Somali Civil War

Ongoing civil war in East Africa

For the present phase of the war in Somalia, see Somali Civil War (2009–present).

Somali Civil War

Part of Conflicts in the Horn of Africa, The Ethiopian-Somali conflict, War against the Islamic State, Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa, and Global War on Terrorism

Approximate map of the current phase of the Somali Civil War (Updated August 2025)

* * *

Somalia:

Under control of the Federal Government of Somalia, the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia, and the United States

Under control of the Government of Puntland

Under control of the Jubaland Dervish Force and the Raskamboni Movement

* * *

Jihadist insurgent groups:

Under presence/control of al-Qaeda-backed al-Shabaab and allies

Under presence of Islamic State-backed Somalia Wilayah

* * *

Somaliland:

Under control of the self-declared state of Somaliland

* * *

(For a more detailed map of the current military situation, see here.)
| Date| 1981/1988/1991 (disputed) – present[a]

|

Location|

Somalia, with spillovers in Kenya and Ethiopia

Status|

Ongoing

* Somaliland declares independence[60]
* Consolidation of states from 1998 to 2006
* Ethiopian invasion against the Islamic Courts Union
* Conflict between radical Islamists and the government continues
* New government formed in 2012
* Las Anod conflict between Somaliland and SSC-Khatumo begins in 2023
* Ongoing constitutional crisis in Somalia since 2023

Belligerents
1980s–1991:

* Somali Democratic Republic
* SNA (until 1991)

Supported by:

* Djibouti[1][2]
* Italy[3]
* Libya[4][5]
* Saudi Arabia[4]
* South Africa[5]
* United States[6][7][4]

|  1980s–1991:

* Armed rebel groups
* USC
* SSDF
* SPM

Supported by:
Ethiopia[8][9]|

* 1980s–1991:
* Somali National Movement
* Supported by:
* Ethiopia[10][11]

1991–1995:
United Nations

UNOSOM I

* Australia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Botswana
* Canada
* Czechia
* Egypt
* Fiji
* Finland
* Indonesia
* Jordan
* Morocco
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Zimbabwe

UNITAF

* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Botswana
* Canada
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* India
* Indonesia
* Italy
* Kuwait
* Malaysia
* Morocco
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Saudi Arabia
* Spain
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* UAE
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Zimbabwe

UNOSOM II

* Algeria
* Australia[12]
* Austria[13]
* Bangladesh[14]
* Belgium[15]
* Botswana
* Canada
* Denmark
* Egypt
* Fiji
* Finland
* France[16]
* Germany[17]
* Greece
* India
* Indonesia
* Ireland
* Italy
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Malaysia
* Morocco
* Nepal
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Romania
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Zimbabwe

|  1991–1995:
USC
SNA
Al-Itihaad|  1991–1995:
Somaliland
1995–2006:

* Interim Government
* TNG
* ARPCT
* USC
* JVA
* RRA
* Galmudug
* Jubaland
* Puntland

* * *

UNPOS|  1995–2006:

* SRRC
* SNA
* SPM-Harti

* * *

Islamic Courts Union|  1995–2006:
Somaliland
2006–2009:
Invasion:

* Ethiopia
* TFG
* United States[18]
Supported by:
Kenya[19]

* * *

* Insurgency:
* Ethiopia
* TFG
* Puntland
* Galmudug
* Supported by:
* Malawi[20]
* United States

IGASOM[21]

* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Sudan
* Uganda

AMISOM[22]

* Burundi
* Djibouti
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Sierra Leone
* Uganda

* Allied armed groups:
* ARPCT
* ASWJ

* * *

UNPOS|  2006–2009:
Invasion:

* Islamic Courts Union
* Supported by:
* Eritrea
* ONLF[23][24]

* * *

* Insurgency:
* Al-Shabaab
* ICU loyalists
* Hizbul Islam
* Ras Kamboni Brigades
* Jabhatul Islamiya
* Muaskar Anole
* ARS

|  2006–2009:
Somaliland
2009–present:

* Somalia
* Somali Armed Forces[22]

Regional forces

* Ma'awisley[25]
* Galmudug
* Galmudug Security Force
* Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a (until 2018)[26]
* Himan and Heeb (until 2015)
* Hirshabelle
* Khatumo
* Southwestern Somalia

United States[22][27][28]

* U.S. Army
* U.S. Marine Corps
* U.S. Air Force
* U.S. Navy
* CIA
* AFRICOM

China[29][30]

* People's Armed Police

AUSSOM (2025–present)[22]

* Burundi (under discussion)
* Djibouti
* Egypt (under discussion)
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Uganda

ATMIS (2022–2024)[22]

* Burundi
* Djibouti
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Uganda

AMISOM (2007–2022)[22]

* Burundi
* Djibouti
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Sierra Leone
* Uganda

Allies

* France[31]
* Italy[32]
* Russia[33][34]
* Turkey[22][35]
* United Arab Emirates[36]
* United Kingdom[37]

Non-combat support:

* European Union[38]
* EUTM Somalia

* * *

UNPOS (1995–2013)

UNSOM (2013–2024)

* Brazil
* Finland
* Germany
* Ghana
* India
* Indonesia
* Nepal
* Sierra Leone
* Sweden
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Uganda
* United Kingdom
* Zimbabwe

UNTMIS (2025–present)
UNSOA (2009–2016)
UNSOS (2016–present)

* * *

Independent regional forces

Puntland

* Puntland Security Force
* Puntland Dervish Force
* Puntland Maritime Police Force

Jubaland

* Jubaland Dervish Force
* Raskamboni Movement

|  2009–present:

* Al-Qaeda and allies
* Al-Shabaab
* AQAP
* AQIM

Hizbul Islam (until 2010; 2012–2013)

Alleged state allies:
Eritrea[39]

* Iran[40]
* Quds Force[41]
* Qatar[42]

Alleged non-state allies:
Houthis[43][44]
Somali pirates[45]

* * *

* Islamic State (since 2015)[46][47]
* Somalia Wilayah

Allies
IS-YP[48]
Somali pirates[45]|  2009–present:

* Somaliland
* Somaliland Armed Forces
* SSB[49][50]

Alleged support:

* Ethiopia[51]
* UAE[52]
* United Kingdom
* Yemen
* European Union

Commanders and leaders
1980s–1991:
Siad Barre
Mohammad Samatar
Omar Haji Mohamed
Hussein Abdirahman
1991–1995:
Kurt Waldheim
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1995–2006:
Hussein Farrah Aidid
General Aidid
General Morgan
Botan Ise Alin
Mohamed Qanyare Afrah
Musa Sudi Yalahow
Nuur Daqle
Abdi Hasan Awale
Omar Finnish
2006–2009:
Girma Wolde-Giorgis
Meles Zenawi
Gabre Heard
Samora Yunis
Kuma Demeksa
Siraj Fegessa
Adde Musa
Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
Ali Gedi
Barre Hiiraale
Francisco Madeira
Simon Mulongo
Tigabu Yilma
Augustine Kailie
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Rumsfeld
Robert Gates
2009–present:
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Farmaajo
Mohamed Roble
Hassan Amardambe
Odowaa Rageh
Firdhiye
Ahmed Abdi Karie
Ali Abdullahi Hussein
Diomede Ndegeya[61]
Mohamed Ali Hassan
Abdiaziz Laftagareen
Francisco Madeira
Simon Mulongo
Tigabu Yilma
Augustine Kailie
Mohamed El-Amine Souef
Sam Okiding
Hillary Sao Kanu
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Joe Biden
Robert Gates
Leon Panetta
Chuck Hagel
Ash Carter
Jim Mattis
Mark Esper
Lloyd Austin
Pete Hegseth

* * *

Said Deni
Ahmed Madobe|  1980s–1991:
General Aidid
Mohamed Abshir Muse
Ahmed Omar Jess
Shukri Weyrah Kaariye
Gedi Ugas Madhar
Gabyow
General Morgan
1991–1995:
Ali Mahdi Muhammad
General Aidid
Hassan al-Turki
Hassan Dahir Aweys
1995–2006:
Abdullahi Yusuf
Abdiqasim Salad
Shatigadud
Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
2006–2009:
Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
Hassan Aweys
Ibrahim Addow
Abdirahman Janaqow
Abdilqadir Ali Omar
Hassan al-Turki
Aden Ayrow
Mukhtar Robow
Ahmed Abdi Godane
Mohamed Ibrahim Hayle
Mukhtar Abu Ali Aisha
Mohamed Mire
2009–present:
Ahmad Diriye
Mahad Karate[62][63]
Fuad Qalaf
Sheikh Ali Dheere
Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir
Jehad Mostafa
Hassan Afgooye[64]
Abu Musa Mombasa
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi

* * *

Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abdul Qadir Mumin|  1980s–1991:
Ahmed Jimaleh
Sheikh Yusuf Ali Sheikh Madar
Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur
1991–1995:
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
Hassan Ali Abokor
Osman Dacas
Hassan Yonis Habane
1995–2006:
Nuh Ismail Tani
2006–2009:
Dahir Riyale Kahin
2009–present:
Abdirahman Irro
Muse Bihi Abdi
Nuh Ismail Tani
Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi
Ahmed Silanyo
Ismail Mohamed Osman
Units involved

