Singaporean Malay

Standard Malay variety spoken in Singapore

Singaporean Malay

* Singaporean Standard Malay
* Singapore Malay
* Singapore Standard Malay

* بهاس ملايو سيڠاڤورا
* 新加坡马来语
* சிங்கப்பூர் மலாய்
* സിംഗപ്പൂർ മലായ് ഭാഷ

* bahasa Melayu Singapura
* Melayu Piawai Singapura
* Melayu Standard Singapura

Pronunciation| Malay pronunciation: [ˈməˌlɑːˌjuː ˈsiːˌŋəˌpuːˌrə]
Native to| Singapore
Ethnicity| Singaporean Malays

Native speakers

| Few (2022)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

* Malayo-Polynesian
* Sumatran
* Eastern Sumatran
* Malayic
* Standard Malay
* Singaporean Malay

Early form

Riau Malay[2]

Writing system

| Roman (main), Arabic, and Braille

Signed forms

* Singaporean Sign Language
* Manually Coded Singaporean Malay

Official status

Official language in

|  Singapore
Regulated by| Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (The Singapore Malay Language Council)[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-3| `zsm`
Glottolog| `stan1306`
IETF| `ms-SG`
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Singaporean Malay (bahasa Melayu Singapura), or Singaporean Standard Malay (ms-SG, bahasa Melayu Piawai Singapura; bahasa Melayu Standard Singapura) is a standardized variety of Malay used in the island of Singapore and its surrounding islets (part of modern-day Singapore). According to the constitution of Singapore, it is one of the four official languages of Singapore, along with Mandarin, English, and Tamil.[4]

Part of Austronesian (lit. 'the southern islanders'), the Singaporean Malay belongs to the larger Riau Malay dialect continuum,[2] a group of larger standard variety of Malay spoken in Riau Islands which took its root from the eastern Sumatran coastal region of Riau (part of modern-day Indonesia).[2]

## History[edit]

The history of Singaporean Malay is inseparable from the historical origins of the island of Singapore itself. The Republic of Singapore as an independent country was come into existence only in 1965 after the Singapore got independence from the ruling British colony (with two years period of emptiness dating since 1963 to 1965). Before the Dutch-British colonization partition, Singapore Island used to be part of the larger Riau Islands group, similar way like Batam Island does.

The statue of Sang Nila Utama (a Palembang-origin prince) and his kris (a Javanese dagger) at the Raffles Landing Site in Singapore.

Riau Islands (which also including Singapore Island) was the subject of the Malay Kingdom, a historical kingdom and origin place of Malay people based in Central-Eastern Sumatra. Since then, the popularity of the Malay speech (nowadays considered as language) has spread to Singapore. Prior to that, the common ancestor of all Malay dynasties, Sang Sapurba and Sang Nila Utama (the prince of Palembang-origin),[5] also set his mastery on the island of Singapore and has become the prominent figure that contributed in the founding of Singapore Kingdom.[6] Further more, the Bugis and Javanese royals who came to Singapore also contributed the development of ancient Singapore and left some noticeable remarks which later claimed as part of the Singaporean Malay as well.[7]

The gate of Sang Nila Utama Garden located at Fort Canning Hill, replicating the typical East Javanese gate structure of Majapahit empire.

### National Anthem of Singapore[edit]

The Padang of Singapore is an important historical place for Singaporeans. It was named after Padang, the capital city of Zubir Said-state origin (West Sumatra).

Zubir Said was the composer or creator of the national anthem of Singapore, he was originally Indonesian of West Sumatra-origin and ethnically Minangkabau, born and raised in Bukittinggi (a.k.a. Fort de Kock).[8] Zubir Said coined the phrase Majulah Singapura (lit. 'Onward Singapore'), which later adopted as the official name of the national anthem and officially launched on 3 December 1959,[9] and the popularity of -lah suffix expression started to grow since then amongst the Singaporeans (either for the native speaker of Singaporean English, Singaporean Mandarin, or another dialects). Originally composed in Indonesian, the Majulah Singapura national anthem then rebranded as 'Singaporean Malay' to favor the new immigrants from Malaysia that joined the Republic of Singapore who would love to claimed every Muslims (the followers of Islam) as 'Malay'. The Padang of Singapore which located in Central Singapore (usually used as a place to celebrate the Singapore independence) was named after the original Padang, the capital of West Sumatra state, the origin place of Zubir Said.

