Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency

Separatist insurgency in Iran

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Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency

Part of the larger Insurgency in Balochistan

Map of Iran with Sistan and Baluchestan province highlighted
| Date| 2004 – present (21 years)

|

Location|

Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran

Status|  Ongoing
Belligerents
Iran|

* Current:
* Jaish ul-Adl (2013–present)
* Ansar Al-Furqan (2013–present)
* BLA[1]
* BLF[1]

* Former:
* Jundallah (2004–2011)
* Harakat Ansar (2012–2013)

Commanders and leaders

* Ali Khamenei
* Ali Shamkhani (2004–2005)
* Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar (2005–2013)
* Ahmad Vahidi (2013–present)
* Hossein Dehghan (2013–2017)
* Amir Hatami (2017–2021)
* Mohammad-Reza Gharaei Ashtiani (2021–2024)
* Aziz Nasirzadeh (2024-present)
* Abdolvahed Mousavi Lari (2004–2005)
* Mostafa Pourmohammadi (2005–2008)
* Seyyed Mehdi Hashemi (15 May 2008–5 August 2008)
* Ali Kordan (12 August 2008–4 November 2008)
* Kamran Daneshjoo (4 November 2008–24 December 2008)
* Sadegh Mahsouli (2008–2009)
* Hassan Firouzabadi (2004–2016)
* Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli (2013–present)
* Hassan Firouzabadi (2004–2016)
*   * Mohammad Salimi (2004–2005)
* Ataollah Salehi (2005–2017)
* Abdolrahim Mousavi (2017–present)
* Nasser Mohammadifar (2004–2005)
* Mohammad-Hossein Dadras (2005–2008)
* Ahmad Reza Pourdastan (2008–2016)
* Kioumars Heydari (2016–present)
* Yahya Rahim Safavi (2004–2007)
* Mohammad Ali Jafari (2004–2019)
* Ahmad Kazemi (2005–2006)
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi (2006–2008)
* Mohammad Jafar Asadi (2008–20)
* Mohammad Pakpour (2009–present)
* Nur-Ali Shushtari (2004–2009) †
* Esmail Ahmadi Moghaddam (2004–2016)
* Hossein Ashtari (2016–2023)
* Ahmad-Reza Radan (2023–present)

* Abdolmalek Rigi (2004–2009)
* Abdolhamid Rigi (2009–2010)
* Muhammad Dhahir Baluch (2010–present)
* Salahuddin Farooqui (2011–2024) †
* Mohammad Shafi (2012–2013) †
* Abu Hafs al Baloochi (2013–2015) †
* Jalil Qanbarzehi (2015–2017) †
* Mullah Akram Naroi †

Units involved

* Iranian Armed Forces
* Artesh (since 1979)
* Ground Forces
* Air Force
* Navy
* Special forces:
* NOHED Brigade
* 3rd Marine Brigade
* IRGC (since 1980)
* Ground Forces
* Aerospace Force
* Navy
* Basij
* Special forces:
* Saberin Takavar Brigade
* 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade
* Sepah Navy Special Force
* Iranian police
* Border Guard (since 2000)
* Ministry of Intelligence
* Imperial Iranian Army (until 1979)

|  Jaish al-Adl Forces
Majeed Brigade[1]
Fateh Squad
Strength
Unknown|  Jaish ul-Adl: 500-600[2]
Jundallah: 500-2,000 (until 2011)
Casualties and losses
164 killed (security forces and civilians)[3]|  Unknown

* v
* t
* e

Sistan and Baluchestan
insurgency

* Zahedan (2007)
* Zahedan (2009)
* Pishin (2009)
* Arrest of Abdolmalek Rigi
* Zahedan (2010)
* Chabahar (2010)
* Chabahar (2018)
* Khash–Zahedan (2019)
* 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Pakistan
* Chabahar and Rask (2024)
* Gohar Kuh (2024)

The Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency is an ongoing low-intensity[4] asymmetric conflict[5] in Sistan and Baluchestan Province between Iran and several Baloch Sunni militant organizations[6] designated as terrorist organizations by the Iranian government.[7] It began in 2004 and is part of the wider Balochistan conflict.[8]

## Background

[edit]

### Motivations of the insurgent groups

[edit]

Analysts believe that the aim of insurgents may differ from separatism to religious motivations, but they are not entirely clear. The leaders of the groups have maintained different positions:[8] from Baloch nationalism to Salafi jihadism.