* Somali Armed Forces
* Somali National Army[65]
* Danab Brigade[66]
* Galmudug forces
* Hirshabelle forces[67]
* Ma'awisley[68]
* Southwest State forces
* SAF[69][70]
* CAS[71]
* SPF
* NISA
* UAE Armed Forces
* UAE Air Force[72]
* US Armed Forces
* US Army
* US Marines
* US Air Force
* US Navy
* CIA
* AFRICOM[73][74]
* China
* People's Armed Police
* AUSSOM
* Ethiopian Armed Forces
* Ethiopian Army[75]
* ETAF[76][77]
* Kenya Defence Forces
* Kenya Army[78]
* KAF[79]
* Ugandan Armed Forces[80]
* Uganda Air Force[81]
* Djibouti Armed Forces
* Djiboutian Army[82]
* Egyptian Armed Forces
* Egyptian Army[83][84][85]

* * *

* Puntland forces
* Security Force
* Dervish Force
* Maritime Police Force
* Jubaland forces
* Dervish Force
* Raskamboni Movement

* Al Qaeda
* Al-Shabaab

* * *

* Islamic State
* Somalia Wilayah

* Somaliland Armed Forces
* Somaliland National Army
* SSB
* Somaliland Police Force
* Somaliland Custodial Corps
* Somaliland Fire Brigade

Strength

* approx. 15,000 (2020;[86] possibly over 30,000 as of 2022)[87]
* 8,000–10,000 Ma'awisley (2023)[25]

* ~11,900 personnel[88]

* 2,500[89]
* 1,410[90]
* 4,500[91]
* 1,520[92]
* 1,091[93]

2,000 (2013)[94]
1,000 (2010)[95]
~350 (2023)[96]

* * *

~15,800 [citation needed]|

* 7,000–12,000 (2022)[97]
* 1,200 foreign mujahideen (2011)[98]

* * *

300–500 (mid-2024)[99]|  6,000–8,000 soldiers[100]
1,000–2,000 officers[100]
6,000 (2025)[101]
Casualties and losses
Casualties:
350,000–1,000,000+ killed (1991–2022)[b]
50,000–200,000 killed in Isaaq genocide (1987–1989)
200,000–300,000 indirect deaths (1992)
Displaced:
2,000,000–3,800,000 displaced[108][109]

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Somali Civil War

* v
* t
* e

Somali Rebellion

* Somaliland War of Independence
* Isaaq genocide
* Mogadishu riots of July 1989
* Eastern Exit

* v
* t
* e

Somaliland War of Independence

* Afraad Rebellion
* Mandera Prison
* Burco-Duuray
* Mountains
* Hargeisa-Burao
* Destruction
* Burao
* Cadaadley
* Hargeisa
* Dilla
* Zeila

* * *

* Declaration of Independence
* Isaaq genocide

* v
* t
* e

United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992–1995)

* UNOSOM I
* Provide Relief
* UNITAF / Restore Hope
* Deliverance
* Somalia affair
* UNOSOM II
* Pakistani Peacekeepers
* UN killings of protestors
* Abdi House raid
* Checkpoint Pasta
* Gothic Serpent
* Black Hawk Down
* United Shield

Consolidation Period (1995-2006)

* v
* t
* e

Rise of the Islamic Courts Union

* Mogadishu
* Baidoa

* v
* t
* e

War in Somalia (2006–2009)

Timeline

* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009

* * *

Battles

* 1st Baidoa
* Bandiradley
* 1st Beledweyne
* Jowhar
* Mogadishu (fall)
* Jilib
* 1st Kismayo
* Ras Kamboni
* 1st Mogadishu
* Bargal
* 2nd Mogadishu
* 3rd Mogadishu
* Al-Hidayah Mosque
* 2nd Beledweyne
* 2nd Baidoa
* 2nd Kismayo

* v
* t
* e

Somali Civil War
(2009–present)

Timeline

* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

* * *

Operations and battles

* 2009
* S Mogadishu
* Mogadishu
* C Somalia
* Wabho
* Kismayo
* 2010
* Beledweyne
* Ayn
* Kenyan border
* Mogadishu
* 2011
* Lower Juba
* Gedo
* Elwaq
* Linda Nchi
* Deynile
* Beledweyne
* 2012
* Yurkud
* Kismayo
* 2013
* Bulo Marer
* 2014
* Operation Indian Ocean
* Galgala
* 2015
* Baure
* Leego
* Janale
* 2016
* El Adde
* Qandala
* 2017
* Kulbiyow
* Barii
* Af Urur
* Golweyn
* November 2017
* 2018
* Bulo Marer
* Gandarshe
* 2020
* Camp Simba
* Shabeelow
* 2021
* Awdheegle and Bariire
* Mogadishu
* Wisil
* Golweyn
* Amara
* Galmudug
* 2022
* Ethiopia
* Bal'ad
* Runirgod
* 2023
* Hilowle Gaab
* Hawadley
* Bulo Marer
* Osweyne
* 2024
* Dhanaane Busley base
* El Dher
* Ras Kamboni
* 2025
* Middle Shabelle
* Bal'ad

* * *

Major attacks

* 2009
* AU base
* Beledweyne
* Hotel Shamo
* 2010
* Mogadishu
* Kampala
* Muna Hotel
* 2011
* Mogadishu
* 2013
* Mogadishu UN
* Mogadishu embassy
* Westgate
* Beledweyne
* 2014
* Villa Somalia
* Hotel Amalo
* 2015
* Central Hotel
* Makka al-Mukarama
* Garissa
* Ministry of Education
* Garowe
* Jazeera Palace Hotel
* Sahafi Hotel
* 2016
* Mogadishu (Jan)
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* Mogadishu (Feb)
* Baidoa
* Mogadishu (Jun)
* Awdiinle
* Galkayo
* Mogadishu (Aug)
* Mogadishu (Nov)
* Mogadishu (Dec)
* 2017
* Mogadishu (2 Jan)
* Dayah Hotel
* Mogadishu (Feb)
* Mogadishu (14 Oct)
* Mogadishu (28 Oct)
* 2018
* Mogadishu (Feb)
* Mogadishu (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Jul)
* Baidoa
* Mogadishu (2 Sep)
* Sahafi Hotel
* Mogadishu (Dec)
* 2019
* Nairobi DusitD2
* Nairobi Latema Rd
* Mogadishu (4 Feb)
* Mogadishu (28 Feb)
* Kismayo
* Mogadishu (22 Jul)
* Mogadishu (24 Jul)
* Kenya bus
* Mogadishu (Dec)
* 2020
* Afgooye
* Baidoa Eid
* Mogadishu (8 Aug)
* Mogadishu (16 Aug)
* Galkayo
* 2021
* Bal'ad and Dinsoor
* Mogadishu (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Jun)
* Mogadishu (Nov)
* 2022
* Mandera
* Beledweyne (Feb)
* Beledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Apr)
* Mogadishu (Aug)
* Beledweyne (Sep)
* Beledweyne (Oct)
* Kismayo
* Mogadishu (Oct)
* Mogadishu (Nov)
* 2023
* Mahas
* Buloburde and Jalalaqsi
* Mogadishu (Jun)
* Mogadishu (Jul)
* Beledweyne
* Osweyne (Aug)
* Mogadishu (Sep)
* 2024
* Mogadishu market (Mar)
* Mogadishu hotel (Mar)
* Dhanaane Busley base (Mar)
* Lido Beach (Aug)
* Mogadishu tea shop (Aug)
* 2025
* Beledweyne hotel (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Mar)
* Garissa (Mar)
* Mogadishu (May)
* Mogadishu (July)

* v
* t
* e

Somali Civil War
(2009–present)

Timeline

* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

* * *

Operations and battles

* 2009
* S Mogadishu
* Mogadishu
* C Somalia
* Wabho
* Kismayo
* 2010
* Beledweyne
* Ayn
* Kenyan border
* Mogadishu
* 2011
* Lower Juba
* Gedo
* Elwaq
* Linda Nchi
* Deynile
* Beledweyne
* 2012
* Yurkud
* Kismayo
* 2013
* Bulo Marer
* 2014
* Operation Indian Ocean
* Galgala
* 2015
* Baure
* Leego
* Janale
* 2016
* El Adde
* Qandala
* 2017
* Kulbiyow
* Barii
* Af Urur
* Golweyn
* November 2017
* 2018
* Bulo Marer
* Gandarshe
* 2020
* Camp Simba
* Shabeelow
* 2021
* Awdheegle and Bariire
* Mogadishu
* Wisil
* Golweyn
* Amara
* Galmudug
* 2022
* Ethiopia
* Bal'ad
* Runirgod
* 2023
* Hilowle Gaab
* Hawadley
* Bulo Marer
* Osweyne
* 2024
* Dhanaane Busley base
* El Dher
* Ras Kamboni
* 2025
* Middle Shabelle
* Bal'ad

