Sikh art and culture

Overview of Sikh art and culture

Part of a series on

Sikhism

* People
* Outline
* History

Sikh gurus

* Guru Nanak
* Guru Angad
* Guru Amar Das
* Guru Ram Das
* Guru Arjan
* Guru Hargobind
* Guru Har Rai
* Guru Har Krishan
* Guru Tegh Bahadur
* Guru Gobind Singh
* Guru Granth Sahib

Select revered saints

* Bhagat Kabir
* Bhagat Ravidas
* Bhagat Farid
* Bhagat Ramanand
* Bhagat Beni
* Bhagat Namdev
* Bhagat Sadhana
* Bhagat Bhikhan
* Bhagat Parmanand
* Bhagat Sain
* Bhagat Dhanna
* Bhagat Pipa
* Bhagat Surdas
* Bhagat Jaidev
* Bhagat Trilochan
* Bhatt Kalshar
* Bhatt Balh
* Bhatt Bhalh
* Bhatt Bhika
* Bhatt Gayand
* Bhatt Harbans
* Bhatt Jalap
* Bhatt Kirat
* Bhatt Mathura
* Bhatt Nalh
* Bhatt Salh
* Baba Sundar
* Satta Doom
* Balvand Rai

Philosophy

* Naam Japo
* Kirat Karō
* Vand Chakkō
* Charhdi Kalā
* Guru Maneyo Granth
* Five Thieves
* Five Virtues

Practices

* Sikh Rehat Maryada
* Prohibitions
* Ardās
* Kirtan
* Amrit Velā
* Dasvand
* The Five Ks
* Langar
* Sewa
* Simran
* Nitnem
* Dastar (Turban)
* Naam Karan
* Amrit Sanskar
* Anand Karaj
* Antam Sanskar

Scripture

* Guru Granth Sahib
* Dasam Granth
* Sarbloh Granth
* Five Banis

Places and Takhts

* Gurdwara
* Harmandir Sahib
* Akal Takht
* Keshgarh Sahib
* Damdama Sahib
* Patna Sahib
* Hazur Sahib

General topics and terminology

* Ik Onkar
* Khalsa
* Waheguru
* Panj Pyare
* Khanda
* Literature
* Music
* Names
* Nanakshahi calendar
* Criticism
* Jathedar of Akal Takht
* War
* Sects

* Glossary
* Sikh Topics

* v
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* e

The Sikhs are adherents to Sikhism the fifth largest organized religion in the world, with around 25 million adherents.[1] Sikh History is around 500 years and in that time the Sikhs have developed unique expressions of art and culture which are influenced by their faith and synthesize traditions from many other cultures depending on the locality of the adherents of the religion. Sikhism is the only religion that originated in the Punjab region with all other religions coming from outside Punjab (with the possible exception of Punjabi Hinduism since the oldest Hindu scripture – the Rig Veda – was composed in the Punjab region. Some other religions, like Jainism, may also claim to have originated in Punjab since Jain symbolism has been found among artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization). All the Sikh gurus, many saints and many of the martyrs in Sikh history were from Punjab and from the Punjabi people (as well as other parts of the Indian Subcontinent). Punjabi culture and Sikhism are mistakenly considered inseparably intertwined. "Sikh" properly refers to adherents of Sikhism as a religion, strictly not an ethnic group. However, because Sikhism has seldom sought converts, most Sikhs share strong ethno-religious ties as therefore it's a common stereotype that all Sikhs share the same ethnicity. Many countries, such as the U.K., therefore misconcievingly recognize Sikh as a designated ethnicity on their censuses.[2] The American non-profit organization United Sikhs has fought to have Sikh included on the U.S. census as well, arguing that Sikhs "self-identify as an 'ethnic minority'" and believe "that they are more than just a religion".[3]

## Contents

* 1 Cultural societies of the Sikhs
* 2 Culture of Sikh communities
* 2.1 Afghani Sikhs
* 2.2 American Sikhs
* 2.3 Assamese Sikhs
* 2.4 Agrahari Sikhs
* 2.5 Dakhni Sikhs
* 2.6 Kashmiri Sikhs
* 2.7 Punjabi Sikhs
* 2.8 Sindhi Sikhs
* 2.9 South Indian Sikhs
* 3 Gallery
* 4 See also
* 5 References and notes

## Cultural societies of the Sikhs[edit]

There is a common misconception that all Sikhs belong to the Punjab region. The religion's birthplace of Punjab itself has been called "India’s melting pot",[4] and many other parts of Northern India due to the heavy influence of invading cultures, such as Mughal and Persian, that mirrors the confluence of rivers from which the region gets its name(from Persian,"panj" پنج meaning "five" and "-āb" آب meaning water thus meaning land of the five waters). Thus, Sikh culture is to a large extent as a result by groups of various cultures uniting together, thus forming a unique one.