### Standardization of Singaporean Malay[edit]

The standardization process of Singaporean Malay dates back to early decade of 2000s when the Singapore linguistic agency were more developed. Some Singaporean linguists who interested in these Malayic subject was sent to the origin place of Standard Malay in Eastern Sumatran region of Riau (and Riau Islands) to study the Riau Malay,[2][10] so it could be used as the basis of the Singaporean Malay or Singaporean Standard Malay.[2] In its development, the Singaporean Malay has later developed into more Indonesia-centric, by abandoning specificity of the Malay variety that developed natively in Singapore, with the strong phonology based on Indonesian one, which took its root from the Dutch alphabets and phonology.[2] The Singaporean Malay officially regulated under the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Article 53 and 153.[11][4] Alongwith the Singaporean English and Singaporean Mandarin as well as Singaporean Tamil, the Singaporean Malay has always been used as the official language form in public space (through public signs, etc.).

## Writing system[edit]

The common and official writing system used for the Singaporean Malay is the Roman script as stated in the Constitution of Simgapore Article 153A Paragraph 2 on Official and National Languages,[4] heavily based on the Latin script of Indonesia (Dutch),[2] although slight differences is worth to notice since Singapore also used the admixture of British-based romanization. Another scripts has also used informally to write the Singaporean Malay, the main one is the Arabic script which took its root from the Arabi Malayalam (related to Perso–Arabic alphabets of Urdu and Ottoman Turkish), which is a modified form of Arabic script used by the Malayali people, the neighbouring ethnic group of Tamil.

## Loanwords[edit]

It is generally accepted by the Singaporean linguists that Singaporean Malay is based on Riau Malay,[2] and most of the words are of Indonesia-origin (either it is Standard Indonesian, Javanese, Minangkabau, or even Bugis).[2] Besides that, words in Singaporean Malay are derived from multiple languages of foreign or non-Maritime Southeast Asia origins, mainly Arabic, Chinese (Hokkien and Mandarin), Dravidian (Malayalam and Tamil), and English.

Singapore Malay words  | Singapore Malay meaning  | Etymological origin  | Etymological meaning  | Note

|
|
|
|

alamak | damn; shit | Arabic: العمى, romanized: al-'ama | blindness; damn;[12] shit |
selamat | good (as in good morning, evening, etc.) | Arabic: سلامة, romanized: salāmat | good health; safety; well-being; welfare | the Arabic word of salāmat also become the root Singaporean Malay word of salam, which means "regards"
betul | correct; true; right | Min Nan Chinese: 對, romanized: tùi | correct; true; right |
sampan | the canoe | Min Nan Chinese: 舢板, romanized: sam-pán

Yue Chinese: 三板, romanized: saam1 baan2 | the boat or wooden boat |
tahu | to know (something); to understand | Mandarin Chinese: 知道, romanized: zhīdào | to know (something); to be aware of; to understand |
bahasa | the language | Malayalam: ഭാഷ, romanized: bhaṣa | the speech; the language |
akak or
kakak | elder sister | Malayalam: അക്ക, romanized: akka | elder sister |
abang | elder brother | Malayalam: അണ്ണൻ, romanized: aṇṇaṉ | elder brother |
kapal | the ship; the boat | Malayalam: കപ്പൽ, romanized: kappal | the ship; sailing vessel |
batik | the Batik fabric or clothes | Javanese: ꦧꦛꦶꦏ꧀, romanized: baṭik | to make dots; to draw |
wayang | the cinema; the Wayang performance | Javanese: ꦮꦪꦁ, romanized: wayang | the shadow; the act play | these Javanese word of wayang also become the root Singaporean Malay word of bayang, which means "[the] shadow"
rendang | the Rendang dish | Minangkabau: randang | to cook (slowly) |
imigresen | the immigration | English: immigration | the immigration |
karipap | the curry puff | English: curry puff | the curry puff | although originally an English word, the curry puff did not invented by the English people
stesen | the station | English: station | the station |
zon | the zone | English: zone | the zone |

## Sample text[edit]

### Universal Declaration of Human Rights[edit]

The following texts are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Singaporean Malay along with the original declaration in English.[13]

English
(British English) | Malay
(Singapore Malay)