### Belligerents

[edit]

#### Iran

[edit]

* Islamic Republic of Iran Army and  Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, responsible for both military and security actions as part of the  Iranian Armed Forces along with the  Iranian police.[9]
* Ministry of Intelligence, doing intelligence operations.[10]
* Border Guard Command, engaging border conflicts with insurgent groups.[11]

#### Baloch rebels

[edit]

* Jundallah: founded in 2002, was active since 2005, carrying out armed assaults against Iranian armed forces as well as civilians. Since arrest and execution of its leader Abdolmalek Rigi in 2010, they were responsible for a few bombings in 2011 under command of Muhammad Dhahir Baluch.[8]
* Jaish ul-Adl: founded in 2012 by former Jundallah members, there is very little known about the group. They are led by Salahuddin Farooqui who has opposed Iranian support for Syria in the Syrian Civil War. They have claimed responsibility for dozens of operations since 2013.[8][12] Iran and Pakistan have begun joint-operations against it since 2024.[13][14][1][15][16]
* Ansar Al-Furqan: founded by December 2013 merger of Harakat Ansar and Pashton group Hizb Al-Furqan. They are linked to Al-Nusra Front and are led by Sheikh Abu-Hafs al-Baloochi.[17]
* Baloch Liberation Army: founded in 2000, was active since 2005, carrying out armed assaults against Pakistani armed forces, Paramilitary Frontier Corpsmen, as well as civilians from Iranian and as well as Afghan soil. It was banned by the Iranian government in 2024 and since then has had both Iranian, and joint operations by Iran and Pakistan conducted against it.[1]
* Baloch Liberation Front: founded originally in 1964 in Damascus by Jumma Khan Marri, it re-emerged in 2004 after Allah Nazar Baloch took command of the group in 2003.[18][19] It fought against both Iran and Pakistan in the 1963–1969 insurgency and the 1973 –1977 insurgency.[18] It has conducted attacks on Pakistani Security Forces such as the Army, the paramilitary Frontier Corps and on civilians, from its camps is Iran and Afghanistan.[20][21] It was banned by the Iranian government in 2024 and a crackdown has occurred against it in both countries.[1]

## Timeline

[edit]

### 2005

[edit]

* December- A bomb exploded near a car carrying then president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during an ambush in the province, resulting in the death of one of his bodyguards and another individual.

### 2007

[edit]

* 14 February – A car bomb detonated in front of a bus transporting members of Iran's revolutionary guard corps in Zehedan reportedly resulting in the death of 11 and injury of 34 others.[22]

### 2019

[edit]

* 29 January – A double-bombing lightly wounded three police officers in Zahedan, the capital of Sistan and Balochistan province. Jaysh al-Adl claimed responsibility.[23]
* 2 February – An IRGC soldier was killed and five others wounded in an insurgent attack on a Basij base in Nik Shahr city. Jaysh al-Adl claimed responsibility for the attack.[24] According to Arab news, the attack was carried out by two people who climbed the walls of the Basij paramilitary base and started shooting.[25]
* 13 February – A suicide car bomb attack targeting a bus carrying IRGC personnel on the Khash-Zahedan road killed at least 27 soldiers and wounded 13 more. Jaysh al-Adl claimed responsibility for the attack.[26] According to Haaretz, the head of IRGC Maj. Mohammad Ali Jafari stated, without providing proof, that Israel gave the Emirates and Saudi Arabia the go ahead to conduct the attack.[27]
* 21 March – Pakistan announced that it had rescued four Iranian soldiers kidnapped by the Jaysh al-Adl group last year. It did not announce any other details. Jaysh al-Adl had kidnapped 12 Iranian soldiers in October and later released five. Following the announcement, there were still three Iranian soldiers held by the group.[16]
* 20 July – Two members of the IRGC were killed and another two wounded late at night during a confrontation with gunmen near the border with Pakistan.[28] The confrontation occurred in Keshtegan area of Saravan County, province of Sistan and Baluchestan.[29]

### 2020

[edit]

* 30 June – Jaysh al-Adl claimed responsibility for a roadside IED blast that injured an IRGC commander on a road in Sistan and Balochistan Province.[30]
* 5 August – Four police officers were injured when a sound bomb exploded next to their vehicle in Zahedan, capital of Sistan and Balochistan Province, Iran.[31]
* 29 September – Three Basij members were killed and another was wounded in a drive-by shooting in Nik Shahr county, Sistan-Baluchistan Province.[32]

