South American land mammal age

Geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna

class=notpageimage|

Locations of SALMA type localities
Pleistocene ages
Pliocene ages
Miocene ages
Oligocene ages
Eocene ages
Paleocene ages

The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]

The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

## Background

[edit]

South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.

### Paleogeographic timeline

[edit]

A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]

* 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
* 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran \- South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
* 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
* 34 Ma – Tinguirirican \- South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
* 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan \- South America had no land connections to any other continent.
* 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan \- islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
* 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene \- the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. Significantly higher rates of extinction due to climatic changes occur in South America compared to North America, resulting in an asymmetrical exchange of species between the continents. North American originating taxa diversify significantly in South America during this period.[3] It was previously believed this asymmetry was due to the main migrational route being from north to south, rather than the opposite way.
* Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
* Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.

Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached

Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years

The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)

The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica

## Definitions

[edit]

Epoch  | SALMA  | Top age (Ma)  | Base age (Ma)  | Etymology  | Country  | Location

|
|
|
|
|
|

Holocene |

0.011

Late Pleistocene | Lujanian |

0.011

0.8

| Luján Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province
Mid Pleistocene | Ensenadan |

0.8

1.2

| La Ensenada Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province
Early Pleistocene | Uquian |

1.2

3.0

| Uquía Formation |  Argentina | Jujuy Province
Late Pliocene | Chapadmalalan |

3.0

4.0

| Chapadmalal Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province
Early Pliocene | Montehermosan |

4.0

6.8

| Monte Hermoso Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province
Late Miocene
Huayquerian |

6.8

9.0

| Huayquerías Formation |  Argentina | Mendoza Province
Chasicoan |

9.0

10.0

| Arroyo Chasicó Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province
Mayoan |

10.0

11.8

| Río Mayo Formation |  Argentina | Chubut Province
Mid Miocene | Laventan |

11.8

13.8

| La Venta fauna |  Colombia | Huila Department
Colloncuran |

13.8

15.5

| Collón Curá Formation |  Argentina | Neuquén Province
Early Miocene | Friasian |

15.5

16.3

| Río Frías Formation |  Chile | Aysén Region
Santacrucian |

16.3

17.5

| Santa Cruz Formation |  Argentina | Santa Cruz Province
Colhuehuapian |

17.5

21.0

| Colhué Huapí Member |  Argentina | Chubut Province
Deseadan |

21.0

29.0

| Deseado Formation |  Argentina | Santa Cruz Province
Late Oligocene
Early Oligocene | Tinguirirican |

29.0

36.0

| Tinguiririca fauna |  Chile | O'Higgins Region
Late Eocene
Late Eocene | Divisaderan |

36.0

42.0

| Divisadero Largo Formation |  Argentina | Mendoza Province
Middle Eocene | Mustersan |

42.0

48.0

| Lake Musters |  Argentina | Chubut Province
Early Eocene | Casamayoran |

48.0

54.0

| Casamayor Formation |  Argentina | Santa Cruz Province
Itaboraian |

54.0

54.0

| Itaboraí Formation |  Brazil | Rio de Janeiro State
Riochican |

54.0

57.0

| Río Chico Group |  Argentina | Chubut Province
Late Paleocene
Mid Paleocene | Peligran |

59.0

62.5

| Punta Peligro |  Argentina | Chubut Province
Early Paleocene | Tiupampan |

62.5

64.5

| Tiupampa |  Bolivia | Cochabamba Department

## Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America

[edit]

The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:

SALMA  | Formations  | Country  | Location  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Lujanian | Luján Formation |  Argentina | Salado Basin |

[4][5]

Chaco Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[6][7][8]

Chíu-Chíu Formation |  Chile | Calama Basin |

[9]

Dolores Formation |  Uruguay | Norte Basin |

[10][11]

El Palmar Formation |  Argentina | Paraná Basin |

[12]

Fortin Tres Pozos Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[13][14][15]

Los Hoyos beds |  Colombia | Upper Magdalena Valley |

[16]

La Huaca Formation |  Peru | Sechura Basin |

[17]

La Invernada Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[18]

Ñuapua Formation |  Bolivia | Chuquisaca Department |

[19][20]

Pampa La Brea Formation |  Peru | Talara Basin |

[21]

Rotinet Formation |  Colombia | Sinú-San Jacinto Basin |

[22]

Sabana Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[23]

Saladillo Formation |  Argentina | Pampean Region |

[24]

Salto Ander Egg Formation |  Argentina | Paraná Basin |

[25]

San Sebastián Formation |  Peru | Eastern Peruvian Andes |

[26]

Santa Clara Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province |

[27]

Santa Vitória Formation |  Brazil | Pelotas Basin |

[28]

Soatá Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[29]

Sopas Formation |  Uruguay | Norte Basin |

[30]

Tarija Formation |  Bolivia | Tarija Basin |

[31]

Tezanos Pinto Formation |  Argentina | Paraná Basin |

[32]

Touro Passo Formation |  Brazil | Paraná Basin |

[33]