* * *

Major attacks

* 2009
* AU base
* Beledweyne
* Hotel Shamo
* 2010
* Mogadishu
* Kampala
* Muna Hotel
* 2011
* Mogadishu
* 2013
* Mogadishu UN
* Mogadishu embassy
* Westgate
* Beledweyne
* 2014
* Villa Somalia
* Hotel Amalo
* 2015
* Central Hotel
* Makka al-Mukarama
* Garissa
* Ministry of Education
* Garowe
* Jazeera Palace Hotel
* Sahafi Hotel
* 2016
* Mogadishu (Jan)
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* Mogadishu (Feb)
* Baidoa
* Mogadishu (Jun)
* Awdiinle
* Galkayo
* Mogadishu (Aug)
* Mogadishu (Nov)
* Mogadishu (Dec)
* 2017
* Mogadishu (2 Jan)
* Dayah Hotel
* Mogadishu (Feb)
* Mogadishu (14 Oct)
* Mogadishu (28 Oct)
* 2018
* Mogadishu (Feb)
* Mogadishu (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Jul)
* Baidoa
* Mogadishu (2 Sep)
* Sahafi Hotel
* Mogadishu (Dec)
* 2019
* Nairobi DusitD2
* Nairobi Latema Rd
* Mogadishu (4 Feb)
* Mogadishu (28 Feb)
* Kismayo
* Mogadishu (22 Jul)
* Mogadishu (24 Jul)
* Kenya bus
* Mogadishu (Dec)
* 2020
* Afgooye
* Baidoa Eid
* Mogadishu (8 Aug)
* Mogadishu (16 Aug)
* Galkayo
* 2021
* Bal'ad and Dinsoor
* Mogadishu (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Jun)
* Mogadishu (Nov)
* 2022
* Mandera
* Beledweyne (Feb)
* Beledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Apr)
* Mogadishu (Aug)
* Beledweyne (Sep)
* Beledweyne (Oct)
* Kismayo
* Mogadishu (Oct)
* Mogadishu (Nov)
* 2023
* Mahas
* Buloburde and Jalalaqsi
* Mogadishu (Jun)
* Mogadishu (Jul)
* Beledweyne
* Osweyne (Aug)
* Mogadishu (Sep)
* 2024
* Mogadishu market (Mar)
* Mogadishu hotel (Mar)
* Dhanaane Busley base (Mar)
* Lido Beach (Aug)
* Mogadishu tea shop (Aug)
* 2025
* Beledweyne hotel (Mar)
* Mogadishu (Mar)
* Garissa (Mar)
* Mogadishu (May)
* Mogadishu (July)

* v
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* e

Post-1960 conflicts
in the Horn of Africa

* Eritrean War of Independence
* Eritrean civil wars
* 1961 revolt in Somalia
* Bale revolt
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* 1963 Ogaden Rebellion
* 1964
* Ogaden
* 1982
* Oromo conflict
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Somali Civil War
* Rebellion
* Puntland–Somaliland
* 2006–09
* 2009–present
* Somaliland War of Independence
* Djiboutian Civil War
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Second Afar insurgency
* Eritrean–Ethiopian War
* OEF – Horn of Africa
* Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* Oromia
* Benishangul-Gumuz
* Tigray
* Amhara

Part of a series on the

History of Somalia

Prehistory

* Buur Heybe (126,000-9,700 BC)
* Laas Geel (10,000 BC)
* Land of Punt (2,500–1,500 BCE)

Ancient

* Macrobians
* Ancient Somali City-States (c. 1st century)
* Azania city-states

(c. 1st century)

Middle Ages

* Sultanate of Ifat (940–1415)
* Adal Sultanate (1415–1577)
* Ajuran Sultanate (13th–17th c.)
* Sultanate of Mogadishu (13th–16th c.)

Early modern

* Sultanate of the Geledi (17th–1911)
* Isaaq Sultanate (1750–1884)
* Habr Yunis Sultanate (1769–1907)
* Hiraab Imamate (17th–1890)
* Ottoman Zeila (1559–1874)
* Khedivate's Somali Coast (1874–1884)
* Majeerteen Sultanate (18th–1924)
* Sultanate of Hobyo (1876–1926)

Colonial period
(1884-1960)

* Italian Somaliland (1889–1941)
* British Somaliland (1888–1960)
* Dervish State (1895–1920)
* Trust Territory (1941–1960)

Modern Somalia
(since 1960)

* Somali Republic (1960-1969)
* Mohamed Siad Barre regime (1969–1991)
* Somaliland independence (1981–1991)
* Interim Government (1991–1997)
* Transitional National Government (2000–2004)
* Transitional Federal Government (2004–2012)
* Federal Government (2012–)

Somalia portal

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* t
* e

The Somali Civil War (Somali: Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; Arabic: الحرب الأهلية الصومالية al-ḥarb al-’ahliyya aṣ-ṣūmāliyya) is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups,[110] including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast,[111] the Somali National Movement in the Somaliland War of Independence in the northwest,[110] and the United Somali Congress in the south.[112] The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the Barre government in 1991.[113]

Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum and turmoil that followed, particularly in the south.[114] In 1990–92, customary law temporarily collapsed,[115] and factional fighting proliferated. In the absence of a central government, Somalia became a "failed state".[116] This precipitated the arrival of UNOSOM I UN military observers in July 1992, followed by the larger UNITAF and UNOSOM II missions. Following an armed conflict between Somali insurgents and UNOSOM II troops during 1993, the UN withdrew from Somalia in 1995.[114] After the central government's collapse and the withdrawal of UN forces, there was some return to customary and religious law in most regions.[117][118] In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country: Somaliland and Puntland.[114] In the south Islamic Sharia courts began proliferating in response to lawlessness.[119] This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for 1997 and 1998.[120]

In 2000, the Transitional National Government was established, followed by the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. The trend toward reduced conflict halted in 2005, and sustained and destructive conflict took place in the south in 2005–07,[121] but the battle was of a much lower scale and intensity than in the early 1990s.[120] In 2006, Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia to depose the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and install the TFG. The ICU effectively disintegrated, and soon after a large scale insurgency began against the occupation as other Islamist groups formed and established themselves as independent actors. Most notably Al-Shabaab rose to prominence in this period,[122] and has since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated AMISOM peacekeeping force for control of the country. Somalia topped the annual Fragile States Index for six years from 2008 up to and including 2013.[123]

In October 2011, following preparatory meetings, Kenyan troops entered southern Somalia ("Operation Linda Nchi") to fight al-Shabaab[124] and establish a buffer zone inside Somalia.[125] Kenyan troops were formally integrated into the multinational force in February 2012.[126] The Federal Government of Somalia was established in August 2012, constituting the country's first permanent central government since the start of the civil war.[127] In 2023, the Las Anod conflict broke out in the northern part of Somalia between SSC-Khatumo and the Somaliland Army.[128] International stakeholders and analysts subsequently began to describe Somalia as a "fragile state" that is making some progress toward stability.[129][130][131][132]

## Decline and Fall of Siad Barre's government (1978–91)

[edit]

Main articles: Somali Rebellion, Isaaq genocide, and Somaliland War of Independence

Major General Siad Barre, Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council and President of Somalia

After Somalia lost the Ogaden War in March 1978, the president's popularity with Somalis plummeted and widespread discontent among his generals led to an attempted coup d'état on 10 April 1978.

Most of the coup's ringleaders were rounded up and executed but some escaped and formed the Somali Salvation Democratic Front, starting the rebellion that eventually toppled Siad Barre from power 13 years later.

In May 1986, Barre suffered serious injuries in a car crash near Mogadishu, when the car transporting him smashed into the back of a bus during a heavy rainstorm.[133] He was treated in a hospital in Saudi Arabia for head injuries, broken ribs and shock for a month.[134][135] Lieutenant General Mohamed Ali Samatar, then Vice President, served as de facto head of state for the next several months. Although Barre managed to recover enough to present himself for reelection to a seven-year term on December 23, 1986, his poor health and advanced age led to speculation about who would succeed him. Possible contenders included his son-in-law General Ahmed Suleiman Abdille, then the Minister of the Interior, in addition to Samatar.[133][134]

In an effort to hold on to power, Barre's ruling Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) became increasingly totalitarian and arbitrary. This caused opposition to his government to grow. Barre tried to quell the unrest by abandoning appeals to nationalism, relying more and more on his own inner circle, and exploiting historical clan animosities. By the mid-1980s, more resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as supporting the guerrillas, especially in the north. The clampdown included the bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative center of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988.[136]

In December 1981, unrest was triggered in Northern Somalia by the arrest of 30 Isaaq professionals in Hargeisa who created a self-help group to improve local facilities.[137] This was followed by the systematic efforts to remove all Isaaqs from positions of power including the military, judiciary and security services, as well as harsh policies enacted against the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the Isaaq.[138] The transfer of power to non-Isaaq pro-government individuals further pushed Isaaq communities to rebel against Barre's regime and was one of the main causes of the breakout of the Somaliland War of Independence.[137][139]

A destroyed M47 Patton in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the Somaliland War of Independence