### 2022

[edit]

* 1 January – The IRGC said in a statement that during clashes with a group of "armed terrorists" in the Kurin region of Sistan and Baluchestan province, three Basij members were killed in addition to six "terrorists".[33][34]
* 23 April – The Quds Regional Headquarters of the IRGC announced that a bodyguard was killed after terrorists opened fire at the car of Brigadier General Hosein Almasi was the commander of the 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade following an ambush at a military checkpoint near Zahedan.[35]
* November: Four killed, Three injured.[citation needed]
* December: Two checkpoint soldiers killed[citation needed]

### 2023

[edit]

* January
* One IRGC soldier was killed in one attack. Two more were killed during another attack on a police office.[clarification needed][36]
* March
* One ranking intelligence agent killed in hostage taking[37]
* Patrol attacked undisclosed kills[clarification needed]
* One Saravan border soldier killed. Government was warned of trouble if water is not supplied[clarification needed].[38][39]
* April
* The Saravan Police Chief was killed in an armed attack. His wife was also seriously injured in this attack. [clarification needed][40]
* June
* Five soldiers were killed at the border with Pakistan.[41]
* July
* Four police killed on ambush.[42]
* Four attackers and two police officers killed during an attack on a police station.[43]

### 2024

[edit]

* January
* Iran's security forces attacked the militants' hideout, killing 9 suspected fighters, including Mullah Akram Naroi who had reportedly been involved in an earlier attack on Rask police station.[44]
* During the 2024 Iran–Pakistan conflict Iran carried out a missile and drone strike against militant groups in Pakistan.[45] Pakistan retaliated with air and drone strikes against militants in Iranian territory.[46]
* April
* On 3 April, Militants allegedly belonging to Jaish ul-Adl attacked the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps headquarters in Rask and Chabahar counties, part of southern Sistan province. The militants killed 11 security personnel.[47]
* November
* On November 6, twelve Jaish ul-Adl militants were killed, including the group's leader Salahuddin Farooqui, in a joint operation by Iran and Pakistan.[14] By November 24, the Iranian military reported 76 suspected militants killed.[13]

## Foreign involvement

[edit]

### Role of Pakistan

[edit]

Pakistan is Iran's neighbour, sharing the borders of its Balochistan with Sistan and Baluchestan. Pakistan's Balochistan province is also suffering from low-level insurgency waged by terrorist and separatist militants against the government of Pakistan. These Pakistani Baloch terrorist and separatist militant groups are allied with Iranian Baloch groups. Iran and Pakistan historically have a strategic alliance fighting these groups. In February 2014 the two states signed a pact sharing responsibility for combating militants operating across the border.[8] According to a former U.S. intelligence officer, Jundallah leader Abdolmalek Rigi was captured by Pakistani officials and delivered to Iran with U.S. support: "It doesn't matter what they say. They know the truth."[48]

### Allegations of foreign involvement

[edit]

See also: Jundallah (Iran) § International sponsorship

Iran has long accused foreign states supporting insurgency in Sistan and Baluchestan. Several sources such as the ABC News, The New York Times, Daily Telegraph and Seymour Hersh have reported that Jundallah has received support from the United States.[49][50][51][52][53] Israel,[48] Saudi Arabia,[54] United Kingdom[55] and Sweden[56] are other states allegedly sponsoring the group.

Claims of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) support were debunked by a subsequent investigation showing that the CIA "had barred even the most incidental contact with Jundallah." The rumors originated in an Israeli Mossad "false flag" operation; Mossad agents posing as CIA officers met with and recruited members of Jundullah in cities such as London to carry out attacks against Iran. President George W. Bush "went absolutely ballistic" when he learned of Israel's actions, but the situation was not resolved until President Barack Obama's administration "drastically scaled back joint U.S.-Israel intelligence programs targeting Iran" and ultimately designated Jundallah a terrorist organization in November 2010.[48] Although the CIA cut all ties with Jundallah after the 2007 Zahedan bombings, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and United States Department of Defense continued to gather intelligence on Jundallah through assets cultivated by "FBI counterterrorism task force officer" Thomas McHale; the CIA co-authorized a 2008 trip McHale made to meet his informants in Afghanistan. According to The New York Times: "Current and former officials say the American government never directed or approved any Jundallah operations. And they say there was never a case when the United States was told the timing and target of a terrorist attack yet took no action to prevent it."[53] Mashregh News, which has close ties to the IRGC, has accused Qatar of supporting both Jaish ul-Adl and Harakat Ansar Iran, alongside Saudi Arabia.[57] Harakat Ansar Iran has made an appeal on Saudi Arabian websites for funding.[58]