|

Universal Declaration of Human Rights | Dekleresen Universal Hak-hak Manusia
Article 1 | Artikel 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | Manusia semua dizahir bebas dan sama ada maruah dan hak-hak. Dia orang dielham sebab dan konsayens dan mestilah padu dalam spirit saudara.
Article 2 | Artikel 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. | Memasing manusia ada hak-hak dan pembebasan macham dicadang dalam Dekleresen ini, takda sebarang apa juga pembezaan, macham res, kaler kulit, seks, loghat bahasa, ugama, opinien politik atau lain-lain opinien, asal-usul pembangsaan atau sosiel, properti, kezahiran atau apa-apa taraf.
Lagi jauh, takda sebarang pembezaan boleh dikekal pelasas sama ada taraf politik, jurisdiksen, nakpun antarabangsa satu negara atau welayah asal manusia, sama ia merdeka, amanah, takda kerajaan sorang-sorang atau berada dekat bawah apa-apa lemitesen daulat lain negara.
Article 3 | Artikel 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person. | Memasing manusia ada hak hayat, leberti, dan sekuriti pelsorangan.
Article 4 | Artikel 4
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. | Takda manusia mesti kena tahan dalam pelhambaan atau servitud; pelhambaan dan jualan hamba mesti kena prohibit dalam pelbagai macham forma.
Article 5 | Artikel 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. | Takda manusia mesti kena subjek takluk seksa atau laku kejaman, takda rasa manusiaan atau gerek maruah atau hukuman.

## See also[edit]

* Singaporean Mandarin
* Singaporean English
* Singaporean Hokkien
* Singaporean Malays
* Brunei Malay
* Malaysian Malay

## References[edit]

1. ^ Singaporean Malay at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Guru Bahasa Melayu Singapura Belajar ke Riau" [Singaporean Malay Language Teacher Studying in Riau]. Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Kepulauan Riau [Center for the Preservation of Cultural Values of the Riau Islands] (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia [Directorate General of Culture of the Republic of Indonesia]. 2017.
3. ^ "Standard Malay made simple / Liaw Yock Fang - BookSG - National Library Board, Singapore".
4. ^ a b c "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (153A. Official languages and national language)". Legislation Division of the Attorney-General's Chambers of Singapore. 2023.
5. ^ Afidah, Nor (2023). "Sang Nila Utama". National Library Board of Singapore.
6. ^ Wargadalem, Farida (2022). "Sang Nila Utama: The Founder of Singapore and the Values of Srivijaya". International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding. 9 (8): 371–380. doi:10.18415/ijmmu.v9i8.3898 (inactive 2023-10-22).`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2023 (link)
7. ^ "5 Things You Didn't Know About Singapore's Bugis Culture". theculturetrip.com. 2017.
8. ^ "The Man Behind "Majulah Singapura"". www.ura.gov.sg.
9. ^ "Early Version of Majulah Singapura Performed by the Singapore Military Forces Band, 1959". National Archieves of Singapore. 2015.
10. ^ "12 Guru Bahasa Melayu Singapura Belajar di Lembaga Adat Melayu Riau" [12 Singaporean Malay Language Teachers Study at the Riau Malay Traditional Institute] (in Indonesian). Media Center Riau. 2017.
11. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (53. Use of languages in Parliament)". Legislation Division of the Attorney-General's Chambers of Singapore. 2023.
12. ^ "16 Curse Words in Arabic and How to use Them" (in English and Arabic). 2023.
13. ^ "OHCHR -". www.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

## External links[edit]

Singaporean Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Singapore

Main languages|

| National|

* Malay

|

Official|

* English
* Malay
* Mandarin
* Tamil

Indigenous languages|

* Johor-Riau Malay
* Orang Seletar

Creole languages|

* Baba Malay
* Bazaar Malay
* Chitty Malay
* Kristang
* Singlish
* Singdarin

Immigrant languages|

| Chinese|

* Sinitic
* Cantonese
* Hainanese
* Hakka
* Henghwa
* Hokchew
* Hokkien
* Teochew

|

Indian|

* Dravidian
* Malayalam
* Telugu
* Indo-Aryan
* Bengali
* Gujarati
* Hindi
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Sinhala

Indonesian|

* Acehnese
* Banjarese
* Batak
* Angkola
* Mandailing
* Toba
* Baweanese
* Buginese
* Javanese
* Minangkabau

Other|

* Arabic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Filipino
* Japanese
* Korean
* Nepali
* Thai
* Vietnamese

Sign languages|

* Singaporean Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Austronesian languages

