Shipping industry of China

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A COSCO container ship sails from Boston Harbor.

In 1961 China established a state-run maritime shipping company and subsequently signed shipping agreements with many countries, laying the foundation for developing the country's ocean transport. That organization developed into the present-day China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO). The Chinese government also invested heavily in water transport infrastructure, constructing new ports and rebuilding and enlarging older facilities.

A major effort has also been made to increase mechanization and containerization at major international ports.

China's shipping industry and container transportation have reached international standards both in handling efficiency and building networks.

The governmental responsibility of the shipping industry is under the Ministry of Transport.

The number of container units handled by Chinese ports in 2011 reached more than 150 million. The country also manufactures 90% of the world's containers.

The throughput of cargo and containers at China's ports has been the largest in the world for the past five years, with an annual growth rate of 35%.

## History

[edit]

The development of China's shipping industry began in 1961 with the establishment of a state-run maritime shipping company. The first significant milestone occurred in September 1973, when the country received its first overseas container at Tianjin Port. This event marked the beginning of containerized shipping in China, leading to the creation of the first container berth in 1980.

During the 1990s, the industry experienced rapid growth, with China surpassing the United States in 2002 to become the world's largest handler of containers. By 2006, the country managed 5.6 billion tons of cargo and 93 million TEUs (20-foot container equivalent units). The Port of Shanghai emerged as the world's busiest port, handling 530 million tons of cargo annually.

Water transportation has played a crucial role in China's foreign trade, accounting for over 90% of cargo delivery. This includes 95% of imported crude oil and 99% of imported iron ore. The strategic development of container shipping has further integrated China's inland regions into the global market, creating a seamless connection between coastal ports and inland waterways.

## Geography

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China's extensive coastline stretches over 14,000 kilometers (8,700-mile), featuring 100 bays and 20 deepwater harbors, most of which remain ice-free year-round. The country's coastal shipping network is divided into two principal zones: the northern and southern marine districts. The northern district, administered from Shanghai, extends from Xiamen to the North Korean border. The southern district, with Guangzhou as its administrative center, covers the area from Xiamen to the Vietnamese border.

Major ocean-going routes originate from key ports such as Dalian, Qinghuangdao, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Huangpu, Zhanjiang, or Hong Kong.

Shanghai, historically the leading port of China, was briefly eclipsed by Hong Kong following its reintegration into China in 1997.

## Yangtze River Hu-Yu Route

[edit]

On June 23, 2007, renovations on the section of the Yangtze River between Luzhou and Chongqing, also known as the Hu-Yu Sea Route, have been completed. These renovations mean that ships over a thousand tons can now arrive in Luzhou.

Before the renovations, the Hu-Yu Sea Route was unable to suitably support the shipping needs of the Sichuan economy. In October 2005, renovations started with a total investment of 120 million yuan (US$15.7 million). After two years of work, the Hu-Yu Route channel has been significantly enlarged to a depth of 2.7 meters and a width of 50 meters. The result is that vessels as large as 3000 tons can now navigate the Hu-Yu Sea Route.

## Laws and regulations

[edit]

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)

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## Greek forays

[edit]

See also: Greek shipping

Greek firms have managed to capture the immense expansion of South East Asia and particularly Europe. Dry bulk shipping firms dealing in iron and coal have benefited from the development.

## Ports and canals

[edit]

* List of ports in China
* Grand Canal (China)
* List of busiest container ports
* Lists of canals

## Companies

[edit]

Further information: List of shipping companies, List of ship companies, and List of the largest companies of China

* China COSCO Shipping
* China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO)
* COSCO Shipping Holdings
* COSCO Shipping Ports
* COSCO Shipping International
* China International Marine Containers
* China Shipping Group
* China Shipping Container Lines
* China Shipping Development
* China Merchants
* China Merchants Holdings (International)
* China Merchants Energy Shipping
* Sinotrans (Sinotrans Shipping)
* The China Navigation Company
* Orient Overseas Container Line
* Nan Fung Group
* Parakou Shipping

## See also

[edit]

* Transport in China
* China Classification Society
* International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
* Shipping portal
* Ship registration in Hong Kong
* The Revolution of Ship Registration in Hong Kong
* List of maritime colleges
* Shanghai Maritime University
* Dalian Maritime University

## References

[edit]

* Asian Times Online Chinese shipping aims for global leadership
* China Ships The World Forbes Special Report.