## References

[edit]

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37. ^ ""خاتمه" گروگانگیری در شرق ایران؛ مقام ارشد اطلاعاتی پلیس در عملیات "آزادسازی" کشته شد". BBC News فارسی.
38. ^ "عضو کمیسیون امنیت ملی مجلس:حقابه ایران از هیرمند با دیپلماسی قابل حل است". 27 May 2023.
39. ^ "ادامه تنش میان ایران و طالبان درباره حق‌آبه هیرمند". العربیه فارسی. May 27, 2023.
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42. ^ "At least four people have died in a terrorist attack in Iran". Al Arabiya. 23 July 2023.
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58. ^ Dettmer, Jamie (13 February 2014). "Pakistani Jihadis Abduct Iranian Soldiers". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.

Portal:

* Iran

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Bakassi conflict
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
* Western DR Congo clashes
* Kivu conflict
* M23 campaign
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* OLA insurgency
* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
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* Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
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* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
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* Western Saharan clashes

West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
* Nigerian bandit conflict
* Religious violence in Nigeria
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Bakassi conflict
* Mali War
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
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* Salvadoran gang crackdown
* Honduran gang crackdown
* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Ecuadorian security crisis
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Internal conflict in Peru
* Mapuche conflict
* Armed conflict for control of the favelas

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Internal conflict in Bangladesh

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
* Myanmar civil war
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* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
* Karen–Mon conflict
* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Drug war
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war
* Qatif conflict
* Yemeni crisis
* Saudi–led intervention
* Yemeni civil war
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Gaza War
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–PJAK conflict
* Western Iran clashes
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish intervention

Europe|

| East|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

* v
* t
* e

Baloch nationalism

Regions|

* Balochistan
* Balochistan, Pakistan
* Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Iran)
* Balochistan, Afghanistan
* Bilochpura

Political parties|

* National Awami Party
* National Party
* Balochistan National Party (Awami)
* Balochistan National Party (Mengal)
* Baloch National Movement
* Jamhoori Wattan Party
* Baloch Republican Party
* Kalat State National Party

Student groups|

* Baloch Republican Students Organization
* Baloch Students Organization
* Baloch Students Organization – Awami
* National Students Federation

Militant groups|

* Balochistan Liberation Army (Majeed Brigade)
* Baloch Nationalist Army
* Baloch Republican Army
* United Baloch Army
* Balochistan Liberation Front
* Parrari
* Jaysh ul-Adl
* Jundallah
* Baluch People's Liberation Front
* Balochistan Liberation United Front
* Popular Front for Armed Resistance
* Baluchi Autonomist Movement
* Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan
* Lashkar-e-Balochistan
* Bugti militia

Other groups|

* Baloch Council of North America
* Baloch Yakjehti Committee
* Free Balochistan Movement

Key figures|

* Gul Khan Nasir
* Abdul Hai Baloch
* Habib Jalib Baloch
* Hameed Baloch
* Ghulam Mohammed Baloch
* Mir Nooruddin Mengal
* Allah Nazar Baloch
* Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
* Hasil Bizenjo
* Akbar Bugti
* Brahumdagh Bugti
* Prince Karim Khan
* Nauroz Khan
* Abdul Aziz Kurd
* Yousaf Aziz Magsi
* Balach Marri
* Khair Bakhsh Marri
* Jumma Khan Marri
* Sher Mohammad Marri
* Akhtar Mengal
* Ataullah Mengal
* Abdolmalek Rigi
* Dad Shah
* Mir Hazar Khan Khoso
* Abdul Malik Baloch
* Hyrbyair Marri

History|

* Khanate of Kalat
* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* 1970s operation
* Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy
* Turbat killings
* Missing persons
* Human rights abuses
* Terrorist incidents
* Quaid-e-Azam Residency attack
* Kech District attack
* Panjgur and Naushki raids
* University of Karachi bombing

National
myths/epics|

* Mir Chakar Rind
* Hani and Sheh Mureed

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