In 1988, Siad Barre and Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam agreed to a secret deal whereby each would cease hosting insurgencies of one another.[140] This prompted the Somali National Movement (SNM) to launch an offensive on Northern Somalia from its bases on the Ethiopian border.[141] Barre's regime responded with "systematic" human rights abuses and the genocide of thousands of Isaaq tribesmen resulting in up to 200,000 civilians slaughtered and 500,000 more people seeking refuge in neighbouring Ethiopia.[141][142]

The clampdown initiated by Barre's government extended its reach beyond the initial bombings in the north to encompass various regions across the country. This reproduction of aggressive strategies aimed at stifling dissent and retaining authority over the populace was a hallmark of the government's repressive actions in the South. One of the most notable instances occurred in 1991, when Barre's regime initiated a ruthless aerial assault that led to the deaths of numerous innocent individuals in the town of Beledwene, situated in southern Somalia.[143] The cruelty and magnitude of this atrocity highlighted the degree to which the government was prepared to go to quash any sort of opposition or resistance, displaying a blatant disregard for human rights and the worth of human life.[144]

Another notable instance of Barre's repressive policies occurred in the city of Baidoa, which earned the nickname 'the city of death' due to the tragic events that unfolded there during the famine and civil war. It is worth noting that hundreds of thousands of individuals lost their lives as a consequence of governmental strategies specifically aimed at the Rahanweyn community residing in these areas.[145]

In response to these humanitarian abuses, Western aid donors cut funding to the Somali regime which, at the time, was heavily reliant on foreign aid.[141] This resulted in a rapid "retreat of the state", accompanied by a severe drop in value for the Somali Shilling and mass military desertion by Somali army units.[141]

In 1990, as fighting intensified, Somalia's first President, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, and about 100 other Somali politicians signed a manifesto advocating reconciliation.[146] A number of the signatories were subsequently arrested.[147] Barre's heavy-handed tactics further strengthened the appeal of the various rebel movements, although these groups' only common goal was the overthrow of his government.[136]

In the north, fighting continued between SNM rebels and heavily armed pro-government militia in places like Awdal.[148] In January 1991, in one of the final episodes of the civil war in the north, SNM militia gave chase to retreating government forces (26th Division) to the town of Dilla, where a battle took place and the town was destroyed.[149] SNM militia then continued into Borama, the capital and largest town of Awdal, but the SNM leadership withdrew units within 24 hours to allow discussions to take place without the threat of occupation.[150] By February 4, SNM's control extended to the entire north of Somalia, and all prisoners and pro-government ex-soldiers were released and ordered to return to their regions of origin (mainly Ethiopia), except for Hawiye ex-soldiers and ex-civil servants, who were permitted to remain in Burco since their lives would have been at risk if they had traveled through hostile pro-Barre country on their return to Mogadishu.[151] On February 9, Ismail Omar Guelleh, then chief of staff of Djibouti's secret service, attempted to annex Zeyla in Awdal, Somaliland to Djibouti in the 1991 Zeila incursion during the Somaliland War of Independence, however the Djiboutian-backed United Somali Front was shortly routed from the area by Somali National Movement (SNM) forces.[152]

## United Somali Congress topples Barre

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Three knocked-out Somali National Army (SNA) M47 Patton medium tanks left abandoned near a warehouse, photographed by U.S. forces in December 1993

By mid-1990, United Somali Congress (USC) rebels had captured most towns and villages surrounding Mogadishu, which prompted some to give Barre the ironic title 'Mayor of Mogadishu.'[153] In December the USC entered Mogadishu. Four weeks of battle between Barre's remaining troops and the USC ensued, during which the USC brought more forces into the city. By January 1991, USC rebels defeated the Red Berets, Barre's special forces, toppling Barre's hold on the government.[136] The remainder of the government's forces then finally collapsed. Some became irregular regional forces and clan militias.[154] After the USC's victory over Barre's troops, the other rebel groups declined to cooperate with it, as each instead drew primary support from its own constituency.[136] Among these other opposition movements were the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) and Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), a Gadabuursi group which had been formed in the northwest to counter the Somali National Movement Isaaq militia.[155] For its part, the SNM initially refused to accept the legitimacy of the provisional government that the USC had established,[136] but in March 1991 the SNM's former leader Ahmed Mohamed Silanyo proposed a power-sharing framework between the SNM and USC under a new transitional government.[156]

Many of the opposition groups subsequently began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the ousting of Barre's government. In the south, armed factions led by USC commanders General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital.[157]

In the northwest, at the Burao conference of April–May 1991, the SNM declared an independent Republic of Somaliland in the region that had constituted the British Somaliland before independence and unification with the former colony of Italian Somaliland in 1960[158] electing Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur as president.[159]

Violence flared up in Mogadishu on 17 November 1991, when the Aidid-aligned faction of the USC attacked Mahdi-aligned forces in the city. They seized part of the city, but could not push Mahdi's forces out of northern Mogadishu.[160] In 1992, after four months of heavy fighting for control of Mogadishu, a ceasefire was agreed between Ali Mahdi Mohamed and Mohamed Farah Aideed. Neither had seized control of the capital, and as a result, a 'greenline' was established between east and west that divided their areas of control.[161]

## United Nations intervention (1992–1995)

[edit]

Main articles: UNITAF, UNOSOM II, and Battle of Mogadishu (1993)

UN Security Council Resolution 733 and UN Security Council Resolution 746 led to the creation of the United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I), to provide humanitarian relief and help restore order in Somalia after the dissolution of its central government. The political state was described by the UN’s summary as being chaos with a deteriorating security system and widespread death and destruction.[162]

An American soldier at the main entrance to the Port of Mogadishu points to identify a sniper's possible firing position (January 1994).

United Nations Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed on December 3, 1992, which approved a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States. Forming the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), the alliance was tasked with assuring security until humanitarian efforts aimed at stabilizing the situation were transferred to the UN. Landing in 1993, the UN peacekeeping coalition started the two-year United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) primarily in the south.[163] UNITAF's original mandate was to use "all necessary means" to guarantee the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.[164] Whereas the aim of UNOSOM 1 was primarily humanitarian UNITAFs mission statement to restore "peace, stability, law and order" suggests their belief of Somalia’s incapacity to secure the safety of the population without assistance from international military.[162]

During negotiations from 1993 to 1995, Somali principals had some success in reconciliation and establishment of public authorities. Among these initiatives was the Mudug peace agreement of June 1993 between Aidid's forces and the SSDF, which established a ceasefire between the Haber Gedir and the Majeerteen clans, opened the trade routes, and formalized the withdrawal of militants from Galkayo; the UNOSOM-mediated Hirab reconciliation of January 1994 in Mogadishu between elders of the rival Abgal and Haber Gedir clans, which was backed by politicians from these constituencies and concluded with a pact to end hostilities, dismantle the green line partitioning the city, and remove road blocks; the UNOSOM-mediated Kismayo initiative of 1994 between the SNA, SPM, SSDF, and representatives of nineteen clans from the southern Lower Juba and Middle Juba regions;[165] the 1994 Bardhere conference between the Marehan and Rahanweyn (Digil and Mirifle), which resolved conflicts over local resources; and the short-lived Digil-Mirifle Governing Council for the southern Bay and Bakool regions, which was established in March 1995.[158]

Some of the militias that were then competing for power saw UNOSOM's presence as a threat to their hegemony. Consequently, gun battles took place in Mogadishu between local gunmen and peacekeepers. Among these was the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993, part of an unsuccessful operation by U.S. troops to apprehend Somali National Alliance faction leader Mohamed Farah Aidid. UN soldiers eventually withdrew altogether from the country on March 3, 1995, having incurred more significant casualties.[166] The UN stated that their withdrawal without completing their mandate was due to a lack of progress towards peace and little cooperation with Somali parties over security issues which were continually undermined. They received significant backlash after this withdrawal prompting them to state they were not abandoning Somalia however provided little international military support until the formation of the more local military operation AMISOM in 2007.[167]

## USC/SSA (1995–2000)

[edit]

After UNOSOM II's departure in March 1995, military clashes between local factions became shorter, generally less intense, and more localized. This was in part due to the large-scale UN military intervention that had helped to curb the intense fighting between the major factions, who then began to focus on consolidating gains that they had made. The local peace and reconciliation initiatives that had been undertaken in the south-central part of the country between 1993 and 1995 also generally had a positive impact.[158]

Aidid subsequently declared himself President of Somalia on June 15, 1995.[168] However, his declaration received no recognition, as his rival Ali Mahdi Muhammad had already been elected interim President at a conference in Djibouti and recognized as such by the international community.[169]

Consequently, Aidid's faction continued its quest for hegemony in the south. In September 1995, militia forces loyal to him attacked and occupied the city of Baidoa.[170] Aidid's forces remained in control of Baidoa from September 1995 to at least January 1996, while the local Rahanweyn Resistance Army militia continued to engage his forces in the town's environs.[171]