Formosan languages

| Rukaic|

* Rukai

|

Tsouic|

* Tsou
* Kanakanavu
* Saaroa

Northern|

| Atayalic|

* Atayal
* Seediq

|

Northwest
Formosan|

* Saisiyat
* Pazeh †
* Kulon †
* Thao
* Babuza
* Favorlang †
* Papora-Hoanya †

East|

| Kavalanic|

* Basay †
* Kavalan
* Luilang †

|

Ami|

* Amis
* Sakizaya

Siraiyac|

* Siraya †
* Taivoan †

Southern ?|

* Puyuma
* Paiwan
* Bunun

Malayo–Polynesian

Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian

| Philippine
(linkage) ?|

| Batanic (Bashiic)|

* Itbayat
* Ivatan
* Yami

|

Northern Luzon|

* Arta
* Dicamay Agta †
* Ilocano

Cagayan Valley|

* Atta
* Cagayan Agta
* Ga'dang
* Gaddang
* Ibanag
* Isnag
* Itawis
* Yogad

Meso-Cordilleran|

* Northern Alta
* Southern Alta

Central Cordilleran|

* Balangao
* Bontoc
* Ifugao
* Isinai
* Itneg
* Kalinga
* Kankanaey
* Tuwali

Southern Cordilleran|

* Bugkalot
* Ibaloi
* Iwaak
* Kalanguya
* Karao
* Pangasinan

Central Luzon|

* Kapampangan
* Hatang Kayi (Remontado)

Sambalic|

* Abellen
* Ambala
* Mag-antsi
* Bolinao
* Botolan
* Mag-indi
* Mariveleño
* Sambal

Northern Mindoro|

* Alangan
* Iraya
* Tadyawan

Greater Central
Philippine|

| Southern Mindoro|

* Buhid
* Hanunoo
* Tawbuid

|

Central Philippine|

| Tagalogic|

* Filipino
* Kasiguranin
* Tagalog
* Old Tagalog †
* Batangueño

|

Bikol|

* Albay Bikol
* Central Bikol
* Isarog Agta
* Mount Iraya Agta
* Mount Iriga Agta
* Pandan Bikol
* Rinconada

Bisayan|

* Akeanon
* Asi
* Bantayanon
* Baybay
* Butuanon
* Caluyanon
* Capiznon
* Cebuano
* Boholano
* Old Cebuano †
* Cuyonon
* Hiligaynon
* Kabalian
* Karay-a
* Karolanos
* Magahat
* Masbateño
* Northern Sorsogon
* Onhan
* Porohanon
* Ratagnon
* Romblomanon
* Southern Sorsogon
* Sulod
* Surigaonon
* Tausug
* Waray

Mansakan|

* Davawenyo
* Kalagan
* Kamayo
* Mamanwa
* Mandaya
* Mansaka

(unclassified)|

* Ata †

Palawanic|

* Aborlan Tagbanwa
* Batak
* Central Tagbanwa
* Palawano
* Taaw't Bato

Subanen|

* Western Subanon

Danao|

* Iranun
* Maguindanao
* Maranao

Manobo|

* Agusan
* Ata Manobo
* Binukid
* Cotabato Manobo
* Higaonon
* Ilianen
* Kagayanen
* Kamigin
* Matigsalug
* Obo
* Sarangani
* Tagabawa
* Western Bukidnon

Gorontalo–Mongondow|

* Bintauna
* Bolango
* Buol
* Gorontalo
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan
* Suwawa

Kalamian|

* Agutaynen
* Calamian Tagbanwa

Bilic|

* Blaan
* Tboli
* Teduray

Sangiric|

* Bantik
* Ratahan
* Sangirese
* Talaud

Minahasan|

* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsawang
* Tonsea
* Tontemboan

Other branches|

* Ati
* Klata
* Umiray Dumaget

Manide–Alabat|

* Inagta Alabat
* Manide

Greater Barito *|

| Barito|

* Malagasy
* Bushi
* Deyah
* Malang
* Witu
* Balangan
* Ma'anyan
* Paku
* Lawangan
* Kohin
* Dohoi
* Siang
* Bakumpai
* Ngaju
* Ampanang
* Tunjung

Sama–Bajaw|

* Abaknon
* Bajaw
* Mapun
* Pangutaran Sama
* Sama
* West Coast Bajaw
* Yakan

Basap *

Greater
North Borneo *|

| North Borneo *|

| Northeast Sabah *|

* Ida'an
* Bonggi
* Molbog ?

|

Southwest Sabah *|

| Greater
Dusunic *|

| Bisaya–Lotud|

* Brunei Bisaya
* Lotud

|

Dusunic|

* Kadazandusun
* Central Dusun
* Coastal Kadazan
* Kuijau
* Eastern Kadazan
* Kota Marudu Talantang
* Rungus / Momogun
* Klias River Kadazan

Paitanic|

* Tombonuwo
* Kinabatangan
* Abai Sungai
* Serudung

Greater
Murutic *|

* Tatana ?
* Papar

Murutic|

* Tagol
* Timugon
* Keningau
* Selungai
* Sembakung
* Baukan
* Okolod
* Paluan
* Ganaʼ
* Kalabakan
* Nonukan Tidong
* Sesayap Tidong