Ulloma Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[34]

Ensenadan | La Ensenada Formation |  Argentina | Salado Basin |

[35][36]

Belgrano Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province |

[37]

Chíu-Chíu Formation |  Chile | Calama Basin |

[9]

Graxaim Formation |  Brazil | Pelotas Basin |

[38]

Mesa Formation |  Venezuela | Eastern Venezuela Basin |

[39]

Miramar Formation |  Argentina | Claromecó Basin |

[40]

Sabana Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[23]

Tarija Formation |  Bolivia | Tarija Basin |

[31]

Ulloma Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[34]

Umala Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[41]

Uquía Formation |  Argentina | Eastern Argentinian Andes |

[42]

Vorohué Formation |  Argentina | Claromecó Basin |

[43]

Yupoí Formation |  Argentina | Paraná Basin |

[44][45]

Uquian | Uquía Formation |  Argentina | Eastern Argentinian Andes |

[42]

Bahía Inglesa Formation |  Chile | Caldera Basin |

[46]

Charana Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[41]

Chíu-Chíu Formation |  Chile | Calama Basin |

[9]

Hernandarías Formation |  Argentina | Paraná Basin |

[47]

La Paz Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[34]

Sacaba Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[48]

San Andrés Formation |  Argentina | Claromecó Basin |

[40]

San Gregorio Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[49]

Umala Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[41]

Vorohué Formation |  Argentina | Claromecó Basin |

[43]

Ware Formation |  Colombia | Cocinetas Basin |

[50]

Chapadmalalan | Chapadmalal Formation |  Argentina | Claromecó Basin |

[51][52]

Puerto Alvear Formation |  Argentina | Paraná Basin |

[53]

Andalhuala Formation |  Argentina | Santa María-Hualfín Basin |

[54]

Bahía Inglesa Formation |  Chile | Caldera Basin |

[46]

Brochero Formation |  Argentina | Sierras de Córdoba |

[55]

Chíu-Chíu Formation |  Chile | Calama Basin |

[9]

Coquimbo Formation |  Chile | Tongoy Bay |

[56]

Horcón Formation |  Chile | Valparaíso Basin |

[57]

La Paz Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[34]

La Portada Formation |  Chile | Tiburón Basin |

[58]

Pisco Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[59][60]

Río Quinto Formation |  Argentina | Pampa de Las Salinas Basin |

[61]

San Gregorio Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[49]

San José Formation |  Argentina
Uruguay | Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin |

[62]

Toro Negro Formation |  Argentina | Sierra de Los Colorados |

[63]

Umala Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[41]

Ware Formation |  Colombia | Cocinetas Basin |

[50]

Montehermosan | Monte Hermoso Formation |  Argentina | Claromecó Basin |

[64][65][66]

Aconquija Formation |  Argentina | Sierra del Aconquija |

[67][68]

Andalhuala Formation |  Argentina | Santa María-Hualfín Basin |

[54]

Bahía Inglesa Formation |  Chile | Caldera Basin |

[46]

Caleta Herradura Formation |  Chile | Tiburón Basin |

[69]

Casira Formation |  Bolivia | Potosí mountain range |

[70]

Codore Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[71]

Coquimbo Formation |  Chile | Tongoy Bay |

[56]

Corral Quemado Formation |  Argentina | Santa María-Hualfín Basin |

[72]

Ipururo Formation |  Peru | Ucayali Basin |

[73][74]

La Paz Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[34]

Letrero Formation |  Ecuador | Nabón Basin |

[75]

Navidad Formation |  Chile | Chilean Coast Range |

[76]

Onzole Formation |  Ecuador | Borbón Basin |

[77]

Palo Pintado Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[78]

Paraguaná Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[79]

Pisco Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[59][60]

Puerta del Diablo Formation |  Argentina | Valdés Basin |

[80]

Raigón Formation |  Uruguay | Norte Basin |

[81]

Remedios Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[41]

Río Negro Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[82]

Río Quinto Formation |  Argentina | Pampa de Las Salinas Basin |

[61]

San José Formation |  Argentina
Uruguay | Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin |

[62]

Solimões Formation |  Brazil | Solimões Basin |

[83]

Umala Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[41]

Huayquerian | Huayquerías Formation |  Argentina | Cuyo Basin |

[84][85]

Andalhuala Formation |  Argentina | Santa María-Hualfín Basin |

[54]

Bahía Inglesa Formation \- Cerro Ballena |  Chile | Caldera Basin |

[46]

Camacho Formation |  Uruguay | Norte & Santa Lucía Basins |

[86]

Cerro Azul Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[82][87][88]

Chiquimil Formation |  Argentina | Santa María-Hualfín Basin |

[54][89]

Coquimbo Formation |  Chile | Tongoy Bay |

[56]

Las Flores Formation |  Argentina | Sierra del Tontal |

[90]

Entrerriana Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[note 1]

Epecuén Formation |  Argentina | Claromecó Basin |

[note 2]

Içá Formation |  Brazil | Madre de Deus Basin |

[91]

Iñapari Formation |  Peru | Madre de Dios Basin |

[92]

