South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone

Satellite image of Cyclone Batsirai, the strongest tropical cyclone to strike Madagascar since Cyclone Enawo in 2017.

In the south-west Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones form south of the equator and west of 90° E to the coast of Africa.

## Warnings and nomenclature

[edit]

In 1946, Réunion's first airstrip opened, then called Gillot, and now called Roland Garros Airport. In 1950, the first meteorological station on the island opened at the airport, operated by Météo-France (MFR). The agency began publishing annual reviews in the 1962–63 season. Each year, the Météo-France office (MFR) based on Réunion island issues warnings on tropical cyclones within the basin, which is defined as the waters of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa to 90° E, south of the equator. The agency issues the warnings as part of its role as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, designated as such in 1993 by the World Meteorological Organization. Intensities are estimated through the Dvorak technique, which utilizes images from satellites by the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.[1][2][3][4]

The Joint Typhoon Warning Center - a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force - also issues tropical cyclone warnings for the region.[5] Wind estimates from Météo-France and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States–based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 1-minute winds are about 1.12 times the amount of 10-minute winds.[6]

If a tropical storm in the basin strengthens to attain 10 minute sustained winds of at least 118 km/h (73 mph), the MFR classifies it as a tropical cyclone, equivalent to a hurricane or typhoon (a use of "tropical cyclone" which is more restrictive than the usual definition).[7]

### History of the basin

[edit]

The first storm in the MFR database of the basin originated on January 11, 1848. In January 1960, the first named storm was Alix, and each subsequent year had a list of storm names. Beginning in 1967, satellites helped locate cyclones in the basin, and in the following year, the MFR began estimating storm intensities from the satellite images. By 1977, the agency was using the Dvorak technique on an unofficial basis, but officially adopted it in 1981. Originally, the basin only extended to 80° E, and while it was extended eastward to the current 90° E, a lack of satellite imagery initially made data uncertain east of 80° E. The World Meteorological Organization designated the MFR as a Regional Tropical Cyclones Advisory Centre in 1988, and upgraded it to a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in 1993. In May 1998, two Europe-based Meteosat satellites began providing complete coverage of the basin. On July 1, 2002, the MFR shifted the cyclone year to begin on this date and end on June 30 of the following year; previously, the cyclone year began on August 1 and ended on the subsequent July 31. In 2003, the MFR extended their area of warning responsibility to 40°S, having previously been limited to 30°S.[2] During 2011, MFR started a reanalysis project of all tropical systems between 1978 and 1998, with methods such as a Dvorak technique reanalysis and use of microwave imagery.[8] Preliminary results from this reanalysis project include correcting an increasing trend in the number of very intense tropical cyclones in the basin since 1978.[8] This also revealed a seemingly systematic underestimation of tropical cyclone intensities in the past.[8]

## Statistics

[edit]

From the 1980–81 to the 2010–11 season, there was an average of 9.3 tropical storms each year in the basin. A tropical storm has 10-minute winds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph). There are an average of five storms that become tropical cyclones, which have 10-minute winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph).[9] As of 2002, there was an average of 54 days when tropical systems were active in the basin, of which 20 had tropical cyclones active, or a system with winds of over 120 km/h (75 mph). The median start date for the season was November 17, and the median end date was April 20.[1]

## Climatology

[edit]

Tracks of storms in the basin from 1980 to 2005

Generally, the monsoon does not cross into the Mozambique Channel until December; as a result, storms rarely form there before that time.[1] From 1948 to 2010, 94 tropical systems developed in the small body of water, of which about half made landfall.[10] Occasionally, small storms form in the Mozambique Channel that resemble Mediterranean tropical cyclones or storms in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean; these systems are well-organized but have weaker convection than typical tropical cyclones, and originate over sea surface temperatures cooler than 26 °C (79 °F). A survey in 2004 conducted by weather expert Gary Padgett found meteorologists split whether these storms should be classified as tropical or subtropical.[11]

In an average year, ten tropical depressions or storms strike Madagascar, and most generally do not cause much damage.[12] Occasionally, storms or their remnants enter the interior of southeastern Africa, bringing heavy rainfall to Zimbabwe.[13]

## Seasons

[edit]

Historical storm formation by month between 1990 and 2020

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

* Very intense tropical cyclone
* Intense tropical cyclone
* Tropical cyclone
* Severe tropical storm
* Moderate tropical storm
* Tropical depression
* Tropical disturbance

### Before 1900

[edit]

Main article: List of South-West Indian Ocean cyclones before 1900

### 1900–1950

[edit]

Main article: 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

### 1950–1959

[edit]

Main article: 1950s South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

### 1959

[edit]

Season | TD | TC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|

1959–1960 | 6 | 8 | Carol | 48 |  |

### 1960s

[edit]