North Sarawak *|

* Kenyah / Bakung
* Sebob
* Tutoh
* Umaʼ Lasan
* Wahau Kenyah
* Penan ?
* Kelabit
* Lengilu
* Lundayeh
* Sa'ban
* Tring
* Berawan
* Belait
* Kiput
* Narom
* Tutong
* Bintulu

Central Sarawak|

* Kajaman
* Lahanan
* Sekapan
* Daro-Matu
* Kanowit–Tanjong
* Melanau
* Bukitan
* Punan Batu
* Sian
* Ukit
* Burusu
* Bah-Biau Punan
* Sajau
* Punan Merap
* Bukat
* Seru †
* Lelak †

Kayanic|

* Kayan
* Bahau
* Modang
* Segai
* Hovongan
* Aoheng
* Aput
* Punan
* Krio Dayak
* Murik

Land Dayak|

* Bakatiʼ
* Sara
* Laraʼ
* Bukar–Sadong
* Biatah
* Tringgus
* Jagoi
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Semandang
* Ribun
* Benyaduʼ
* Sanggau

Malayo–Chamic *|

| Aceh–Chamic|

* Acehnese
* Cham dialects
* Chru
* Haroi
* Jarai
* Rade
* Roglai
* Tsat

|

Iban–Malayan|

| Ibanic|

* Iban
* Keninjal ?
* Mualang
* Remun
* Seberuang

|

* Malay
* Malaysian
* Indonesian
* Minangkabau
* Brunei/Kedayan Malay
* Bamayo
* Banjar
* Berau Malay
* Bangka Malay
* Bengkulu
* Col
* Duanoʼ
* Haji
* Jambi Malay
* Jakun
* Kedah Malay
* Kendayan / Selako ?
* Kutai Malay
* Kaur
* Kerinci
* Kelantan-Pattani Malay
* Kubu
* Orang Laut
* Lubu
* Musi
* Negeri Sembilan Malay
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Seletar
* Pahang Malay
* Pekal
* Perak Malay
* Pontianak Malay
* Reman Malay
* Sarawak Malay
* Temuan
* Terengganu Malay
* Urak Lawoi'

Sundanese|

* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese †
* Baduy
* Bantenese
* Cirebonese

Rejang ?|

* Rejang

Moklenic ?|

* Moken
* Moklen

Sumatran *|

| Northwest Sumatra
–Barrier Islands|

* Enggano ?
* Gayo
* Mentawai
* Nias
* Sikule
* Simeulue

Batak|

* Alas
* Angkola
* Dairi
* Karo
* Simalungun
* Toba
* Mandailing

* Nasal ?

Lampungic|

* Lampung
* Lampung Nyo
* Lampung Api
* Komering

Javanese|

* Javanese
* Kawi / Old Javanese †
* Banyumasan
* Osing
* Tenggerese

Madurese|

* Madurese
* Kangean

Bali–Sasak
–Sumbawa|

* Balinese
* Sasak
* Sumbawa

Celebic|

| Bungku–Tolaki|

* Bahonsuai
* Bungku
* Kodeoha
* Kulisusu
* Moronene
* Mori Bawah
* Mori Atas
* Padoe
* Rahambuu
* Tolaki
* Tomadino
* Waru
* Wawonii

|

Muna–Buton|

* Bonerate
* Busoa
* Cia-Cia
* Kaimbulawa
* Kumbewaha
* Lasalimu
* Liabuku
* Muna
* Pancana
* Tukang Besi

Saluan–Banggai|

* Andio
* Balantak
* Banggai
* Batui
* Bobongko
* Saluan

Tomini–Tolitoli *|

* Balaesang
* Boano ?
* Dampelas
* Dondo
* Lauje
* Pendau
* Taje
* Tajio
* Tomini
* Totoli ?

Kaili–Wolio *|

| Kaili–Pamona|

* Kaili
* Mbelala
* Moma
* Pamona
* Rampi
* Sarudu
* Sedoa
* Topoiyo
* Uma

Wotu–Wolio|

* Kalao
* Kamaru
* Laiyolo
* Ledo Kaili *
* Wolio
* Wotu

South Sulawesi|

| Bugis|

* Buginese
* Campalagian
* Embaloh ?
* Taman

|

Makassaric|

* Makassarese
* Bentong
* Coastal Konjo
* Highland Konjo
* Selayar

Seko–Badaic *|

| Seko|

* Budong-Budong
* Panasuan
* Seko Padang
* Seko Tengah

|

Badaic *|

* Bada
* Behoa
* Napu

Northern|

* Mamuju
* Mandar

Massenrempulu|

* Duri
* Enrekang
* Maiwa
* Malimpung

Pitu Ulunna Salu|

* Aralle-Tabulahan
* Bambam
* Dakka
* Pannei
* Ulumandaʼ

Toraja|

* Kalumpang
* Mamasa
* Pattae'
* Lawa
* Talondoʼ ?
* Toraja-Saʼdan

* Lemolang

Isolates|

* Chamorro
* Palauan

Central Malayo-Polynesian languages

| Bima|

* Bima

|

Sumba–Flores|

| Sumba–Hawu|

| Savu|

* Hawu
* Dhao

|

Sumba|

* Kambera
* Mamboru
* Anakalangu
* Wanukaka
* Pondok
* Baliledo
* Wejewa
* Lamboya
* Kodi
* Gaura