India Muerta Formation |  Argentina | Sierras Pampeanas |

[93]

Ituzaingó Formation |  Argentina | Paraná Basin |

[94][95]

Kiyu Formation |  Uruguay | Santa Lucía Basin |

[96][note 3]

Madre de Dios Formation |  Peru | Madre de Dios Basin |

[98]

Maimará Formation |  Argentina | Eastern Argentinian Andes |

[99]

Mauri Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[100]

Miramar Formation |  Peru | Sechura Basin |

[101]

El Morterito Formation |  Argentina | Cajón Valley |

[102]

Muyu Huasi Formation |  Bolivia | Muyu Huasi Basin |

[103]

Navidad Formation |  Chile | Chilean Coast Range |

[76]

Palo Pintado Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[78]

Paraná Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[95][104][105]

Pebas Formation |  Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru | Amazon Basin |

[73][106]

Piquete Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[107]

Pisco Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[59][60]

Quehua Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[108]

Raigón Formation |  Uruguay | Norte Basin |

[81]

Rosa Pata Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[109]

Saldungaray Formation |  Argentina | Buenos Aires Province |

[88]

Salicas Formation |  Argentina | Sierra de Velasco |

[110]

Solimões Formation |  Brazil | Solimões Basin |

[83]

Urumaco Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[111]

Chasicoan | Arroyo Chasicó Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[82]

Bahía Inglesa Formation |  Chile | Caldera Basin |

[46]

Caujarao Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[71]

Cerro Azul Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[82][87][88]

Coquimbo Formation |  Chile | Tongoy Bay |

[56]

Loma de Las Tapias Formation |  Argentina | Tulum Valley |

[112]

Madre de Dios Formation |  Peru | Madre de Dios Basin |

[98]

Mauri Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[100]

Navidad Formation |  Chile | Chilean Coast Range |

[76]

Palo Pintado Formation |  Argentina | Angastaco Basin |

[78]

Paraná Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[95][104]

Pebas Formation |  Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru | Amazon Basin |

[73][106]

Pisco Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[59][60]

Puerto Madryn Formation |  Argentina | Valdés Basin |

[113]

Urumaco Formation \- Urumaco fauna |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[111]

Mayoan | Río Mayo Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[114]

Coquimbo Formation |  Chile | Tongoy Bay |

[56]

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[115]

Huaylas Formation |  Chile | Parinacota Province |

[116]

Mauri Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[100]

Navidad Formation |  Chile | Chilean Coast Range |

[76]

Paraná Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[95][104]

Pebas Formation |  Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru | Amazon Basin |

[73][106]

Pisco Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[59][60]

Puerto Madryn Formation |  Argentina | Valdés Basin |

[113]

Urumaco Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[111]

Yecua Formation |  Bolivia | Paraná Basin |

[117]

Laventan | Honda Group \- La Venta fauna |  Colombia | Upper Magdalena Valley |

[118]

Honda Group \- Quebrada Honda fauna |  Bolivia | Quebrada Honda Basin |

[119]

Aisol Formation |  Argentina | San Rafael Block |

[120]

Bahía Inglesa Formation |  Chile | Caldera Basin |

[46]

Capadare Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[121]

Choquecota Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[100]

Cura-Mallín Group |  Chile | Cura-Mallín Basin |

[122]

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[115]

Ipururo Formation |  Peru | Ucayali Basin |

[73][74]

Mariño Formation |  Argentina | Cuyo Basin |

[123]

Mauri Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[100]

Paraná Formation |  Argentina | Chaco Basin |

[95][104]

Pebas Formation |  Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru | Amazon Basin |

[73][106]

Pisco Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[59][60]

Santa Inés Formation |  Venezuela | Eastern Venezuela Basin |

[124]

Sincelejo Formation |  Colombia | Sinú-San Jacinto Basin |

[125]

Socorro Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[126]

Urumaco Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[111]

Colloncuran | Collón Curá Formation |  Argentina | Cañadón Asfalto Basin
Neuquén Basin |

[127][128]

Castilletes Formation |  Colombia | Cocinetas Basin |

[50]

Cerdas beds |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[129]

Cura-Mallín Group |  Chile | Cura-Mallín Basin |

[122]

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[115]

Mariño Formation |  Argentina | Cuyo Basin |

[123]

Mauri Formation |  Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |

[100]

Nazareno Formation |  Bolivia | Tupiza Basin |

[100]

Pebas Formation |  Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru | Amazon Basin |

[73][106]

Pisco Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[59][60]

Friasian | Río Frías Formation |  Chile | Aysén Basin |

[130][131]

Castilletes Formation |  Colombia | Cocinetas Basin |

[50]

Chilcatay Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[132][133]

Cura-Mallín Group |  Chile | Cura-Mallín Basin |

[122]

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[115]

Parángula Formation |  Venezuela | Barinas-Apure Basin |

[134]

Pebas Formation |  Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru | Amazon Basin |

[73][106]

Río Foyel Formation |  Argentina | Patagonian Andes |

[135][136]