Fighting continued in the later half of 1995 in southern Kismayo and the Juba Valley, as well as southwestern and central Somalia. However, despite these pockets of conflict, the Gedo and Middle Shabelle regions, and northwestern parts of the country remained relatively peaceful. A number of the regional and district administrations that had been locally established in the preceding few years continued to operate in these areas.[171] In 1994-95, factions contending for power in the newly-declared-independent Somaliland region included the United Somalia Front, the Somalia Democratic Front, the Somali National Movement, and the United Somali Party.[172]

Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud, leader of the Rahanweyn Resistance Army

In March 1996, Ali Mahdi was elected chairman of the United Somali Congress/Somali Salvation Alliance (USC/SSA), based in northern Mogadishu. In the southern part of city, Aidid's forces battled those of Osman Atto for control of the port of Merca as well as strategic areas in Mogadishu. Fighting in Merca eventually ended after elders intervened, but continued in Mogadishu. In August 1996, Aidid died from wounds incurred during combat in the Medina area.[173]

In 1998, a homegrown constitutional conference was held in the northeastern town of Garowe over a period of three months. It was attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives. The Puntland State of Somalia was subsequently established.[174]

In 1999, Eritrea was alleged to be supporting Somali National Alliance forces led by the late Aidid's son Hussein Farrah Aidid. Aidid Jr. denied the claims, saying that the Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi had requested that he mediate between Ethiopia and Eritrea in their separate conflict.[175] However the International Institute for Strategic Studies separately reported that Hussein Aideed himself had acknowledged support from both Eritrea and Uganda.[176] Aideed's forces occupied Huddur and Baidoa. However, they were driven out by the Rahanweyn Resistance Army in June 1999. By the end of the year, the Rahanweyn Resistance Army had taken control of the Bay and Bakool provinces. The RRA's leader Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud subsequently established the Southwestern State of Somalia regional administration.[177]

In 2000, Ali Mahdi participated in another conference in Djibouti. He lost a re-election bid there to Barre's former Interior Minister Abdiqasim Salad Hassan.[178]

## TFG, Islamic Courts Union, and Ethiopia (2006–2009)

[edit]

Main article: War in Somalia (2006–2009)

Further information: Advance of the Islamic Courts Union, Transitional Federal Government, ARPCT, and Islamic Courts Union

Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, one of the founders of the Transitional Federal Government, established in 2004

In 2000, the Transitional National Government (TNG) was established.[113] The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was formed in Nairobi in 2004. Selection of members of parliament was underway by June, over two hundred members of parliament (MPs) took the oath of office in August, and Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed was elected president by the parliament in October 2004.[179] However, in March 2005 the TFG split after a brawl in parliament over deployment of peacekeepers and relocation to an interim capital. The parliamentary speaker led some members to Mogadishu while the president and others remained in Nairobi. In June 2005, under pressure from Kenya, the remainder of the TFG left Nairobi for Jowhar.[180] In February 2006, the TFG parliament met in Baidoa for the first time since March 2005. (Interpeace, 104)

A battle for Mogadishu followed in the first half of 2006 in which the ARPCT, a coalition of U.S.-backed militia leaders, confronted the ascendant Islamic Courts Union (ICU). However, the ICU won a decisive victory in June of that year.[181] It then rapidly expanded and consolidated its power throughout southern Somalia. By August 2006, the TFG was confined to Baidoa under Ethiopian protection. (Interpeace, 104)

In December 2006, Ethiopian troops entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing Islamic Courts Union,[113] initially winning the Battle of Baidoa. With their support, Somali government forces recaptured the capital from the ICU.[182] The offensive helped the TFG solidify its rule.[181] On January 8, 2007, as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged, TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office. But as Meckhaus writes, the TFG was seen "by most of the Mogadishu population as a puppet of Ethiopia, and uncontrolled TFG security forces became the principal sources of insecurity for the local population, engaging in kidnapping, assaults, and worse."[183] Within weeks, an armed insurgency subsequently arose in the capital against the TFG and its Ethiopian allies. The government then relocated to the capital from its interim location in Baidoa.[182]

The arms embargo on Somalia was amended in February 2007 to allow states to supply weapons to the TFG's security forces, provided that they received prior approval from the UN's Somalia Sanctions Committee. After long discussions, the African Union approved the initial deployment of the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) in March 2007. It established a "small triangle of protection" around Mogadishu's airport, seaport, and the Villa Somalia, and began to adopt a low-key negotiating profile with key actors.[184] In November 2008, following repeated violations of the weapons blockade, the Security Council decided that an arms embargo could be imposed on entities involved in such breaches.[185] After a two-year consultation process, the TFG was formed in 2004 by Somali politicians in Nairobi under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). The process also led to the establishment of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs), and concluded in October 2004 with the election of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as president.[186] The TFG thereafter became Somalia's internationally recognized government.[185]

Political situation in Somalia following the Ethiopian military withdrawal, February 3, 2009

Following their defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia.[187] Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. On May 1, 2008, the U.S. made an airstrike on Dhusamareb, and followed on 3 May with another airstrike on the border town of Dobley. According to the International Crisis Group, Ethiopia's leaders were surprised by the insurgency's persistence and strength and frustrated at the TFG's chronic internal problems.[188] By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had forced the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an understaffed African Union peacekeeping force.[189]

Due to a lack of funding and human resources, an arms embargo that made it difficult to re-establish a national security force, and general indifference on the part of the international community,[citation needed] President Yusuf found himself obliged to deploy thousands of troops from Puntland to Mogadishu to sustain the battle against insurgent elements in the southern part of the country. Financial support for this effort was provided by the autonomous region's government. This left little revenue for Puntland's own security forces and civil service employees, leaving the territory vulnerable to piracy and terrorist attacks.[190][191]

On December 29, 2008, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed announced before a united parliament in Baidoa his resignation as President of Somalia. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had mandated to do.[192] He also blamed the international community for its failure to support the government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per the charter of the Transitional Federal Government.[193]

The battle flag of Al-Shabaab, an Islamist group waging war against the federal government

## Coalition government (2009)

[edit]

See also: Al-Shabaab (militant group), Hizbul Islam, Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, and Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia

Between May 31 and June 9, 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Somalia. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, the former ARS chairman, to office. President Sharif shortly afterwards appointed Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, the son of slain former President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, as the nation's new Prime Minister.[113]

With the help of AMISOM, the coalition government also began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its rule, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, a moderate Sufi militia.[194] Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam, the two main Islamist groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009.[195]

As a truce, in March 2009, Somalia's coalition government announced that it would re-implement shari'a as the nation's official judicial system.[196] However, conflict continued in the southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the coalition government had gone from holding about 70% of south-central Somalia's conflict zones, territory which it had inherited from the previous Yusuf administration, to losing control of over 80% of the disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.[197]

## Since 2009

[edit]

Main article: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

In November 2010, a new technocratic government was elected to office, which enacted numerous reforms. Among these, in its first 50 days in office, the new administration completed its first monthly payment of stipends to government soldiers.[198] This government subsequently began to push back Al-Shabaab over the following years.

On August 6, 2011, Al-Shabaab was forced to withdraw from most of Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab did still retain a foothold in the northern outskirts of the capital, but by January 2012, the combined efforts of Somali government and AMISOM forces had expelled them from the city completely.[199] An ideological rift within Al-Shabaab's leadership also emerged after the 2011 drought and the assassination of top officials in the organization.[200] With the majority of Mogadishu secure, the Somali Armed Forces and Kenya Defence Forces next launched Operation Linda Nchi, a joint advance against Al-Shabaab, in October 2011.[201][202][203] This operation had reportedly been planned for nearly two years, during which time Kenyan officials sought U.S. support for the mission.[204][205] After the successful conclusion of Operation Linda Nchi in May 2012, Kenyan troops were formally integrated into AMISOM in June.[206] After Operation Linda Nchi, the port city of Kismayo was the last major stronghold that remained in Al-Shabaab's control. A Kenyan-led AMISOM force, backed by the Raskamboni movement, then launched an offensive against Kismayo on September 28, 2012.[207] After a three-day battle, Somali government forces were able to gain control of the city. The month of September 2012 also saw the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia.[208]

In January 2013, AMISOM's mandate was extended for another year following the adoption of UNSC Resolution 2093. The Security Council also unanimously voted to suspend Somalia's arms embargo on light weapons for one year and welcomed the Federal Government's development of a new national security strategy, urging the central authorities to accelerate the plan's implementation, further define the Somali national security forces' composition, and identify capability gaps to assist their international partners in better addressing them.[209] While many urban areas had been seized, Al-Shabaab still controlled many rural areas, where a number of their operatives disappeared into local communities in order to more effectively exploit any mistakes by the central authorities.[210]

In October 2013, the U.S. Africa Command began establishing the Mogadishu Coordinating Cell, which became fully operational in late December.[211] The unit was formed at the request of the Somali government and AMISOM, who had approached U.S. Department of Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel in September about the possibility. It consists of a team of fewer than five advisers, including planners and communicators between the Somali authorities and AMISOM. The cell is intended to provide consultative and planning support to the allied forces to enhance their capacity and promote peace and security throughout the country and region.[212] In November 2013, a senior Ethiopian government official announced that Ethiopia's troops deployed in Somalia would soon join AMISOM, having already forwarded a request to do so. At the time, an estimated 8,000 Ethiopian soldiers were stationed in the country.[213] The Somali Foreign Ministry welcomed the decision, asserting that the move would galvanize AMISOM's campaign against Al-Shabaab.[214]