Western Flores|

* Komodo
* Manggarai
* Riung
* Rembong
* Rajong
* Kepoʼ
* Wae Rana
* Palu'e
* Ende
* Lio
* Nagé-Kéo
* Ngadha
* Rongga
* Soʼa

Flores–Lembata|

* Sika
* Kedang

Lamaholot|

* Lamaholot
* Alorese
* Lamatuka
* Lewo Eleng
* Levuka
* South Lembata
* Lamalera
* Lewotobi
* Adonara
* Ile Ape
* Mingar

Selaru|

* Selaru
* Seluwasan

Kei–Tanimbar ?|

* Kei
* Fordata
* Yamdena
* Onin
* Sekar
* Uruangnirin

Aru|

* Barakai
* Batuley
* Dobel
* Karey
* Koba
* Kola
* Lola
* Lorang
* Manombai
* Mariri
* Tarangan
* Ujir

Timoric *|

* Helong
* Tetum
* Uab Meto
* Amarasi

Central Timor *|

* Kemak
* Tukudede
* Mambai
* Bekais

Wetar–Galoli ?|

* Wetar
* Galoli

Kawaimina|

* Kairui
* Waimoa
* Midiki
* Naueti ?
* Habun ?

Luangic–Kisaric ?|

* Romang
* Kisar
* Leti
* Luang
* Makuva

Rote–Meto *|

* Bilba
* Dengka
* Lole
* Ringgou
* Dela-Oenale
* Termanu
* Tii

Babar|

* Idalaka
* West Damar
* Dawera-Daweloor
* North Babar
* Dai
* Masela
* Serili
* Southeast Babar
* Emplawas
* Imroing
* Telaʼa

Southwest Maluku|

* East Damar
* Teun
* Nila
* Serua

Kowiai ?|

* Kowiai

Central Maluku *|

* Teor-Kur

West|

* Ambelau
* Buru
* Lisela
* Hukumina †
* Moksela †
* Sula
* Mangole
* Taliabo

East|

* Banda
* Bati
* Geser
* Watubela
* Bobot
* Masiwang
* Hoti †
* Benggoi
* Salas
* Liana

Nunusaku|

* Kayeli †
* Nuaulu
* Huaulu
* Manusela
* Wemale
* Yalahatan

Piru Bay ?|

* Asilulu
* Luhu
* Manipa
* Wakasihu
* Boano
* Sepa-Teluti
* Paulohi
* Kaibobo
* Hitu
* Tulehu
* Laha
* Seit-Kaitetu
* Kamarian †
* Haruku
* Amahai
* Nusa Laut
* Saparua
* Latu

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

| SHWNG|

* Tandia †
* Mor
* Waropen
* Warembori ?
* Yoke ?

Halmahera Sea|

| Ambel–Biga|

* Ambel
* Biga

|

Maya–Matbat|

* Ma'ya
* Matbat

Maden|

* Maden
* Fiawat

As|

* As

South Halmahera|

* Gane
* Taba
* Buli
* Maba
* Patani
* Sawai
* Gebe

Cenderawasih|

| Biakic|

* Biak
* Dusner †
* Meoswar
* Roon

|

Yapen|

* Ambai
* Ansus
* Marau
* Wamesa
* Wooi
* Munggui
* Papuma
* Pom
* Serui-Laut
* Kurudu
* Wabo

Southwest|

* Yaur
* Yerisiam
* Umar

Oceanic|

| Admiralty|

* Yapese ?