Sikhism has forged a unique form of architecture which Bhatti describes as being "inspired by Guru Nanak’s creative mysticism" such that Sikh architecture "is a mute harbinger of holistic humanism based on pragmatic spirituality".[5] The keynote of Sikh architecture is the Gurdwara which is the personification of the "melting pot" of Indian cultures, full of Mughal, Aryan and Persian influences. The reign of the Sikh Empire was the single biggest catalyst in the creation of a uniquely Sikh form of expression, with Maharajah Ranjit Singh patronising the building of forts, palaces, bungas (residential places), colleges, etc. that can be said to be of the Sikh Style. The "jewel in the crown" of the Sikh Style is the Harmandir Sahib.

Sikh culture and identity is heavily influenced by militaristic motifs, with Khanda being the most obvious; thus it is no surprise that the majority of Sikh artifacts, independent of the relics of the Gurus, have a military theme. This motif is again evident in the Sikh festivals of Hola Mohalla and Vasakhi which feature marching and practicing displays of valor, respectively.

The art, culture, identity and society of the Sikhs has been merged with the different localities and ethnicities of different Sikhs into categories such as 'Agrahari Sikhs', 'Dakhni Sikhs' and 'Assamese Sikhs'; however there has emerged a niche cultural phenomenon that can be described as 'Political Sikh'. The art of prominent diaspora Sikhs such as Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra,[6] and Amrit and Rabindra Kaur Singh (The Singh Twins),[7] is partly informed by their Sikh spirituality and influence.

## Culture of Sikh communities[edit]

Dusenbery (2014) states that Punjabi Sikhs form the majority of the Sikh population. He notes that "some Sindhis and other South Asians have been affiliated at the margins as Nanakpanthis (‘followers of Nanak’s path’) or Sehajdhari (‘slow adopter’) Sikhs" but in the main, "the Sikh Panth has remained largely a Punjabi affair".[8] However, the Sikh community is varied and includes people who speak the Pashto language, the Sindhi language, the Telugu language and many more. The many communities following Sikhism are detailed below.

### Afghani Sikhs[edit]

Main article: Sikhism in Afghanistan

The Sikhs of Afghanistan have a unique culture which has elements of the culture of Afghanistan. Tatla (2014) states that there were 3,000 Sikhs in Afghanistan in his book The Sikh Diaspora which was published in 2014.[9]

### American Sikhs[edit]

Harbhajan Sing Puri is credited with raising awareness of Sikhism amongst the non-Asian community of the United States of America. This community is known as the white Sikh community which practices Sikhism and maintains a distinct culture.[10]

### Assamese Sikhs[edit]

The presence of Sikhism has been existing in Assam[11] for over 200 years. The community traces its origins to the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who took his army to Assam and put some influence of the religion towards the locals. According to the 2001 census, there were 22,519 Sikhs in Assam,[12] out of which 4,000 are Assamese Sikhs.[13]

Assamese Sikhs follow the Sikh religion and celebrate Sikh festivals. They also celebrate cultural festivals such as Magh Bihu and wear traditional Assamese dress. Their language is the Assamese language.[13][14]

### Agrahari Sikhs[edit]

Agrahari Sikh is a Sikh community found in eastern India including the states of West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand. Agrahari Sikhs, also known as Bihari Sikhs, have existed for centuries in Bihar and Jharkhand.[15]

Bihari Sikhs share their culture with the local Bihari community. The men generally wear the local dhoti and women wear the sari. They also celebrate cultural festivals such as the Chath festival.[16]

### Dakhni Sikhs[edit]

Dakhni Sikhs are from the Deccan Plateau in India located within the states of Telegana and Andhra Pradesh.[17] The traditional dress of women is the sari. The native language of Dakhni Sikhs is the Telugu language.[18]

### Kashmiri Sikhs[edit]

Ethnic Kashmiri Sikhs speak the Kashmiri language and observe Kashmiri culture. They trace their religious heritage to the influence of Sikh soldiers who settled in Kashmir under the Maharaja Ranjit Singh rule in 1819. However, the soldiers permanently settled in Kashmir.[19]

### Punjabi Sikhs[edit]

Punjabi Sikhs follow the Punjabi culture. Their traditional dress includes the Punjabi Salwar Suit, Punjabi Tamba and Kurta, Punjabi juti and Patiala salwar.

