Soleidae

Family of fishes

This article is about soles of the family Soleidae. For soles of all families, see sole (fish).

Soles

Sand sole, Pegusa lascaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Actinopterygii
Order:  | Pleuronectiformes
Family:  | Soleidae
Bonaparte, 1832
Genera[1]

Achiroides
Aesopia
Aseraggodes
Austroglossus
Barnardichthys
Bathysolea
Brachirus
Buglossidium
Dagetichthys
Dexillus
Dicologlossa
Heteromycteris
Leptachirus
Liachirus
Microchirus
Monochirus
Paradicula
Pardachirus
Pegusa
Phyllichthys
Pseudaesopia
Rendahlia
Rhinosolea
Solea
Soleichthys
Synaptura
Synapturichthys
Synclidopus
Typhlachirus
Vanstraelenia
Zebrias

The true soles are a family, Soleidae, of flatfishes. It includes saltwater and brackish water species in the East Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and West and Central Pacific Ocean. Freshwater species are found in Africa, southern Asia, New Guinea, and Australia.

In the past, soles of the Americas (both fresh and salt water) were included in this family, but they have been separated to their own family, the American soles (Achiridae). The only true sole remaining in that region is Aseraggodes herrei of the Galápagos and Cocos Island.[2]

The true soles are bottom-dwelling fishes feeding on small crustaceans and other invertebrates. The family contains 30 genera and a total of about 180 species.

Soles begin life as bilaterally symmetric larvae, with an eye on each side of the head, but during development, the left eye moves around onto the right side of the head. Adult soles lie on their left (blind) sides on the sea floor, often covered in mud, which in combination with their dark colours, makes them hard to spot.

A flatfish resembling a small halibut or sole was observed by the Bathyscaphe Trieste at the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth around 11 km (36,000 ft).[3] This observation has been questioned by fish experts, and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid.[4]

Many soles are important food species: the common sole, Solea solea, is popular in northern Europe and the Mediterranean.

* Unicorn sole, Aesopia cornuta

* Solenette, Buglossidium luteum

* Common sole, Solea solea

## References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soleidae.

1. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Soleidae" in FishBase. December 2012 version.
2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Aseraggodes herrei" in FishBase. May 2014 version.
3. ^ BBC News (23 February 2012). Meet the only man alive who has been to the deepest ocean.. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
4. ^ Jamieson, A.J., and Yancey, P. H. (2012). On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth. The Biological Bulletin 222(3): 171-175

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Flatfish

Generally
larger
flatfish|

| Halibut|

| True (2 species)|

* Atlantic halibut
* Pacific halibut

|

Other|

* Arrowtooth halibut
* Shotted halibut
* Greenland halibut
* Spotted halibut
* California halibut
* Bastard halibut

Plaice|

| (4 species)|

* European plaice
* American plaice
* Alaska plaice
* Scale-eye plaice
* More...

|

Turbot|

| True (1 species)|

* Scophthalmus maximus
* More...

|

Spiny (3 species)|

* Psettodidae

Other|

* Diamond turbot
* Hornyhead turbot
* New Zealand turbot
* Ocellated turbot
* Spotted turbot

Generally
smaller
flatfish|

| Sole|

| True
(135 species)|

* Common (Dover) sole
* Finless sole
* Soleichthys heterorhinos
* Yellow sole
* More...

|

American
(28 species)|

* Achiridae
* More...

Tongue
(138 species)|

* Bengal tongue sole
* Canary tonguesole
* Carrot tonguesole
* Cynoglossus suyeni
* Durban tonguesole
* Fourline tonguesole
* Fourlined tonguesole
* Ghanaian tonguesole
* Hooked tonguesole
* Largescale tonguesole
* Natal tongue-fish
* Nigerian tonguesole
* Ripplefin tonguesole
* River tonguesole
* Roundhead tonguesole
* Sand tonguefish
* Sharpnose tonguesole
* Southern tongue sole
* Speckled tonguesole
* Symphurus thermophilus
* Three-lined tongue sole
* More...