Season | TD | TC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|

1960–1961 | 6 | 1 | Doris |  |  |
1961–1962 | 14 | 5 | Daisy
Maud |  |  |
1962–1963 | 10 | 4 |  TC Delia |  |  |
1963–1964 | 12 | 4 |  ITC Giselle |  |  |
1964–1965 | 14 | 1 |  TC Freda |  |  |
1965–1966 | 17 | 5 |  ITC Ivy | 3 |  |
1966–1967 | 13 | 2 |  TC Gilberte |  |  |
1967–1968 | 8 | 4 |  ITC Georgette
ITC Janine | 38 |  |
1968–1969 | 8 | 4 |  TC Dany
TC Helene | 82 |  |
1969–1970 | 13 | 8 |  VITC Jane | 30 |  |

### 1970s

[edit]

Season | TD | MTS | TC | ITC | VITC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1970–1971 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 0 |  ITC Maggie-Muriel | 32 |  |
1971–1972 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 |  ITC Fabienne | 7 |  |
1972–1973 | 13 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 1 |  VITC Lydie | 11 |  |
1973–1974 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  TC Deidre-Delinda |  |  |
1974–1975 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  TC Gervaise | 9 |  |
1975–1976 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 |  ITC Terry-Danae |  |  |
1976–1977 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0 |  ITC Jack-Io | 301 |  |
1977–1978 | 14 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 0 |  ITC Aurore | 2 |  |
1978–1979 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Celine | 74 |  |
1979–1980 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Viola-Claudette | 30 |  |

### 1980s

[edit]

Season | TD | MTS | TC | ITC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1980–81 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 2 |  VITC Florine |  |  |
1981–82 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 2 |  ITC Chris-Damia | 100 | $250 million |
1982–83 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 |  STS Bemany and Elinah | 33 | $23 million |
1983–84 | 14 | 11 | 4 | 4 |  ITC Andry, Bakoly, Annette-Jaminy, and Kamisy | 356 | $496 million |
1984–85 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 0 |  TC Helisaonina | 0 | Unknown |
1985–86 | 13 | 13 | 5 | 1 |  ITC Erinesta | 99 | $150 million |
1986–87 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 0 |  TC Daodo | 10 | $2 million |
1987–88 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 1 |  ITC Gasitao | 100 | $10 million |
1988–89 | 12 | 11 | 6 | 0 |  TC Leon-Hanitra and Krissy | 11 | $217 million |
1989–90 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 1 |  ITC Walter-Gregoara | 46 | $1.5 million |
| 110 | 95 | 34 | 11 | Chris-Damia | 755 | ≥$1.15 billion |

### 1990s

[edit]

Season | TD | MTS | TC | ITC | VITC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1990–91 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 |  TC Bella | 88 |  |
1991–92 | 14 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 0 |  ITC Harriet-Heather | 2 |  |
1992–93 | 18 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Edwina | 20 |  | [A 1][14]
1993–94 | 18 | 14 | 8 | 4 | 0 |  ITC Geralda | 558 |  |
1994–95 | 20 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 0 |  ITC Marlene |  |  | [15]
1995–96 | 21 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 0 |  ITC Bonita | 11 |  | [16]
1996–97 | 21 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 0 |  ITC Daniella | 311 | $50 million |
1997–98 | 16 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  TC Anacelle | 88 |  |
1998–99 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Evrina | 2 |  |
1999–00 | 14 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 1 |  VITC Hudah | 1,073 | $800 million | The second deadliest season on record.[17]
| 167 | 97 | 41 | 21 | 1 | Hudah | 2,153 | ≥$850 million |

### 2000s

[edit]

Season | TD | MTS | TC | ITC | VITC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2000–01 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Ando | 4 |  | [A 1][18]
2001–02 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 1 |  VITC Hary | 52 | $287 million | [19]
2002–03 | 14 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 0 |  ITC Kalunde | 169 | $6.7 million | [A 1]
2003–04 | 15 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 1 |  VITC Gafilo | 396 | $250 million | Fourth deadliest season on record, also features the most intense storm in the basin, Gafilo.[20][21]
2004–05 | 18 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 1 |  VITC Juliet | 253 |  | [21]
2005–06 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Carina | 75 |  | [22][23]
2006–07 | 15 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 0 |  ITC Dora and Favio | 188 | $337 million | [A 1][23]
2007–08 | 15 | 13 | 6 | 4 | 0 |  ITC Hondo | 123 | $38.1 million | [23]
2008–09 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Fanele and Gael | 30 |  | [24]
2009–10 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 1 |  VITC Edzani | 40 |  | [A 1][24][25]
| 144 | 97 | 52 | 34 | 4 | Gafilo | 1,339 | ≥$919 million |

### 2010s

[edit]