Following the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2124, which authorized the deployment of 4,000 additional troops to augment AMISOM's 22,126 strong force, Ethiopian troops formally joined the mission in January 2014.[215] They are mandated to work alongside the Somali National Army, with responsibility for the allied forces' operations in the southern Gedo, Bakool and Bay regions. The Ethiopian troops represent AMISOM's sixth contingent after the Djibouti, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Kenya and Uganda units.[216]

In January 2014, at an African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud requested an extension of the UN Security Council's weapons purchasing mandate for Somalia after its March expiration, saying that the Somali defence forces required better military equipment and arms to more effectively combat militants.[217] The following month, the UN Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group reported that systematic abuses by Somali government officials had allowed weapons to be diverted away from Somalia's security forces into the hands of faction leaders and Al-Shabaab militants. The panel had observed various problems with the management of weapons and ammunition stockpiles, including difficulties by monitors in accessing local weapons stockpiles and obtaining information about the arms. The monitors also suggested that one key adviser to the president was involved in planning arms deliveries to Al-Shabaab and that shipments of weapons from Djibouti and Uganda could not be accounted for.[218] Somali Chief of Army Dahir Adan Elmi made a pro forma denial of the allegations.[219] He also said that a UN monitoring team had twice visited the government's weapons and ammunition storage facilities in Mogadishu,[220] where it was shown the arms stockpiles for inspection and had expressed satisfaction.[219] Elmi said that the government had twice purchased weapons since the arms embargo on Somalia was partially lifted.[220] He also asserted that Al-Shabaab already had an adequate supply of weapons and mainly utilized explosive devices and sophisticated bombs.[221]

Political situation in Somalia in July 2017

In February 2014, a delegation led by Prime Minister of Somalia Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed met in Addis Ababa with Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn to discuss strengthening relations between the countries. Ahmed commended Ethiopia's role in the ongoing peace and stabilization process in Somalia as well as its opposition to Al-Shabaab, and welcomed the Ethiopian military's decision to join AMISOM. Desalegn in turn pledged his administration's continued support for Somalia's peace and stabilization efforts, as well as its preparedness to assist in initiatives aiming to build up Somali security forces through experience-sharing and training. The meeting concluded with a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding agreeing to promote partnership and cooperation, including a cooperative agreement to develop the police force.[222]

On 5 March 2014, the UN Security Council unanimously voted to extend the partial easing of the arms embargo on Somalia to 25 October.[223] The resolution permitted the Somali government to purchase light weapons, with the stipulation that all member states must take steps to prevent the direct or indirect supply, transfer or sale of arms and military equipment to individuals or entities outside of the Somali security forces.[223][224] The Somali government was also required to routinely report on the structural status of the military, as well as provide information on the extant infrastructure and protocols designed to ensure the military equipment's safe delivery, storage and maintenance.[224]

In early March 2014, AMISOM, supported by Somali militias, launched another operation to remove Al-Shabaab from its remaining areas of control in southern Somalia.[225] According to Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, the government subsequently launched stabilization efforts in the newly liberated areas, which included Rab Dhuure, Hudur, Wajid and Burdhubo. The Ministry of Defense provided ongoing reassurance and security to local residents, and supplied logistical and security support. Additionally, the Ministry of Interior was prepared to support and put into place programs to assist local administration and security. A Deputy Minister and several religious scholars were dispatched to all four towns to coordinate and supervise the federal government's stabilization initiatives.[226] By March 26, the allied forces had liberated ten towns, including Qoryoley and El Buur.[227][228] UN Special Representative for Somalia Nicholas Kay described the military advance as the most significant and geographically extensive offensive since AU troops began operations in 2007.[229]

In August 2014, the Somali government-led Operation Indian Ocean was launched, aiming to reduce insurgent-held areas along the coastline.[230] On 1 September 2014, a U.S. drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al-Shabaab leader Muktar Abu Zubeyr.[231] U.S. authorities hailed the raid as a major symbolic and operational loss for Al-Shabaab, and the Somali government offered a 45-day amnesty to all moderate members of the militant group.

On 15 December 2018 there were demonstrations in the city of Baidoa by supporters of Mukhtar Rowbow, a presidential candidate who had been arrested two days earlier by government forces and transferred to Mogadishu. Rowbow was a senior member of al-Shabaab.[232] AMISOM announced that its forces did not assist in Rowbow's arrest and his transfer to Mogadishu.[233]

From the beginning of 2020, humanitarian researchers and local medical personnel became increasingly concerned that the COVID-19 pandemic could be catastrophic for Somalis, because of the damage the civil war has wrought on Somalia's health care, and weak provision since the 1980s.[234] On 25 November 2020, it was reported that a CIA officer had been killed in Somalia. The death came as the US administration under Donald Trump was making plans to withdraw more than 600 troops from Somalia.[235]

President Donald Trump ordered the Department of Defense to remove the majority of the 700 U.S. troops in Somalia (many from Special Operations Command Africa) in December 2020. He changed the mission of American troops to assist the Somali Armed Forces in its fight against al-Shabaab.[236]

When President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed's term expired in February 2021, dates had not been set for the election of a successor, and fighting subsequently broke out in Mogadishu. This fighting continued until May 2021, when the government and opposition agreed to hold elections within 60 days;[237] after further negotiation, the presidential election was scheduled for October 10,[238] and was actually held on 15 May 2022,[239] with Hassan Sheikh Mohamud being declared the new president in a peaceful transition of power.[240]

In March 2022, the 14-year long AMISOM mission came to an end. It was replaced by a Somali-led operation, the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS),[241]

In 2023, fighting broke out between the Khatumo State and Somaliland leading to the 2023 Las Anod conflict.

On May 14, 2025, in a post on social medias, Donald Trump claimed that he would "support the Somali People, who should not allow the Houthis to embed.", claiming that this initiative was "to end terrorism, and bring prosperity to their Country”.[242]

## Casualties

[edit]

According to Necrometrics, around 500,000 people are estimated to have been killed in Somalia since the start of the civil war in 1991.[57] The Armed Conflict Location & Event Dataset estimates that 3,300 people were killed during the conflict in 2012,[243] with the number of fatalities dropping slightly in 2013 to 3,150.[243] The United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia reported at least 596 civilian casualties by August 2020. However, officials have struggled to maintain an accurate count due to flooding and COVID-19 deaths in the area.[244]

## See also

[edit]

* Somalia portal
* Politics portal

* Somali Civil War (2009–present)
* Somali Relief and Development Society
* American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)
* Somalia War (2006–2009)
* History of Somalia (1991–2006)
* Consolidation of states within Somalia (1998–2006)
* Factions in the Somali Civil War
* Mogadishu Line
* IIDA Women's Development Organisation
* Conflicts in the Horn of Africa

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. The Central Bank of Somalia,[53] the United Nations,[54][55] the US Office of the Secretary of Defense,[56] and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of the Siad Barre administration.[57] Political scientist James Fearon argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armed Isaaq clan militias began to launch small-scale attacks against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town of Hargeisa in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, on the grounds that the fighting had begun previously, but that a major party to the conflict was defeated.[58] Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectively begun by 1987", referring to Compagnon.[59]
2. ^ [57][102][103][104][105][106][107]

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[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* Afyare Abdi Elmi. Understanding the Somalia conflagration: Identity, political Islam and peacebuilding. Pluto Press, 2010.
* Barnes, Cedric, and Harun Hassan. "The rise and fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts". Journal of Eastern African Studies 1, no. 2 (2007): 151–160.
* Bøås, Morten. "Returning to realities: a building-block approach to state and statecraft in Eastern Congo and Somalia". Conflict, Security & Development 10, no. 4 (2010): 443–464.
* I. M. Lewis. A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa, Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8214-1495-8.
* Jutta Bakonyi. "Authority and administration beyond the state: local governance in southern Somalia, 1995–2006", Journal of Eastern African Studies, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2013.
* Ken Menkhaus. Somalia: State collapse and the threat of terrorism. Adelphi Papers No. 364, Routledge, 2008.
* McGregor, Andrew. "The Leading Factions Behind the Somali Insurgency". Terrorism Monitor, Volume V, Issue 8, April 26, 2007.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Somali Civil War.