Río Yuca Formation |  Venezuela | Barinas-Apure Basin |

[137]

Santacrucian | Santa Cruz Formation |  Argentina | Austral Basin |

[138][139]

Aisol Formation |  Argentina | San Rafael Block |

[120]

Cantaure Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[140]

Castillo Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[141]

Cerro Boleadoras Formation |  Argentina | Austral Basin |

[142]

Chaguaramas Formation |  Venezuela | Eastern Venezuela Basin |

[143]

Chilcatay Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[132][133]

Chucal Formation \- Chucal fauna |  Chile | Altiplano Basin |

[144]

Cura-Mallín Group |  Chile | Cura-Mallín Basin |

[122]

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[115]

Jimol Formation |  Colombia | Cocinetas Basin |

[50]

Mariño Formation |  Argentina | Cuyo Basin |

[123]

Pinturas Formation |  Argentina | Austral Basin |

[145][139]

Río Yuca Formation |  Venezuela | Barinas-Apure Basin |

[137]

Colhuehuapian | Colhué Huapí Member |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[146]

Abanico Formation |  Chile | Abanico Basin |

[147][148]

Biblián Formation |  Ecuador | Cuenca Basin |

[149]

Castillo Formation |  Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

[141]

Cerro Bandera Formation |  Argentina | Neuquén Basin |

[150]

Chichinales Formation |  Argentina | Neuquén Basin |

[151]

Chilcatay Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[132][133]

Cura-Mallín Group |  Chile | Cura-Mallín Basin |

[122]

Gaiman Formation |  Argentina | Valdés Basin |

[152]

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation |  Argentina | Colorado Basin |

[115]

Monte León Formation |  Argentina | Austral Basin |

[153][139]

Montera Formation |  Peru | Sechura Basin |

[154]

Pirabas Formation |  Brazil | Amazon Basin |

[155]

Río Jeinemeni Formation |  Argentina | Austral Basin |

[142]

Sarmiento Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[146][156]

Uitpa Formation |  Colombia | Cocinetas Basin |

[50]

Deseadan | Deseado Formation |  Argentina | Deseado Massif |

[157]

Abanico Formation |  Chile | Abanico Basin |

[147][148]

Agua de la Piedra Formation |  Argentina | Precordillera |

[158]

Barzalosa Formation |  Colombia | Upper Magdalena Valley |

[159]

Chambira Formation |  Peru | Ucayali Basin |

[160]

Chilcatay Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[132][133]

Dos Bocas Formation |  Ecuador | Progreso Basin |

[161]

Fray Bentos Formation |  Argentina
Uruguay | Paraná Basin |

[162][163]

Gaiman Formation |  Argentina | Valdés Basin |

[152]

Mariño Formation |  Argentina | Cuyo Basin |

[123]

Monte León Formation |  Argentina | Austral Basin |

[153][139]

Moquegua Formation |  Peru | Moquegua Basin |

[164]

Mugrosa Formation |  Colombia | Middle Magdalena Valley |

[165]

Petaca Formation |  Bolivia | Subandean Belt |

[119][117]

"Puca Group" - Lacayani fauna |  Bolivia | Subandean Belt |

[166]

Río Baguales Formation |  Chile | Aysén Basin |

[167]

Salla Formation |  Bolivia | Salla-Luribay Basin |

[168][169]

Sarmiento Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[146][156]

Tremembé Formation/São Paulo Formation |  Brazil | Taubaté Basin |

[170]

Tinguirirican | Abanico Formation \- Tinguiririca fauna |  Chile | Abanico Basin |

[147][148]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Entre-Corrégos Formation |  Brazil | Aiuruoca Basin |

[173]

Gualanday Group |  Colombia | Central Colombian Ranges |

[174]

Laguna Brava Formation |  Argentina | Precordillera |

[175]

Loreto Formation |  Chile | Magallanes Basin |

[176]

El Milagro Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[177]

Otuma Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[132][178]

Sarmiento Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[146][156]

Seca Formation |  Ecuador | Progreso Basin |

[179]

Soncco Formation |  Peru | Eastern Peruvian Andes |

[180]

Divisaderan | Divisadero Largo Formation |  Argentina | Cuyo Basin |

[181]

Abanico Formation |  Chile | Abanico Basin |

[147][148]

Andesitas Huancache Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[182]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Leticia Formation |  Argentina | Austral Basin |

[183]

Loreto Formation |  Chile | Magallanes Basin |

[176]

Paracas Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[184]

Pozo Formation |  Peru | Ucayali Basin |

[73][185]

Sarmiento Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[146][156]

Soncco Formation |  Peru | Eastern Peruvian Andes |

[180]

Yumaque Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[186]

Mustersan | Sarmiento Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[156]

Abanico Formation |  Chile | Abanico Basin |

[147][148]

Andesitas Huancache Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[182]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Geste Formation |  Argentina | Puna Plateau |

[187][188]

Laguna del Hunco Formation |  Argentina | Cañadón Asfalto Basin |

[189]

Paracas Formation |  Peru | Pisco Basin |

[184]