## External links

[edit]

* Chinese shipping Official website of the Ministry of Transport (in Chinese and English)
* Chinese shipping industry information
* Chinese shipping news[usurped] information/news

## Further reading

[edit]

* Theroux, P., Sailing through China (Michael Russell, 1983)

* v
* t
* e

Ports of China

Seaports|

| Bohai Sea|

* Yingkou
* Jinzhou
* Panjin
* Huludao
* Bayuquan
* Qinhuangdao
* Tangshan
* Tianjin
* Huanghua
* Binzhou
* Dongying
* Weifang

|

Yellow Sea|

* Dandong
* Dalian
* Yantai
* Longkou
* Laizhou
* Penglai
* Weihai
* Qingdao
* Rizhao

East China Sea|

* Lianyungang
* Yancheng
* Nantong
* Shanghai
* Jiaxing
* Ningbo-Zhoushan
* Taizhou
* Wenzhou

Taiwan Strait|

* Fuzhou
* Meizhou
* Putian
* Quanzhou
* Xiamen
* Zhangzhou
* Chaozhou
* Shantou
* Jieyang
* Shanwei

Pearl River Delta|

* Huizhou
* Shenzhen
* Hong Kong
* Dongguan
* Guangzhou
* Nansha
* Xinsha
* Huangpu
* Foshan
* Zhongshan
* Macau
* Zhuhai
* Yangjiang

South China Sea|

* Beibu Gulf
* Fangchenggang
* Qinzhou
* Beihai
* Maoming
* Zhanjiang
* Haikou
* Xinhai
* Xiuying
* Macun
* Nangang
* Yangpu
* Basuo
* Sanya
* Qinglan

Inland|

| Heilongjiang Basin|

* Taian
* Harbin
* Jiamusi
* Tongjiang
* Huchuan
* Fujin
* Luobei
* Jiayin
* Heihe
* Huma
* Mohe
* Raohe
* Suibin

|

Grand Canal|

* Hangzhou
* Huzhou
* Jiaxing
* Suzhou
* Zhenjiang
* Yangzhou
* Wuxi
* Xuzhou
* Jining

Huai Basin|

* Bengbu
* Huaibin
* Zhoukou

Yangtze Basin|

* Shanghai
* Nantong
* Suzhou
* Zhenjiang
* Jiangyin
* Taizhou
* Yangzhou
* Nanjing
* Ma'anshan
* Wuhu
* Tongling
* Chizhou
* Hefei
* Anqing
* Jiujiang
* Nanchang
* Huangshi
* Wuhan
* Yueyang
* Jingzhou
* Changsha
* Chongqing
* Yichang
* Luzhou
* Yibin

Pearl River Basin|

* Nanning
* Liuzhou
* Guigang
* Wuzhou
* Zhaoqing
* Foshan
* Jiangmen

Mekong Basin|

* Simao
* Jinghong

* Names in italics are not ports of entry

* v
* t
* e

Economy of China

Companies of China

History|

* History (Republican Premodern)
* Reform and opening up
* Five-year plans
* Industrial Revolution
* Iron rice bowl
* Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
* Great Leap Forward
* Four Modernizations
* Socialist market economy
* Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
* "Grasping the large, letting go of the small"
* Scientific Outlook on Development
* Historical GDP
* Population history
* 1949–1976 wage reform

Industries|

* Industry
* history
* Advanced materials
* Aquaculture
* Automotive
* Aviation
* Aircraft
* Aerospace
* Beer
* Biotechnology
* Business process outsourcing
* Cement
* Coffee
* Container
* Cotton
* Electric motor
* Electric power
* Electronics
* Film
* Fishing
* Gambling
* Hedge fund
* Internet
* Media
* Mining
* gold mining
* Mobile phone
* Online gaming
* Pearl farming
* Pharmaceuticals and pharmacy
* Publishing and academic publishing
* Radio
* Railway
* equipment industry
* Rare earth
* Real estate
* Renewable energy
* Securities
* Semiconductor
* Sex toys
* Shipping
* Silk
* Software
* Steel
* Telecommunications
* Television
* digital
* Tourism
* Textiles
* Video gaming
* Wine

Development Zones|

* Dalian Software Park
* Megalopolises in China
* Special Economic Zones
* Suzhou Industrial Park
* Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park

Energy|

* Energy policy
* Coal
* Oil
* Oil shale
* Oil refineries
* Nuclear
* Renewable
* Wind
* Solar
* Geothermal

Trade and infrastructure|

* Trade history
* World Trade Center
* Transport
* Communications
* Postal history
* Tourism
* Shipping
* Illegal drug trade
* Hong Kong Trade Development Council
* Ports
* Water supply and sanitation
* Exports
* Trading partners

Law and regulations|

* Tax system
* Labor contract law
* Labor relations
* Food safety
* Intellectual property

Finance and banking|

* Accounting
* Banking
* History
* Central bank
* Other banks
* Beijing Financial Street
* Financial system
* China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
* China Chengtong Holdings Group
* China Government Guidance Fund
* China-Africa Development Fund
* China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
* China Internet Investment Fund
* China Reform Holdings Corporation
* National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
* China Investment Corporation
* CITIC Group
* Financial services
* Renminbi
* Foreign exchange reserve
* Hedge fund industry
* Stock Exchanges
* Dalian Commodity Exchange
* National Equities Exchange and Quotations
* Beijing Stock Exchange
* Shanghai Stock Exchange
* SSE Composite Index
* Shanghai Metal Exchange
* Stock Exchange Executive Council
* Shenzhen Stock Exchange
* SZSE Component Index
* Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange

Government institutions|

* All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
* All-China Federation of Trade Unions
* China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
* China Securities Regulatory Commission
* General Administration of Customs
* Ministry of Commerce
* Ministry of Finance
* Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
* National Financial Regulatory Administration
* National Bureau of Statistics of China
* National Development and Reform Commission
* National Energy Commission
* State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
* State Administration for Market Regulation
* State Administration of Foreign Exchange
* SAFE Investment Company
* State Administration of Taxation

Development|

* International rankings
* Provinces by GDP
* per capita
* Social welfare
* Poverty
* Corruption
* Income inequality
* Standard of living
* Foreign aid
* Urbanization
* Internal migration
* Emigration
* Rural credit cooperative

National economic initiatives|

* Beijing Consensus
* Belt and Road Initiative
* Common prosperity
* Dual circulation
* Go Out policy
* Made in China 2025
* Youth Business China

Regional economic initiatives|

* Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
* Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
* Bohai Economic Rim
* China Western Development
* Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
* Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area
* Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
* Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
* Northeast China Revitalization
* Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
* Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
* Rise of Central China Plan
* Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
* Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
* Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta
* Zhongyuan Economic Zone

Events|

* 2005–2011 property bubble
* 2007 export / pet food recalls
* 2007 stock bubble
* 2007 slave scandal
* 2008–2009 economic stimulus plan
* 2010 Expo
* 2015–16 stock market turbulence
* Protein export contamination
* China–United States trade war
* 2020–2021 reform spree
* 2020–present property sector crisis

Related topics|

* Agriculture
* Bankruptcy
* Companies
* Largest
* Top 500
* Largest SOEs
* The Hongs
* Demographics
* Globalization
* Globalization and women
* National Standards
* China Compulsory Certificate
* Made in China
* Mingong
* List of Chinese by net worth
* Chinese economists
* Science and technology

* See also: Category
* Outline of China
* Economy of East Asia

* v
* t
* e

Transport in China

* History
* Proposed public transport

Government
agencies|

* Ministry of Transport
* Rail
* Aviation
* Mail
* Sea
* Space
* Hong Kong*
* Macau*

Road|

* Expressways (NTHS)
* China National Highways
* Road numbering
* Rules (Road safety law)
* Licence plates
* AH1
* Gallery road
* Zhongshan Road
* Automotive industry
* Driving License

Rail|

* History
* Eastern-Qing
* South Manchuria
* Narrow-gauge
* Passenger rail
* China Railway
* China Railway High-speed
* High-speed
* Harbin-Beijing–Guangzhou–Hong Kong
* Beijing–Kunming
* Beijing–Shanghai
* Lianyungang–Ürümqi
* Shanghai–Chengdu
* Shanghai–Kunming
* Lines
* Beijing–Harbin
* Beijing–Shanghai
* Beijing–Kowloon
* Beijing–Guangzhou
* Lanzhou–Lianyungang
* Lanzhou–Xinjiang
* Lhasa–Shigatse
* Qinghai–Tibet
* Locomotives
* Stations
* Rapid transit systems
* Maglev

Water|

| Ports|

* Ningbo-Zhoushan
* Shanghai
* Tangshan
* Qingdao
* Guangzhou
* Suzhou
* Rizhao
* Tianjin
* Rizhao
* Yantai
* Zhangjiang
* Dalian
* Nantong
* Huanghua
* Port of Qinzhou
* Beibu Gulf
* Taicang
* Shenzhen
* Xiamen
* Hong Kong*

|

Canals|

* Grand Canal
* Lingqu
* Zhengguo Canal

Industry|

* Shipping industry
* China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation
* China State Shipbuilding Corporation
* Ship lifts

Aviation|

| Major airlines|

* Air China
* Cathay Pacific*
* China Southern Airlines
* China Eastern Airlines
* Hainan Airlines
* Shandong Airlines
* Shanghai Airlines
* Shenzhen Airlines
* Sichuan Airlines
* XiamenAir

|

Airports|

* By traffic
* Major Airports: Beijing Capital
* Beijing Daxing
* Chengdu Shuangliu
* Chengdu Tianfu
* Guangzhou Baiyun
* Hong Kong*
* Shenzhen Bao'an
* Shanghai Pudong
* Shanghai Hongqiao

Industry|

* Aviation Industry Corporation of China
* China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition
* Comac

Space|

* Spaceports
* Space program
* PLA Aerospace Force

Other topics|

* Transport by province or autonomous region / by city
* Bridges
* Tunnels
* Chinese New Year Transit
* Disasters

* in / related to the special administrative regions

* * *

* Category
* Economy
* Communications

* v
* t
* e

Shipping companies of China

* Shipping industry in China
* List of ports in China

China COSCO Shipping Group|

| Predecessors|

* China Shipping Group
* COSCO

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Subsidiaries|

* COSCO Shipping Development
* COSCO Shipping Energy
* COSCO Shipping International HK
* COSCO Shipping International SG
* COSCO Shipping Holdings
* COSCO Shipping Ports
* COSCO Shipping Lines
* COSCO Shipping Technology
* Orient Overseas (International)
* OOCL

Others|

* China Merchants Group
* China Merchants Energy Shipping
* Chipolbrok
* Sinotrans Shipping
* etc.

* Shipping companies of China
* Economy of China

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