Eastern|

* Manus
* Baluan-Pam
* Lenkau
* Lou
* Nauna
* Penchal

Western|

* Northern Kaniet †
* Southern Kaniet †
* Seimat
* Wuvulu
* Aua

Saint Matthias|

* Mussau-Emira
* Tenis

Temotu|

| Utupua|

* Amba
* Asumboa
* Tanimbili

|

Vanikoro|

* Teanu
* Lovono
* Tanema

Reefs–Santa Cruz|

* Äiwoo
* Engdewu / Nanggu
* Natügu / Santa Cruz
* Nalögo
* Noipx

Southeast
Solomonic|

| Gela–Guadalcanal|

* Bugotu
* Gela
* Lengo
* Birao
* Ghari
* Malango
* Talise

|

Malaita–
San Cristobal|

* Longgu
* Sa'a
* Arosi
* Fagani
* Bauro
* Kahua
* Owa
* Marau Wawa ? †
* Toʼabaita
* Baelelea
* Baeggu
* Fataleka
* Lau
* Kwara'ae
* Wala
* Gula'alaa
* Kwaio
* Dori'o
* ꞋAreꞌare
* Oroha

Western
Oceanic|

| Meso–
Melanesian|

| Willaumez|

* Bola
* Bulu
* Meramera
* Nakanai

|

Bali-Vitu|

* Bali
* Vitu

New Ireland–
Northwest
Solomonic|

| Tungag–Nalik|

* Kara
* Laxudumau
* Nalik
* Tiang
* Tigak
* Tungag

|

Tabar|

* Lihir
* Madara
* Notsi

Madak|

* Barok
* Lavatbura–Lamusong
* Madak

St. George|

* Bilur
* Fanamaket
* Guramalum †
* Kandas
* Konomala
* Label
* Lungalunga
* Niwer Mil
* Patpatar
* Ramoaaina
* Siar
* Sursurunga
* Tangga
* Tolai

Northwest
Solomonic|

* Babatana
* Bannoni
* Blablanga
* Cheke Holo
* Gao
* Ghanongga
* Hahon
* Hakö
* Halia
* Hoava
* Kazukuru †
* Kokota
* Kusaghe
* Laghu †
* Lungga
* Marovo
* Mono-Alu
* Nduke
* Nehan
* Papapana
* Petats
* Piva
* Ririo
* Roviana
* Saposa
* Simbo
* Solos
* Teop
* Tinputz
* Torau
* Ughele
* Uruava †
* Vaghua
* Vangunu
* Varisi
* Zabana
* Zazao

* Tomoip

North
New Guinea|

| Sarmi–
Jayapura ?|

* Anus
* Bonggo
* Kayupulau
* Liki
* Masimasi
* Ormu
* Podena
* Kaptiau
* Sobei
* Tarpia
* Tobati
* Wakde
* Yamna

|

Schouten|

* Arop-Sissano
* Sera
* Sissano
* Ulau-Suain
* Tumleo
* Yakamul
* Kaiep
* Kairiru
* Terebu
* Biem
* Kis
* Manam
* Medebur
* Sepa
* Wogeo

Huon Gulf|

* Bukawa
* Kela
* Yabem
* Aribwatsa †
* Aribwaung
* Adzera
* Dangal
* Duwet
* Labu
* Maralango
* Mari
* Musom
* Nafi
* Silisili
* Wampar
* Wampur
* Hote
* Iwal
* Kapin
* Kumalu
* Mangga Buang
* Mapos Buang
* Mumeng
* Piu
* Vehes
* Yamap
* Numbami

Ngero–Vitiaz|

* Bariai
* Gitua
* Kove
* Lusi
* Malalamai
* Mutu
* Awad Bing
* Bilibil
* Gedaged
* Marik
* Matukar
* Mindiri
* Takia
* Wab
* Lamogai
* Mouk-Aria
* Aigon
* Karore
* Kaulong †
* Miu
* Sengseng
* Aiklep
* Akolet
* Apalik
* Avau
* Bebeli
* Gimi
* Lesing-Gelimi
* Mangseng
* Solong
* Lote
* Mamusi
* Mengen
* Arop-Lukep
* Karnai
* Malasanga
* Mur Pano
* Mato
* Ronji
* Amara
* Maleu
* Mbula
* Sio
* Tami

Papuan Tip|

| Nuclear|

* ʼAuhelawa
* Buhutu
* Bwanabwana
* Oya'oya
* Saliba
* Suau
* Unubahe
* Wagawaga
* Bwaidoka
* Diodio
* Iamalele
* Iduna
* Koluwawa
* Maiadomu
* Bunama
* Boselewa
* Dobu
* Duau
* Galeya
* Molima
* Mwatebu
* Sewa Bay
* Dawawa
* Kakabai
* Are
* Arifama-Miniafia
* Doga
* Gapapaiwa
* Ghayavi
* Kaninuwa
* Ubir
* Gweda
* Haigwai
* Maiwala
* Minaveha
* Taupota
* Tawala
* Yakaikeke
* Anuki
* Gumawana