Other|

* Butter sole
* Curlfin sole
* Deepsea sole
* Dusky sole
* English sole
* Flathead sole
* Lemon sole
* New Zealand sole
* Northern rock sole
* Pacific sand sole
* Petrale sole
* Rex sole
* Rock sole
* Roughscale sole
* Slender sole
* Southern lemon sole
* Speckled sole
* Yellowfin sole

Other
flounder|

| Lefteye
(158 species)|

* Crested flounder
* Flowery flounder
* Leopard flounder
* Plate fish
* Mediterranean scaldfish
* Twospot flounder
* Witch
* More...

|

Righteye
(101 species)|

* American smooth flounder
* Arctic flounder
* Arrowtooth flounder
* Banded-fin flounder
* Barfin flounder
* Black flounder
* Blackfin flounder
* Bering flounder
* Cleisthenes herzensteini
* Cleisthenes pinetorum
* Comb flounder
* Cresthead flounder
* Derwent flounder
* European flounder
* Far Eastern smooth flounder
* Flathead flounder
* Greenback flounder
* Hypsopsetta macrocephala
* Indonesian ocellated flounder
* Kamchatka flounder
* Large-scale righteye flounder
* Marbled flounder
* Marleyella maldivensis
* Microstomus shuntovi
* Narrow-body righteye flounder
* New Zealand flounder
* Peltorhamphus tenuis
* Peppered flounder
* Pseudopleuronectes obscurus
* Remo flounder
* Ridged-eye flounder
* Sakhalin sole
* Slime flounder
* Small-mouth righteye flounder
* Speckled flounder
* Starry flounder
* Stone flounder
* Willowy flounder
* Winter flounder
* Witch (righteye)
* Yellow striped flounder
* Yellowbelly flounder
* Yellowtail flounder
* More...

Large tooth
(115 species)|

* Anglefin whiff
* Bigmouth sanddab
* California halibut
* Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus
* Fine flounder
* Five-eyed flounder
* Five-rayed sanddab
* Fourspot flounder
* Gray flounder
* Gulf sanddab
* Horned whiff
* Longfin sanddab
* Mimic sanddab
* Olive flounder
* Pacific sanddab
* Peacock flounder
* Sand whiff
* Shrimp flounder
* Small sanddab
* Speckled sanddab
* Spotfin flounder
* Three-eye flounder
* Thysanopsetta naresi
* Veracruz whiff
* More...

Southern
(6 species)|

* Antarctic armless flounder
* Armless flounder
* Finless flounder
* Paralichthys lethostigma
* Southern flounder
* More...

Other|

* Citharidae
* Samaridae

Misc|

| |

* Common dab
* Chinese brill
* Deepwater dab
* Longhead dab
* New Zealand brill
* Scale-eye plaice
* Fluke

|

Related|

* Demersal fish
* Transitional fossils
* Amphistium
* Heteronectes
* As food
* Sole meunière
* Turbot War

* Predator
* billfish
* bonito
* mackerel
* salmon
* shark
* tuna
* Forage
* anchovy
* herring
* menhaden
* sardine
* shad
* sprat
* Demersal
* cod
* flatfish
* pollock
* ray

Taxon identifiers|

* Wikidata: Q736867
* Wikispecies: Soleidae
* ADW: Soleidae
* AFD: Soleidae
* BOLD: 1124
* CoL: GDL
* EoL: 5169
* EPPO: 1SOLAF
* Fossilworks: 65852
* GBIF: 8612
* iNaturalist: 55397
* IRMNG: 114064
* ITIS: 172980
* NBN: NBNSYS0000161012
* NCBI: 30948
* NZOR: b5d54a19-8a9a-472c-ae61-18f2981906d6
* Plazi: FD1087D9-FFB5-4A44-FF67-A7F64C94FD9F
* WoRMS: 125581

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