Season | TD | MTS | TC | ITC | VITC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2010–11 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  TC Bingiza | 34 |  | [A 1][26]
2011–12 | 14 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Funso | 164 |  | [A 1][26]
2012–13 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 0 |  ITC Felleng | 35 | $46 million |
2013–14 | 15 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 2 |  VITC Hellen | 11 | $89.2 million |
2014–15 | 14 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 2 |  VITC Bansi | 111 | $46.4 million |
2015–16 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 |  VITC Fantala | 13 | $4.5 million | Features the strongest storm by windspeed recorded in the basin, Fantala.[27]
2016–17 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 |  ITC Enawo | 341 | $137 million |
2017–18 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 0 |  ITC Cebile | 108 | $38.2 million |
2018–19 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 0 |  ITC Kenneth | 1,672 | ≥$3.65 billion | Most active, second costliest, and deadliest season on record
2019–20 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 1 |  VITC Ambali | 45 | $25 million |
| 112 | 89 | 49 | 32 | 6 | Fantala | 2,244 | ≥$2.7 billion |

### 2020s

[edit]

Season | TD | MTS | TC | ITC | VITC | Strongest
storm | Deaths | Damage
USD | Notes and
References

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2020–21 | 16 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 2 |  VITC Faraji
VITC Habana | 56 | $90.1 million | Features two very intense tropical cyclones named in the basin.
Record third consecutive season for a storm to develop before the official start (Alicia).
2021–22 | 13 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 0 |  ITC Batsirai | 812 | >$1.88 billion | Latest start to an SWIO season, fifth deadliest season, and third-costliest season
2022–23 | 10 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 2 |  VITC Darian | 1,483 | >$1.55 billion  | Features two very intense tropical cyclones named in the Australian Region.
Features Freddy, the longest lasting tropical cyclone ever recorded.
Third deadliest season.
Fourth costliest season.
2023–24 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 0 |  ITC Djoungou | 25 | $536 million |
2024–25 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 1 |  VITC Vince | 189+ | >$4.1 billion | Features Bheki, the most intense off-season tropical cyclone since Beni in 2003.
Features Chido, the strongest system to ever make landfall on Mayotte since records began.
Features Kanto, the first officially named subtropical storm in basin history.
Costliest South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season on record.
| 66 | 56 | 33 | 19 | 5 | Darian | 2,425 | >$8.156 billion |

## See also

[edit]

* Tropical cyclones portal

* Tropical cyclone
* Atlantic hurricane season
* Pacific hurricane season
* Pacific typhoon season
* North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
* Australian region tropical cyclone
* South Pacific tropical cyclone
* South Atlantic tropical cyclone
* Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g Number of tropical storms includes one subtropical depression that had winds above 65 km/h (40 mph).

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Cyclone Season 2001–2002". RSMC La Reunion. Meteo-France. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
2. ^ a b Philippe Caroff; et al. (June 2011). Operational procedures of TC satellite analysis at RSMC La Reunion (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
3. ^ "Aéroport de la Réunion Roland Garros".
4. ^ Isabelle Mayer Jouanjean (2011). Lîle de La Réunion sous l'œil du cyclone au XXéme siécle (PDF) (Report) (in French). Université de la Réunion.
5. ^ Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. p. iii, 218, 240. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
6. ^ Chris Landsea (2006-04-21). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
7. ^ Chris Landsea (2001-07-15). "Subject: A1) What is a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone?". Frequently Asked Questions. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
8. ^ a b c Philippe Caroff (October 23, 2015). Review of recent (2012-2015) main activities and achievements at RSMC La Reunion (docx). Eighth tropical cyclone technical coordination meeting (TCM-8). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
9. ^ Chris Landsea; Sandy Delgado (2014-05-01). "Subject: E10) What are the average, most, and least tropical cyclones occurring in each basin?". Frequently Asked Questions. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2014-10-13.
10. ^ Corene J. Matyas (2014-04-07). "Tropical cyclone formation and motion in the Mozambique Channel". International Journal of Climatology. 35 (3): 375–390\. Bibcode:2015IJCli..35..375M. doi:10.1002/joc.3985. S2CID 130753010.
11. ^ "June 2004 Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary". Gary Padgett. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
12. ^ Cyclone Rehabilitation Project (PDF) (Report). World Bank. 1992-05-11. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
13. ^ A. Mhizha; M. Musariri; E. Madamombe; Tererai (2012-01-23). Preliminary Water Resources Assessment for the Limpopo River Basin (PDF) (Report). University of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
14. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1992–1993 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
15. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1994–1995 (Report). MeteoFrance. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
16. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1995–1996 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
17. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1999–2000 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
18. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2000–2001 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
19. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2001–2002 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
20. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2003–2004 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
21. ^ a b RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (2006-06-16). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Seventeenth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. pp. 30–32. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
22. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2005–2006 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
23. ^ a b c RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (2010-09-15). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Eighteenth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. p. 31. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
24. ^ a b RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (August 3, 2011). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Nineteenth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. pp. 5–8. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
25. ^ Padgett, Gary (1997–2011). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2012. Alt URL
26. ^ a b RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (December 3, 2012). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Twentieth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. pp. 2, 7, 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
27. ^ $4.5 million in damages from cyclone that hit remote Seychellois island, World Bank says (Seychelles News Agency, May 17, 2016)

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