* Somalia's Struggle for Stability from The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
* Somali – U.S. Relations from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
* Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned by Kenneth Allard (CCRP, 1995)
* "Preserving American Security Ties to Somalia," by Michael Johns, The Heritage Foundation, December 26, 1989.
* Changed Arab attitudes to Somalia Conflict[usurped]
* Security Council Report, United Nations Sanctions Committee on Somalia: Documents

* v
* t
* e

War in Somalia (2006–2009)

* Part of the Somali Civil War
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* War on terror

Timeline|

* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009

Background|

* History of Somalia (1991–2006)
* Greater Somalia
* Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
* Somali Civil War
* Factions
* Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts
* Propaganda
* Disarmament
* 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
* 2006 Battle of Mogadishu
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Somali Reconciliation Conferences
* 1993
* 2002
* 2007

Battles|

* Battle of Baidoa
* Battle of Bandiradley
* Battle of Beledweyne (2006)
* Battle of Jowhar
* Fall of Mogadishu
* Battle of Jilib
* Fall of Kismayo
* Battle of Ras Kamboni
* Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)
* Battle of Bargal (2007)
* Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)
* Battle of Mogadishu (2008)
* Battle of Beledweyne (2008)
* Siege of Baidoa
* Battle of Kismayo (2008)

OEF–HOA|

* Battle of Ras Kamboni
* Battle of Bargal (2007)
* Dobley airstrike
* Dhusamareb airstrike

Other events|

* 2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash
* February 2008 Bosaso bombings
* Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre
* 2008 Mogadishu bombing
* 2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings

Key players|

* Ethiopia
* Meles Zenawi
* Gabre Heard
* Islamic Courts Union
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
* al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
* Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki
* al-Shabaab
* Mukhtar Robow
* Aden Hashi Farah Aero
* ARPCT
* Abdi Hasan Awale
* Mohamed Omar Habeb
* Transitional Federal Parliament
* Ali Mohammed Ghedi
* Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
* Puntland
* Mohamud Muse Hersi
* Galmudug
* Mohamed Warsame Ali
* United States
* Jendayi Frazer
* AMISOM
* Yoweri Museveni

* Next phase: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

* v
* t
* e

Somali Civil War (2009–present)

* Part of the Somali Civil War
* War on terror

Timeline|

* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Background|

* History of Somalia (1991–2006)
* Greater Somalia
* Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
* Somali Civil War
* Factions
* Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts
* Propaganda
* Disarmament
* 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
* Battle of Mogadishu (2006)
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Somali Reconciliation Conferences
* 1993
* 2002
* 2007

Operations
and battles|

* Battle of South Mogadishu
* Battle of Mogadishu (2009)
* Battle for Central Somalia (2009)
* Battle of Wabho
* Battle of Kismayo (2009)
* Battle of Beledweyne (2010)
* 2010 Ayn clashes
* 2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash
* Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)
* Battle of Jubbada Hoose
* Battle of Gedo
* Battle of Elwaq
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Battle of Deynile
* Battle of Beledweyne (2011)
* Battle of Yurkud (2012)
* Battle of Kismayo (2012)
* Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
* Operation Indian Ocean
* Galgala campaign
* Battle of Baure
* Battle of Leego (2015)
* Battle of Janale (2015)
* Battle of El Adde
* Qandala campaign
* Battle of Kulbiyow
* 2017 raid on Barii
* Battle of Af Urur
* 2017 Golweyn ambush
* November 2017 Somalia airstrike
* 2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer
* December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe
* Camp Simba attack
* 2021 Mogadishu mutiny
* 2021 Golweyn ambush
* 2021 Galmudug clashes
* 2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
* Battle of Bal'ad
* Battle of Runirgod
* Battle of Buulo Mareer
* 2025 Shabelle offensive

Attacks|

* 2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu
* 2009 Beledweyne bombing
* 2009 Hotel Shamo bombing
* May 2010 Mogadishu bombings
* 2010 Kampala bombings
* Muna Hotel attack
* 2011 Mogadishu bombing
* June 2013 Mogadishu attack
* 2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack
* Westgate shopping mall attack
* 2013 Beledweyne attacks
* 2014 Villa Somalia attack
* 2014 Hotel Amalo attack
* Central Hotel attack
* Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack
* Garissa University College attack
* 2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack
* Garowe attack
* Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing
* Sahafi Hotel attacks
* January 2016 Mogadishu attack
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* February 2016 Mogadishu attack
* Baidoa suicide bombing
* June 2016 Mogadishu attacks
* 2016 Galkayo bombings
* November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing
* December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing
* 2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings
* Dayah Hotel attack
* February 2017 Mogadishu bombing
* 14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings
* 28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks
* February 2018 Mogadishu attacks
* March 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* July 2018 Mogadishu bombings
* 2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* Sahafi Hotel attacks
* December 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack
* Nairobi Latema Road blast
* 4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings
* Asasey Hotel attack
* 22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 2019 Kenya bus shooting
* December 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 2020 Afgooye bombing
* 2020 Mogadishu army base bombing
* 2020 Mogadishu hotel attack
* 2020 Galkayo bombing
* March 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* June 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* November 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* 2022 Mandera attack
* February 2022 Beledweyne bombing
* March 2022 Somalia attacks
* April 2022 Mogadishu bombing
* August 2022 Mogadishu attack
* September 2022 Beledweyne attack
* October 2022 Beledweyne bombings
* 2022 Kismayo hotel attack
* October 2022 Mogadishu bombings
* Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel
* Mahas bombings
* 2023 Mogadishu hotel attack
* 2023 Jaalle Siyaad military academy bombing
* 2023 Beledweyne bombing
* 2023 Mogadishu tea shop bombing
* 2024 Mogadishu market bombing
* 2024 Mogadishu SYL Hotel attack and siege
* 2024 El Dher attack
* 2024 Mogadishu prison attack
* Top Coffee bombing
* 2024 Lido Beach attack
* 2024 Mogadishu tea shop bombing
* 2025 Beledweyne hotel attack
* Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
* 2025 Garissa attack
* 2025 Mogadishu military base bombing
* 2025 Jaalle Siyaad military academy bombing

OEF–HOA|

* 2009 Baraawe raid
* Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
* 2013 raid on Barawe
* 2017 raid on Barii

Other events|

* Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor
* London Somalia Conference
* Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* Awdiinle massacre

Key players|

* Al-Shabaab
* Mukhtar Robow
* Ali Dhere
* Fuad Qalaf
* Hizbul Islam
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki
* Federal Government of Somalia
* Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
* Omar Sharmarke
* Mohamed Sheikh Hassan
* Ma'awisley
* Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
* Galmudug
* Abdi Hasan Awale
* Puntland
* Abdiweli Gaas
* AMISOM
* United States AFRICOM
* Islamic State in Somalia

* Previous phase: War in Somalia (2006–2009)

* v
* t
* e

Somalia articles

History|

| Chronology|

* Laas Geel
* Land of Punt
* Walashma dynasty
* Adal Sultanate
* Ajuran Empire
* Sultanate of the Geledi
* Isaaq Sultanate
* Majeerteen Sultanate
* Sultanate of Hobyo
* Warsangali Sultanate
* Dervish movement
* Italian Somaliland
* Colonial governors
* British Somaliland
* Colonial governors
* Trust Territory of Somaliland
* Ogaden War
* Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991)
* Isaaq genocide
* Rebellion (1986–1992)
* Piracy
* Civil War
* Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
* (2009–present)

|

By topic|

* Maritime
* Military
* Postal

Geography|

* Cities
* Climate
* Wildlife
* Greater Somalia
* Guardafui Channel
* Hafun
* Waterfalls
* Iskushuban
* Lamadaya
* Mountain ranges
* Cal Madow
* Buur Dhaab
* Mountains
* Bahaya
* Island
* Bajuni Islands

Regions|

* Awdal
* Bakool
* Banaadir
* Bari
* Bay
* Galguduud
* Gedo
* Sool
* Sanaag
* Hiran
* Middle Juba
* Lower Juba
* Mudug
* Nugal
* Middle Shebelle
* Lower Shebelle
* Togdheer
* Woqooyi Galbeed

States|

* Galmudug
* Khatumo
* Hirshabelle
* Jubaland
* Somaliland
* Puntland
* South West Somalia

Politics|

* Cabinet
* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Government
* Human rights
* LGBT rights
* Judiciary
* Law (Xeer)
* Military
* Political history
* Parliament
* Political parties
* President
* List
* Prime Minister
* List

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central Bank
* Companies
* Economic history
* EEZ
* Mineral industry
* Oil industry
* Shilling (currency)
* Communications
* Tourism
* Transportation

Society|

* Anthem
* Child marriage
* Coat of arms
* Deafness
* Demographics
* Diaspora
* Education
* Health
* Abortion
* Mental health
* Flag
* Polygamy
* Public holidays
* Women

Culture|

* Architecture
* Art
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Religion
* Sports
* Languages

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Puntland articles

History|

* Land of Punt
* Opone
* Damo
* Majeerteen Sultanate
* Warsangali Sultanate
* Dervish state
* Italian Somaliland
* Trust Territory of Somaliland
* Rebellion
* Civil War
* Border dispute

Geography|

* Greater Somalia
* Horn of Africa
* Regions
* Nugaal Valley
* Ras Hafun
* Cape Guardafui

Politics|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Military
* Parliament
* President

Economy|

* Oil
* Economy

Culture|

* Anthem
* Cuisine
* Demographics
* Flag
* Languages
* Literature
* People
* diaspora
* Religion