Pozo Formation |  Peru | Ucayali Basin |

[73][185]

Soncco Formation |  Peru | Eastern Peruvian Andes |

[180]

Vaca Mahuida Formation |  Argentina | Neuquén Basin |

[190]

Ventana Formation |  Argentina | Neuquén Basin |

[191]

Yahuarango Formation \- Santa Rosa fauna |  Peru | Ucayali Basin |

[192][172]

Casamayoran | Casamayor Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[193]

Abanico Formation |  Chile | Abanico Basin |

[147][148]

Bogotá Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[194]

Cayara Formation |  Bolivia | Cochabamba Department |

[195]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Fonseca Formation |  Brazil | Fonseca Basin |

[196]

Guabirotuba Formation |  Brazil | Curitiba Basin |

[197]

Huitrera Formation |  Argentina | Neuquén Basin |

[198]

Laguna del Hunco Formation |  Argentina | Cañadón Asfalto Basin |

[189]

Los Cuervos Formation |  Colombia | Cesar-Ranchería Basin |

[199][200]

Lumbrera Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[201]

Maíz Gordo Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[202]

Quebrada de los Colorados Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[203][204]

Sarmiento Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[146][156]

Riochican | Río Chico Group |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[205]

Bogotá Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[194]

Bororó Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[206]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Koluel Kaike Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[207]

Maíz Gordo Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[202]

Mogollón Formation |  Peru | Talara & Tumbes Basins |

[208]

Muñani Formation |  Peru | Altiplano Basin |

[209]

Peñas Coloradas Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[210]

Río Loro Formation |  Argentina | Sierras Pampeanas |

[211]

Salamanca Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[210]

Itaboraian | Itaboraí Formation |  Brazil | Itaboraí Basin |

[212]

Bogotá Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[194]

Cerrejón Formation |  Colombia | Cesar-Ranchería Basin |

[213]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Koluel Kaike Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[207]

Las Flores Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[214]

Maíz Gordo Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[202]

Mealla Formation |  Argentina | Salta Basin |

[215]

Mogollón Formation |  Peru | Talara & Tumbes Basins |

[208]

Muñani Formation |  Peru | Altiplano Basin |

[209]

Peñas Coloradas Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[210]

Río Loro Formation |  Argentina | Sierras Pampeanas |

[211]

Peligran | Peñas Coloradas Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[210]

Bogotá Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[194]

Cerrejón Formation |  Colombia | Cesar-Ranchería Basin |

[213]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Guaduas Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[216]

Salamanca Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[210]

Santa Lucía Formation |  Bolivia | Potosí Basin |

[217]

Tiupampan | Santa Lucía Formation |  Bolivia | Potosí Basin |

[217]

Chota Formation |  Peru | Bagua Basin |

[171][172]

Guaduas Formation |  Colombia | Altiplano Cundiboyacense |

[216]

Lefipán Formation |  Argentina | Cañadón Asfalto Basin |

[218]

Maria Farinha Formation |  Brazil | Paraíba Basin |

[219]

Salamanca Formation |  Argentina | Golfo San Jorge Basin |

[210]

## Fossil content

[edit]

SALMA  | Group  | Fossils  | Formation  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Lujanian | Mammals | Calomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Ctenomys lujanensis, C. magellanicus, Dilobodon lujanensis, Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, L. gracilis, L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patachonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, M. priscus, Neochoerus aesopi, Neochoerus sulcidens, Neuryurus rudis, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Panthera platensis, Pediolagus salinicola, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp. | Luján |

[220][221]
[222][223]
[224][225]
[226][227]

Holmesina rondoniensis | Rio Madeira |

[228]

Birds | Cathartes fossilis, Lagopterus minutus, Nannopterum brasilianum, Sarcorhamphus fossilis | Luján |

[223]

Insects | Cyclocephala signaticollis, Diloboderus abderus, Epipedonota cristallisata, Nyctelia picipes, Scotobius pilularius | Luján |

[229]
[230]

Ensenadan | Mammals | Epieurycerus truncus, Tonnicinctus mirus | Ensenada |

[231][232]

Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet. | Graxaim |

[233]

Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp. | Mesa |

[234][235]

Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp. | Miramar |

[236]

Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, Canis proplatensis, Chaetophractus tarijensis, C. villosus, Charitoceros tarijensis, Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Coendou magnus, Conepatus suffocans, Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Dasypus cf. villosus, Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri, Felis platensis, Felis yaguaroundi, Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, Lama castelnaudi, L. glama, L. intermedia, L. mesolithica, L. cf. oweni, L. provicugna, Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, M. perditus, Nectomys cf. squamipes, Neochoerus tarijensis, Neothoracophorus cf. elevatus, Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, Propraopus sulcatus, Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, Tapirus terrestris terrestris, Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp. | Tarija |

[237]
[238][239]

Hippidion devillei, Pardinamys humahuaquensis, Pseudomacrauchenia yepesi, Glyptodon sp., ?Neuryurus sp., cf. Palaeolama sp., Scelidotherium sp., Cervidae indet. | Uquía |