In addition to the Sikh festivals using the Nanakshahi calendar, Punjabi Sikhs observe traditional Punjabi festivals using the Punjabi calendar.

### Sindhi Sikhs[edit]

Main article: Sindhis in India

In addition to celebrating Sikh festivals, Sindhi Sikhs celebrate cultural festivals such as Cheti Chand, the Sindhi new year. Sindhi Sikhs speak the Sindhi language.

### South Indian Sikhs[edit]

There are Sikh communities in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra who converted to Sikhism centuries ago.

The Sikhs comprise Banjara and Satnami. The process of blending the religion into southern India for the Sikligars began at the time of 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh, who came to the Deccan and died in 1708 at Nanded (Maharashtra).

It all came by the Sikligars as they cane to southern India as expert arms-making camp followers of the tenth Guru. Sikligar is a compound of the Persian words `saiqal` and `gar` meaning a polisher of metal.[17] The traditional occupation of the Sikligars is crafting kitchen implements.

Banjaras are a nomadic tribe who traditionally travelled with merchandise and are found across a large swathe of northern India, as well as in the south. Sikh Banjaras too travelled with armies of the past supplying them with provisions.[17]

## Gallery[edit]

* A frontispiece to the Dasam Granth.

* The Bardari of Ranjit Singh, built in the Hazuri Bagh.

* Gateway of the Ram Bagh, North-East of Amritsar; built by Maharajah Ranjit Singh.

* A Sikh helmet from the late 18th century. Note the adaptation on the helmet's crown to allow for a Sikh's uncut hair.

* One of the gates at the Sikh temple called Gurdwara Bangla Sahib, in Delhi.

* Illuminated Adi Granth folio with nisan (the Sikh word for flag) of Guru Gobind Singh.

* Detail from Gurdwara Baba Atal.

* A Opaque Watercolour on paper copy of Nakashi 1880c

* Harmandir Sahib or the Golden Temple, Amritsar, India.

* Interior of the Akal Takht.

* Painting of the durbar of Maharaja Dalip Singh Sukerchakia.

* Painting of Ranjit Singh and Hira Singh of Nabha.

* The Sikh Order of Merit with a Portrait of Ranjit Singh, directly inspired by the French Légion d'honneur

## See also[edit]

* Pahari painting
* Kangra painting
* Rajput painting
* Mughal painting
* Indian art
* Turban training centre

## References and notes[edit]

1. ^ "Sikhism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
2. ^ "Petition to Disaggregate Sikhs Correctly in the 2010 Census". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
3. ^ "Memorandum Regarding the Tabulation of Sikh Ethnicity in the United States Census" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2014.
4. ^ the Crafts of the Punjab
5. ^ The magnificence of Sikh architecture Archived 2007-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ Textile artist Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra
7. ^ Singh Twins Art Launches Liverpool Fest
8. ^ Verne A. Dusenbery (2014) Punjabi Sikhs and Gora Sikhs. The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Edited by Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech 3DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.025
9. ^ Tatla, D. S (2014) The Sikh Diaspora. The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Edited by Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.040
10. ^ Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt [1]
11. ^ Himadri Banerjee Institute of Sikh Studies
12. ^ Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (2001). "Census of India 2001: Population by religious communities". Government of India. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
13. ^ a b The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 2003
14. ^ Deccan Hrald 23 04 2012
15. ^ "Sikhs and Sikhism in Eastern and North-Eastern India". Institute of Sikh Studies.
16. ^ Calcutta Mosaic: Essays and Interviews on the Minority Communities of Calcutta : edited by Nilanjana Gupta, Himadri Banerjee, Sipra Mukherjee [2]
17. ^ a b c Zee New 18 10 2011
18. ^ The Tribune 28 10 2014 Birinder Pal Singh
19. ^ Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People By Mohini Qasba Raina