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Somaliland articles

History|

| Chronology|

* Laas Geel
* Dhambalin
* Land of Punt
* Malao
* Sultanate of Ifat
* Adal Sultanate
* Isaaq migrations
* Isaaq Sultanate
* Battle of Berbera
* Habr Yunis Sultanate
* British Somaliland
* Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland
* Somaliland campaign
* Somaliland campaign (1920)
* 1922 Burao Tax Revolt
* Italian invasion of British Somaliland
* Somaliland Camel Corps
* Somaliland Scouts
* 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
* List of colonial governors of British Somaliland
* State of Somaliland
* War of Independence
* Isaaq genocide
* National Movement
* Declaration of Independence
* Border dispute
* 2022 Waheen Market fire
* Outline of Somaliland

|

By topic|

* Maritime
* Military
* Postal

Geography|

* Cities
* Climate
* Geology
* Wildlife
* Greater Somalia
* Waterfalls
* Lamadaya
* Mountain ranges
* Golis Mountains
* Cal Madow
* Ogo Mountains
* Buur Dhaab
* Mountains
* Shimbiris
* Golis
* Cal Madow
* Buur Dhaab
* Dul Madoba
* Islands
* Sa'ad ad-Din Islands
* Caves

Regions|

* Awdal
* Maroodi Jeex
* Saaxil
* Sanaag
* Sool
* Togdheer

Politics|

* Cabinet
* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Diplomatic missions
* Government
* Embassies
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Judiciary
* Law (Xeer)
* Military
* Somaliland Police
* Parliament
* House of Elders
* House of Representatives
* Political parties
* President
* List
* Palace
* Vice-President
* List
* Ministers
* Mayors
* Visa policy

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central Bank
* Airports
* Companies
* EEZ
* Energy
* Ports
* Shilling (currency)
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport

Society|

* Anthem
* National emblem
* Demographics
* Education
* Flag
* Library
* Public holidays
* Independence Day
* Calling code
* Supreme Court

Culture|

* Architecture
* Art
* Cuisine
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Religion
* Sports
* Team
* Games
* Languages

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Bakassi conflict
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
* Western DR Congo clashes
* Kivu conflict
* M23 campaign
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* OLA insurgency
* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
* War in the Sahel
* Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Libyan crisis
* Sudanese civil war
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Western Sahara conflict
* Western Saharan clashes

West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
* Nigerian bandit conflict
* Religious violence in Nigeria
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Bakassi conflict
* Mali War
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
* Mexican drug war
* Salvadoran gang crackdown
* Honduran gang crackdown
* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Ecuadorian security crisis
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Internal conflict in Peru
* Mapuche conflict
* Armed conflict for control of the favelas

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Internal conflict in Bangladesh

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
* Myanmar civil war
* Rakhine offensive
* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
* Karen–Mon conflict
* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Drug war
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war
* Qatif conflict
* Yemeni crisis
* Saudi–led intervention
* Yemeni civil war
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Gaza War
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–PJAK conflict
* Western Iran clashes
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish intervention

Europe|

| East|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

* v
* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Africa

North Africa|

| Egypt|

* Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
* 2011 revolution
* Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
* Post-coup unrest (2013–2014)
* Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)

|

Libya|

* 2008 Kufra conflict
* Libyan crisis
* 2011 civil war
* 2011–2014 factional violence
* 2014–2020 civil war

Western Sahara|

* Western Sahara conflict (1970–present)
* War, 1975–1991
* Clashes, 2020–present

Others|

* Algerian Civil War (1991–2002)
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Tunisian revolution (2010–2011)

West Africa|

| Nigeria|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present)
* Herder–farmer conflicts
* Religious violence
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present)
* Niger Delta conflict (2003–present)
* 2016 conflict
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present)

|

Mali|

* Tuareg rebellions
* 1990–1995
* 2007–2009
* 2012
* Mali War (2012–present)

Sierra Leone|

* Ndogboyosoi War
* Sierra Leone Civil War

Liberia|

* Liberian Civil Wars
* 1989–1996
* 1999–2003

Côte d'Ivoire|

* Ivorian Civil Wars
* 2002–2007
* 2010–2011

Others|

* Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999)
* Guinea clashes (2013)
* Casamance conflict (1982–present)
* 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
* ECOWAS military intervention
* Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present)

Central Africa|

| Angola|

* Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)
* Cabinda War (1975–present)

|

DR Congo|

* First Congo War (1996–1997)
* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
* Second Congo War (1998–2003)
* Ituri conflict (1999–2007)
* Kivu conflict (2004–present)
* Dongo conflict (2009)
* Ituri conflict (2009–present)
* March 23 Movement conflict
* 2012–2013 rebellion
* 2022–present campaign
* Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018)
* Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019)
* Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present)

Republic
of the Congo|

* Civil wars
* 1993–1994
* 1997–1999
* Pool Department conflict (2002–2003)
* Pool War (2016–2017)

Central African
Republic|

* Bush War (2004–2007)
* Civil War (2012–present)
* Djotodia period, 2013–2014

Chad|

* Civil War (2005–2010)
* Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)
* 2021 offensive

Others|

* Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present)

East Africa|

| Ethiopia|

* Oromo conflict
* OLA insurgency, 2018–present
* Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018)
* Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018)
* Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018)
* War, 1998–2000
* Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
* Afar–Somali clashes
* Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
* Oromo–Somali clashes
* Tigray war
* War in Amhara

|

Somalia|

* Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present)
* Somali Civil War
* 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
* 2009–present phase
* AMISOM
* Piracy off the coast of Somalia

Kenya|

* Ethnic conflicts
* Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present)
* Likoni massacres (1997)
* Kenyan crisis (2007–2008)
* 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013)
* Baragoi clashes (2012)

South Sudan|

* Heglig Crisis (2012)
* Nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence
* Civil War (2013–2020)
* Abyei border conflict (2022–present)

Sudan|

* Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)
* War in Darfur (2003–2020)
* Nomadic conflicts (2009–present)
* South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020)
* Heglig Crisis (2012)
* Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)
* Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

Uganda|

* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)
* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
* Kasese clashes (2016)

Others|

* Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994)
* Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)
* Hanish Islands conflict
* 2008 invasion of Anjouan
* Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
* Burundian conflicts
* 1993–2005 Civil War
* 2015–2018 unrest

Southern Africa|

| Mozambique|

* Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)
* RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
* Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present)

|

Others|

* Bophuthatswana crisis (1994)
* Caprivi conflict (1994–1999)
* Lesothan conflicts
* SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999)
* 2014 Lesotho political crisis

Related topics|

* War on terror
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter
* Colour revolutions

* v
* t
* e

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

Listed chronologically

Domestic|

* Shays' Rebellion
* Whiskey Rebellion
* Fries's Rebellion
* 1811 German Coast uprising
* Turner's Rebellion
* Dorr Rebellion
* Bleeding Kansas
* Utah War
* Harpers Ferry raid
* American Civil War
* New York City draft riots
* American Indian Wars
* Colfax Riot
* Brooks–Baxter War
* Battle of Liberty Place
* Vicksburg riot
* Range War
* Hamburg riot
* Great Railroad Strike of 1877
* Lincoln County War
* Rock Springs Riot
* Seattle riot of 1886
* Johnson County War
* Coal Creek War
* Homestead strike
* Pullman Strike
* Colorado Coalfield War
* Red Summer
* Battle of Blair Mountain
* Tulsa riot
* Bonus Army
* Puerto Rican revolts
* Ole Miss riot of 1962
* 1960s ghetto rebellions
* 1969 Greensboro uprising
* Kent State shootings
* Wounded Knee Occupation
* 1992 Los Angeles riots
* 2020 racial unrest
* 2021 U.S. Capitol attack
* 2025 Los Angeles protests

Foreign|

* American Revolutionary War
* American–Algerian War (1785–1795)
* Quasi-War
* First Barbary War
* War of 1812
* Second Barbary War
* First Sumatran expedition
* Second Sumatran expedition
* 1840 Fiji expedition
* Ivory Coast expedition
* Mexican–American War
* 1855 Fiji expedition
* Second Opium War
* 1858 Fiji expedition
* Formosa Expedition
* Korean Expedition
* Spanish–American War
* Philippine–American War
* Boxer Rebellion
* Banana Wars
* Border War
* World War I
* Russian Civil War
* World War II
* Korean War
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Vietnam War
* Dominican Civil War
* Iranian Revolution (Operation Eagle Claw)
* Invasion of Grenada
* Lebanese Civil War (1983 Beirut barracks bombings)
* Invasion of Panama
* Gulf War
* Somali Civil War (Operation Gothic Serpent)
* Intervention in Haiti
* Bosnian War
* Kosovo War
* War in Afghanistan
* Iraq War
* War in North-West Pakistan
* First Libyan Civil War
* War against the Islamic State
* Iraq
* Syria
* Cameroon
* Libya
* Yemeni civil war

Related|

* Conflicts in the U.S.
* Wars involving the U.S.
* Timeline of U.S. military operations
* Length of U.S. participation in major wars
* Territorial evolution
* Military history
* History of the Central Intelligence Agency
* Casualties of war
* Peace movement
* List of anti-war organizations
* Conscientious objector
* Cold War
* War on terror
* War crimes

Authority control databases: National |

* Czech Republic

|

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