[240][241]

Glyptodon munizi | Vorohué |

[242]

Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., Propraopus sp., Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp. | Yupoí |

[243][244]

Birds | Neochen debilis | Belgrano |

[245]

Anas bahamensis, Anas cheuen, Callonetta talarae, Pleistoanser bravardi, Zonotrichia robusta | Miramar |

[236][246]
[247][248]
[249]

Vultur gryphus | Tarija |

[238]

Reptiles &
amphibians | Leiosaurus marellii | La Ensenada |

[250]

Caiman venezuelensis, Crocodylia indet. | Mesa |

[234]

Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp. | Tarija |

[238]

Fishes | Pogonias cromis | Graxaim |

[233]

Uquian | Mammals | Chaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, Hydrochoeropsis dasseni, Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Platygonus uquiensis, Pyramiodontherium ?carlesi, Windhausenia delacroixi, Xiphuroides uquiensis, Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., Urotherium sp., Doedicurinae indet., Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet. | Uquía |

[251]

Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis, Glossotherium sp., Plaxhaplous sp., Cervidae indet. | Charana |

[252]

Megatherium medinae | Chíu-Chíu |

[253]

Aenigmys diamantensis, Eumysops sp. | Hernandarías |

[254]

Thalassocnus yaucensis | Pisco |

[255]

Panochthus intermedius | Sacaba |

[256]

Eumysops marplatensis, Neuryurus sp. | San Andrés |

[257][258]

Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp. | San José |

[259]

Macrauchenia patagonica, Scelidodon cf. tarijensis, Cervidae indet. | Umala |

[260]

Eumysops cavoides, E. marplatensis, Galictis sorgentini, Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., Microtragulus sp., Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., Pithanotomys sp., Tremacyllus sp., Toxodon sp., Windhausenia sp. | Vorohué |

[257]
[261][262]

Birds | Phalacrocorax aff. bougainvillii | Pisco |

[263]

Aratinga vorohuensis | Vorohué |

[264]

Reptiles | Uquiasaurus heptanodonta | Uquía |

[265]

Chapadmalalan | Mammals | Didelphis brachyodonta, Didelphis reigi, Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata, Paraglyptodon chapalmalensis, Platygonus marplatensis, Thylophorops chapalmalensis, Marmosa indet. | Chapadmalal |

[266][267]
[268][269]
[270]

Paedotherium typicum, Paramyocastor diligens, Eumysops sp. | Puerto Alvear |

[271]

Abrothrix magnus, Chukimys favaloroi | Brochero |

[272][273]

Caviodon multiplicatus, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Dolicavia minuscula, Eucelophorus cf. chapalmalensis, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Pascualia aff. laeviplicata, Tremacyllus impressus, Actenomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Pithanotomys sp. | Río
Quinto |

[274]

aff. Holmesina floridianus, Marisela gregoriana, Pliodasypus vergelianus, Boreostemma sp., Cardiatherium sp., cf. Caviodon sp., Cyonasua sp., Neoepiblema sp., Megatheriidae indet., Toxodontidae indet. | San
Gregorio |

[275][276]

Artigasia magna, Plesiomegatherium hansmeyeri, Pliomegatherium sp. | San José |

[277]

Chorobates villosissimus, cf. Doellotatus inornatus, Lomaphorops corallinus, Neuryurus cf. giganteus, Pyramiodontherium scillatoyanei, Xyophorus aff. bandesioi, Eoauchenia sp., Paleuphractus sp., cf. Plesiomegatherium sp., Propediolagus sp., cf. Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., cf. Urotherium sp. | Toro
Negro |

[278][279]

Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Microcavia sp., Plaina sp., Scelidotheridium sp. | Uquía |

[280]

Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Chapalmalania sp., ?Hyperleptus sp., Nothrotherium sp., Camelidae indet., Caviidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Lestodontini indet., Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet., Tardigrada indet., Toxodontidae indet. | Ware |

[281][282]
[283]

Birds | Llallawavis scagliai | Playa
Los Lobos
Allo |

[284]

Reptiles &
amphibians | Rhinella loba | Chapadmalal | [285]
Anura indet., Squamata indet., Serpentes indet. | Brochero |

[273]

Crocodylus falconensis | San
Gregorio |

[286]

Crocodylus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Crocodylidae indet., Podocnemididae indet. | Ware |

[281][287]

Fishes | Carcharhinidae indet., Characidae indet., Cichlidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Doradidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Pristidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Serrasalmidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet. | Ware |

[281]