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Sikh topics

Glossary and History

Gurus|

* Guru Nanak
* Guru Angad
* Guru Amar Das
* Guru Ram Das
* Guru Arjan
* Guru Hargobind
* Guru Har Rai
* Guru Har Krishan
* Guru Tegh Bahadur
* Guru Gobind Singh
* Guru Granth Sahib (Sikh holy book)

Philosophy|

* Beliefs and principles
* Guru Maneyo Granth
* Sikh Rehat Maryada
* The 52 Hukams
* Prohibitions
* Cannabis and Sikhism
* Diet in Sikhism

Practices|

* Khalsa
* Ardās
* Kirtan
* Langar
* Naam Karan
* Anand Karaj
* Amrit Sanchar
* Amrit Velā
* Antam Sanskar
* Three Pillars
* Kirat Karo
* Naam Japo
* Vand Chhako
* Sikh practices
* The Five Ks
* Simran
* Sewa
* Charhdi Kala
* Dasvand
* Jhatka

Scripture|

* Guru Granth Sahib
* Dasam Granth
* Gurbani
* Mul Mantar
* Japji Sahib
* Chaupai
* Jaap Sahib
* Rehras
* Sukhmani Sahib
* Tav-Prasad Savaiye

Architecture|

* Gurdwara
* Harmandir Sahib
* Janam Asthan
* Darbar Sahib Kartarpur
* List
* Africa
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Bahadurgarh Fort
* Fateh Burj
* Hazuri Bagh Baradari
* Kesgarh Qila
* Khanda museum
* Moti Bagh Palace
* Nanak Shahi bricks
* Pul Kanjri
* Qila Mubarak, Patiala
* Ramgarhia Bunga
* Samadhi of Ranjit Singh
* Well of Dina Nath

By country|

* Diaspora
* Afghanistan
* Australia
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* Belgium
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Groups, Sects
and Communities|

* Sects of Sikhism
* Khalsa
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* Nanakpanthi
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* Nirmala
* Ramraiya
* Udasi
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* Jatha
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* Contemporary Sant Mat movements
* 3HO

Sikh Empire|

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Sikh Empire

Misls|

* Phulkian Misl
* Ahluwalia
* Bhangi
* Kanheya
* Ramgarhia
* Singhpuria
* Panjgarhia
* Nishanwalia
* Sukerchakia
* Dallewalia
* Nakai
* Shaheedan

Rulers|

* Ranjit Singh
* Kharak Singh
* Nau Nihal Singh
* Chand Kaur
* Sher Singh
* Duleep Singh

Military
conflicts|

| Mughal-Sikh Wars|

* Battle of Bhangani
* Nadaun
* Basoli
* Nirmohgarh
* 1st Anandpur
* 2nd Anandpur
* Chamkaur
* Sarsa
* Muktsar
* Sonepat
* Samana
* Sirhind
* Sadhaura
* Chappar Chiri
* Rahon
* Lohgarh
* Jalalabad
* Jammu
* Gurdas Nangal
* Delhi

|

Afghan–Sikh wars|

* Battle of Lahore
* Battle of Attock
* Battle of Multan
* Battle of Shopian
* Battle of Nowshera
* Battle of Peshawar
* Battle of Jamrud

First Anglo-Sikh War|

* Battle of Mudki
* Battle of Ferozeshah
* Battle of Aliwal
* Battle of Sobraon

Second Anglo-Sikh War|

* Battle of Ramnagar
* Battle of Chillianwala
* Siege of Multan
* Battle of Gujrat

Others|

Sikh Khalsa Army, Hari Singh Nalwa

Adversaries|

* Mughal Empire
* Emirate of Afghanistan
* British Empire

Festivals|

* Bandi Chhor Divas
* Hola Mohalla
* Maghi
* Mela Maghi
* Vaisakhi

Other topics|

* History
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* Films
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* Names
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* Politics
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* Islam
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* Rama
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* In Fiction
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* Punjab
* History
* Punjabis
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Takht|

* Akal Takht
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Architecture of Asia

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Culture

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* Colonial mentality
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* Deculturalization
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* Buddhism
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Related|

* Animal culture
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