of water)" (in Chinese). Sohu.com. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
30. ^ "神八2010年首飞 运载火箭将有重大变化 (Delivery rockets for 2010 maiden flight of Shenzhou 8 to undergo major changes)" (in Chinese). Phoenix TV. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
31. ^ 神七准备中俄产两套航天服 出舱将穿国产服 (in Chinese). People's Daily. 23 July 2008. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
32. ^ 我国新一代航天远洋测量船完成海上设备精度鉴定 (in Chinese). China Government online. 10 July 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
33. ^ "神七厕所南京制造 (Nanjing manufactures Shenzhou 7 toilets)" (in Chinese). Xinhua. 3 September 2008. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
34. ^ Fisher Jr., Richard D. (31 October 2008). "China's Close Call". The Wall Street Journal Asia. p. 15\. Archived from the original on 2015-06-14.

## External links

[edit]

* Space Achievement Award[usurped]

* v
* t
* e

China Manned Space Program

* China Manned Space Agency
* Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
* People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
* Taikonauts

Shenzhou missions|

| Uncrewed|

* Shenzhou 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 8

|

Crewed|

* Shenzhou 5
* 6
* 7
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20

Tianzhou missions|

* Tianzhou 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Space stations|

* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* 2
* ~~3~~
* Tiangong space station

Hardware|

* Shenzhou
* Tianzhou
* Long March
* 2F
* 7
* 5B
* Feitian space suit

Facility|

* Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
* Wenchang Space Launch Site
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

Related|

* CNSA
* Project 921
* Shuguang
* Chinese women in space
* Shuguang Group 1970 list
* China Group 1996
* Chinese Group 1
* Group 2
* Group 3
* Yuan Wang tracking ship
* Mengzhou

* Underline indicates current missions
* Italics indicates future missions

* v
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* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)
* China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
* China Manned Space Agency
* People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
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* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 1
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Exploration programs|

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Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–09)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–present)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–present)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present)
* Yutu rover (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 4 (2018–present)
* Yutu-2 rover (2018–present)
* Tianwen-1 (2020–present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020–present)
* Zhurong rover (2021–present)
* Chang'e 6 (2024)
* Tianwen-2 (2025)
* Chang'e 7 (2026)
* Chang'e 8 (2028)
* Tianwen-3 (2028)
* Tianwen-4 (2029)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
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* Einstein Probe (2024–present)
* SVOM (2024–present)
* Xuntian (2026)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* CSES (2018–present)
* Double Star (2003–07)
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* Haiyang Series (2002–present)
* TanSat (2016–present)
* Yaogan Series (2006–present)
* Ziyuan Series (CBERS) (1999–present)
* SMILE (2025)

Human
spaceflight|

| Uncrewed expeditions|

* Shenzhou 1
* Shenzhou 2
* Shenzhou 3
* Shenzhou 4
* Shenzhou 8

|

Crewed expeditions|

* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11
* Shenzhou 12
* Shenzhou 13
* Shenzhou 14
* Shenzhou 15
* Shenzhou 16
* Shenzhou 17
* Shenzhou 18
* (List of Chinese astronauts)

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–2018)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–2019)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)
* Tianzhou 2 (2021)
* Tianzhou 3 (2021)
* Tianzhou 4 (2022)
* Tianzhou 5 (2022)
* Tianzhou 6 (2023)

Tiangong space station modules|

* Tianhe (2021–present)
* Wentian (2022–present)
* Mengtian (2022–present)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Apstar Series (1994–present)
* Chinasat Series (1994–present)
* Queqiao (2018–present)
* Tiandu 1 and 2 (2024–present)
* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* Tianlian II (2019–present)
* Qianfan (2024–present)
* Queqiao 2 (2024–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft (2020)
* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* Shijian Series (1971–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

Related|

* Lanyue Lunar Lander

* Future missions marked in italics. Failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

← 2007

Orbital launches in 2008

2009 →

January|

* Thuraya 3
* TecSAR
* Ekspress AM-33

February|

* Progress M-63
* STS-122 (Columbus)
* Thor 5
* Kizuna

March|

* Jules Verne ATV
* STS-123 (Kibō ELM-PS, Dextre, Spacelab MD002)
* USA-200
* AMC-14
* USA-201
* DirecTV-11
* SAR-Lupe 4

April|

* Soyuz TMA-12
* ICO G1
* C/NOFS
* Vinasat-1, Star One C2
* Tianlian I-01
* GIOVE-B
* Cartosat-2A, Rubin-8, AAUSat-2, CanX-2, CanX-6, Compass-1, CUTE-1.7 + APD II, Delfi-C3, SEEDS-2
* Amos-3

May|

* Progress M-64
* Galaxy 18
* Kosmos 2437, Kosmos 2438, Kosmos 2439, Yubileiny
* Fengyun 3A
* STS-124 (Kibō PM)

June|

* ChinaSat 9
* Fermi
* Skynet 5C, Türksat 3A
* Orbcomm FM29, Orbcomm FM37, Orbcomm FM38, Orbcomm FM39, Orbcomm FM40, Orbcomm FM41
* OSTM/Jason-2
* Kosmos 2440

July|

* Badr-6, ProtoStar 1
* EchoStar XI
* SAR-Lupe 5
* Kosmos 2441

August|

* Trailblazer, NanoSail-D, PRESat, Explorers
* Superbird-C2, AMC-21
* Omid
* Inmarsat-4 F3
* Tachys, Mati, Choma, Choros, Trochia

September|

* Huan Jing 1A, Huan Jing 1B
* GeoEye-1
* Progress M-65
* Nimiq-4
* Galaxy 19
* Kosmos 2442, Kosmos 2243, Kosmos 2444
* Shenzhou 7 (Banxing-1)
* Ratsat

October|

* THEOS
* Soyuz TMA-13
* IBEX
* Chandrayaan-1 (MIP)
* Shijian 6E, Shijian 6F
* COSMO-3
* Venesat-1

November|

* Chuang Xin 1B, Shiyan Weixing 3
* Astra 1M
* Kosmos 2445
* STS-126 (Leonardo MPLM, PSSC-1)
* Progress M-01M

December|

* Yaogan 4
* Kosmos 2446
* Yaogan 5
* Hot Bird 9, Eutelsat W2M
* Fengyun 2E
* Kosmos 2447, Kosmos 2448, Kosmos 2449

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
*[no.]: number
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template