Montehermosan | Mammals | Actenomys latidens, A. priscus, Argyrolagus palmeri, Caviodon australis, Doellotatus inornatus, Eleutherocercus antiquus, Eoauchenia primitiva, Eucelophorus cabrerai, Eumysops formosus, E. laeviplicatus, Holozaedyus laevisculptus, Hyperdidelphys inexpectata, Kraglievichimys formosus, Lagostomus euplasius, L. incises, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Marmosa contrerasi, Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi, Necromys bonapartei, Notocynus hermosicus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Parahyaenodon argentinus, Paramyocastor diligens, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Phtoramys homogenidens, Pithanotomys columnaris, P. macer, Plaina cf. intermedia, Plohophorus figuratus, Promacrauchenia antiqua, P. kraglievichi, Proscelidodon patrius, Pseudoplataeomys formosus, Pseudotypotherium bravardi, Thylatheridium pascuali, Toxodon chapalmalensis, Tremacyllus impressus, Trigodon gaudryi, Caviodon sp., Chorobates sp., Lestodon sp., Lutreolina sp., Macroeuphractus sp., Neocavia sp., Neophanomys sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Phugatherium sp., Prodolichotis sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., Sparassocynus sp., Caviidae indet., Cricetidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Rodentia indet., Sigmodontinae sp., Toxodontidae indet. | Monte
Hermoso |

[288]
[289][290]
[291][292]
[293][294]
[295][296]

Xotodon caravela | Aconquija |

[297]

Brachytherium laternarium, Cardiomys ameghinorum, Cavia cabrerai, Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, Chorobates scalabrini, Cyonasua brevirostris, Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium robustum, Microtragulus catamarcensis, Neophanomys biplicatus, Neotamandua conspicua, Orthomyctera andina, Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, Paradidelphys pattersonii, Paraeuphractus prominens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghinoi, Pithanotomys columnaris, Prodolichotis prisca, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Pyramiodontherium bergi, Scelidotherium pendolai, Sphenotherus zavaletianus, Stromaphorus compressidens, Tetrastylus intermedius, Tremacyllus latifrons, Typotheriopsis internum, Palaeocavia sp., Thylacosmilus sp., Toxodontherium sp., Xotodon sp. | Andalhuala |

[298][299]

Hemisyntrachelus sp. | Bahía
Inglesa |

[300]

Balaenopteridae indet., Odontoceti indet., Otariidae indet. | Caleta
Herradura |

[301]

Plesiotypotherium casirense, Simomylodon uccasamamensis | Casira |

[70][302]

Bolivartherium codorensis, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, cf. Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Mirandabradys zabasi, Proeremotherium eljebe, Alitoxodon sp., Plesiomegatherium sp. | Codore |

[303]
[304][305]
[306][307]
[308][309]

Delphinus domeykoi, Megaptera hubachi, Pliopontos sp., ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet. | Coquimbo |

[310][311]
[312]

Borhyaenidium riggsi | Corral
Quemado |

[313]

Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., cf. Plohophorops sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp. | La Paz |

[314]

Anadasypus aequatorianus, Caviomorpha indet., Litopterna indet., Toxodontia indet. | Letrero |

[315]

Cetacea indet. | Paraguaná |

[316]

Posnanskytherium sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Mylodontidae indet. | Remedios |

[317]

Plohophorus aff. figuratus | Río
Negro |

[318]

Oxyodontherium zeballosi | Río
Quinto |

[319]

Catonyx tarijensis | San José |

[320]

Aymaratherium jeani, Megatherium altiplanicum, Microtragulus bolivianus, Phugatherium saavedrai, Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Praectenomys rhombidens, P. vagus, Sparassocynus heterotopicus, Macroeuphractus sp., cf. Plaina sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp., ?Caenolestidae indet., Mylodontinae indet. | Umala |

[321]
[322][323]

Birds | Chunga incerta, Dryornis pampeanus, Eudromia cf. elegans, Foetopterus ambiguus, Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, Palaeociconia australis, Protorhea azarae, Tinamisornis intermedius, T. parvulus, Dendrocygninae indet. | Monte
Hermoso |

[289][290]

Opisthodactylus kirchneri | Andalhuala |

[299]

Pygoscelis grandis, Spheniscus anglicus | Bahía
Inglesa |

[324][300][325]

Spheniscus chilensis, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp. | Caleta
Herradura |

[301]

cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet. | Coquimbo |

[326][327]

Reptiles &
amphibians | Ceratophrys ameghinorum, Chelonoidis cf. australis, Lepidobatrachus australis, L. laevis, Testudo formosa, Leptodactylus sp., Tupinambis sp., Bufonidae indet., Colubridae indet. | Monte
Hermoso |

[328]
[289][290]
[291][329]

Caiman sp., Gavialoidea indet. | Ipururo |

[330][331]

Fishes | Characidae indet., Percichthyidae indet., Trichomycteridae indet. | Monte
Hermoso |

[289]

Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glauca | Bahía
Inglesa |

[300]

Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharias sp., Carcharhinus sp., Chondrichthyes indet., Myliobatidae indet. | Caleta
Herradura |

[301]

Carcharodon carcharias | Coquimbo |

[332]