|

Kilivila–Misima|

* Budibud
* Kilivila
* Misima
* Muyuw

Nimoa–Sudest|

* Nimoa
* Sudest

Southern
Oceanic|

| North
Vanuatu|

| Torres–Banks|

* Dorig
* Hiw
* Koro
* Lakon
* Lehali
* Lemerig
* Lo-Toga
* Löyöp
* Mota
* Mwerlap
* Mwesen
* Mwotlap
* Nume
* Olrat
* Vera’a
* Volow
* Vurës

|

Maewo–Ambae–
North Pentecost|

* Baetora
* Duidui
* Northeast Ambae
* Raga
* Sun̄wadaga
* Sun̄wadia

South Pentecost|

* Apma
* Sa
* Ske
* Sowa †

Espiritu Santo|

* Akei
* Aore †
* Araki
* Cape Cumberland
* Nokuku
* Kiai
* M̈av̈ea
* Merei-Tiale
* Mores
* Sakao
* Shark Bay
* Tamambo
* Tangoa
* Tasiriki
* Tolomako
* Tutuba
* Wusi

Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic|

| Central
Vanuatu|

* North Efate
* Nafsan
* Efatese
* Eton
* Lelepa
* Makura
* Daakaka
* Dalkalaen
* Lonwolwol
* Paamese
* Port Vato
* Southeast Ambrym

| Epi|

* Baki
* Bierebo
* Bieria
* Lamen
* Lewo
* Maii

|

Malakula|

* Aulua
* Avava
* Aveteian
* Axamb
* Big Nambas
* Botovro
* Burmbar
* Bwenelang
* Larëvat
* Lendamboi
* Litzlitz
* Malfaxal
* Malua Bay
* Maskelynes
* Nahavaq
* Nasarian
* Nasvang
* Nāti
* Navwien
* Nese
* Neve'ei
* Neverver
* Ninde
* Nisvai
* Nitita
* Port Sandwich
* Rerep
* Sörsörian
* Tape
* Tirax
* Unua
* Northeast Malakula
* Vao
* Vivti
* Rutan
* Alovas
* Najit
* Njav

South Vanuatu|

| Erromango|

* Erromanga / Sie
* Sorung †
* Ura
* Utaha / Ifo †

|

Tanna|

* Kwamera / South Tanna
* Lenakel / West Tanna
* North Tanna
* Southwest Tanna
* Whitesands / East Tanna

* Aneityum

Loyalties–
New Caledonia|

| Loyalty Islands|

* Drehu
* Iaai
* Nengone

|

New Caledonian|

| Southern|

* Ajië
* Arhâ
* Arhö
* Ndrumbea
* Neku
* Numèè
* Orowe
* Tîrî
* Xârâcùù
* Xârâgurè
* Zire †

|

Northern|

* Bwatoo
* Caac
* Cèmuhî
* Fwâi
* Haeke
* Haveke
* Hmwaveke
* Jawe
* Kumak
* Nemi
* Nyâlayu
* Paicî
* Pije
* Pwaamei
* Pwapwâ
* Vamale
* Waamwang †
* Yuanga

Micronesian|

* Nauruan

Nuclear
Micronesian|

* Gilbertese
* Kosraean
* Marshallese

Chuukic–
Pohnpeic|

| Chuukic|

* Carolinian
* Chuukese
* Mapia †
* Mortlockese
* Namonuito
* Pááfang
* Puluwatese
* Satawalese
* Sonsorol
* Tanapag
* Tobian
* Ulithian
* Woleaian

|

Pohnpeic|

* Mokilese
* Ngatikese
* Pingelapese
* Pohnpeian

Central
Pacific|

| West|

* Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
* Rotuman
* Western Fijian

|

East|

* Fijian
* Gone Dau
* Lauan
* Lomaiviti

Polynesian|

| Nuclear
Polynesian|

* Kapingamarangi
* Nuguria
* Nukumanu
* Nukuoro
* Ontong Java
* Sikaiana
* Takuu
* Tuvaluan

Samoic|

* Niuatoputapu †
* Samoan
* Tokelauan

Eastern|

* Austral
* Cook Islands Māori
* Hawaiian
* Mangareva
* Māori
* Moriori †
* Marquesan
* Penrhyn
* Rakahanga-Manihiki
* Rapa
* Rapa Nui
* Tahitian
* Tuamotuan

Futunic|

* Anuta
* Emae
* Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan
* Futunan / East Futunan
* Mele-Fila
* Pukapukan
* Rennellese
* Tikopia
* Wallisian / East Uvean
* West Uvean

Tongic|

* Niuafoʻou ?
* Niuean
* Tongan

* * indicates proposed status
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

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