Megalodon, Brotula cf. ordwayi, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharhinus priscus, Chilara taylori, Eucinostomus cf. currani, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Isistius triangulus, Larimus cf. pacificus, Lepophidium microlepis, Merluccius cf. angustimanus, Negaprion eurybathrodon, Odontaspis acutissima, Orthopristis cf. cantharinus, Otophidium indefatigabile, Paraconger californiensis, Porichthys analis, P. margaritatus, P. cf. notatus, Rhizoprionodon taxandriae, Anchoa sp., Apogon sp., Citharichthys sp., Diaphus sp., Haemulon sp., Lampadena sp., Cynoglossidae indet., Gerreidae indet., Gobiidae indet., Opistognathidae indet., Pleuronectidae indet., ?Serranidae indet. | Onzole |

[333][334]
[335]

Megalodon | Paraguaná |

[316]

Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp. | Puerta del
Diablo |

[80][336]

## See also

[edit]

* Paleontology portal
* Prehistoric mammals portal

* Biochronology
* North American land mammal age (NALMA)
* Asian land mammal age (ALMA)
* European land mammal age (ELMA or ELMMZ)
* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ecuador
* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Paraguay
* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Uruguay
* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela

## Notes and references

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
2. ^ Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
3. ^ In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation[97]

### References

[edit]

1. ^ Flynn & Swisher, 1995
2. ^ Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
3. ^ Carrillo, Juan D.; Faurby, Søren; Silvestro, Daniele; Zizka, Alexander; Jaramillo, Carlos; Bacon, Christine D.; Antonelli, Alexandre (2020-10-20). "Disproportionate extinction of South American mammals drove the asymmetry of the Great American Biotic Interchange". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (42): 26281–26287\. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11726281C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2009397117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7585031. PMID 33020313.
4. ^ Blasi et al., 2010, p.88
5. ^ Fucks et al., 2011, p.110
6. ^ Quebrada Agua Blanca at Fossilworks.org
7. ^ Mapa Geológico del Paraguay, 1986, p.42
8. ^ Filí, 2001, p.28
9. ^ a b c d López Mendoza et al, 2010, p.22
10. ^ Alvarenga et al., 2010, p.230
11. ^ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.211
12. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.89
13. ^ Zurita et al., 2009, p.279
14. ^ Soibelzon et al., 2010, p.315
15. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.30
16. ^ Villarroel et al., 1989, p.120
17. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.74
18. ^ Combina & Sánchez, 2003, p.126
19. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
20. ^ Pardiñas & Galliari, 1998, p.18
21. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.75
22. ^ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.52
23. ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.72
24. ^ Brambilla & Ibarra
25. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.143
26. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.76
27. ^ Isla et al., 2015, p.245
28. ^ Oliveira et al., 2005, p.216
29. ^ Villarroel et al., 2001, p.90
30. ^ Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.212
31. ^ a b Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.642
32. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.41
33. ^ Kerber et al., 2014, p.250
34. ^ a b c d e Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.639
35. ^ Tonni et al., 1999, p.277
36. ^ Picasso & Degrange, 2009, p.429
37. ^ Agnolin, 2006
38. ^ Buchmann et al., 2009, p.9
39. ^ Granadino, 2012, p.18
40. ^ a b Isla et al., 2015, p.236
41. ^ a b c d e f Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.640
42. ^ a b Reguero & Candela, 2008, p.291
43. ^ a b Orgeira, 1988, p.26
44. ^ Franco et al., 2013, p.41
45. ^ Erra et al., 2016, p.65
46. ^ a b c d e f Le Roux et al., 2016, p.46
47. ^ Segovia, 2014, p.142
48. ^ Renner & Velasco, 2000, p.26
49. ^ a b Castro et al., 2014, p.5
50. ^ a b c d e f Moreno et al., 2015, p.7
51. ^ Olivares et al., 2012, p.200
52. ^ Elissamburu et al., 2011, p.228
53. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.257
54. ^ a b c d Muruaga, 2001, p.30
55. ^ Zamorano, 2013, p.284
56. ^ a b c d e Le Roux et al., 2006, p.49
57. ^ Carillo Briceño et al., 2013, p.194
58. ^ Chávez, 2008
59. ^ a b c d e f g Brand et al., 2011
60. ^ a b c d e f g Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.14
61. ^ a b Cerdeño et al., 2008, p.225
62. ^ a b Rinderknecht & Noriega, 2002, p.185
63. ^ Ciccioli, 2017, p.72
64. ^ Agnolin et al., 2014, p.20
65. ^ Albino et al., 2009, p.79
66. ^ Bogan & Agnolin, 2009, p.193
67. ^ Nasif et al., p.101
68. ^ Gutiérrez & Mon, 2004
69. ^ Di Celma & Cantalamessa, 2007
70. ^ a b Cerdeño et al., 2012
71. ^ a b Quijano Ballesteros, 2005, p.19
72. ^ Bonini, 2014, p.58
73. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
74. ^ a b Castro Medina, 2010, p.58
75. ^ Romero Carrasco, 2017, p.8
76. ^ a b c d Finger et al., 2007, p.13
77. ^ Ramírez Parrales, 2013, p.52
78. ^ a b c Reguero et al., 2015, p.60
79. ^ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.19
80. ^ a b Cione et al., 2005, p.57
81. ^ a b Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.683
82. ^ a b c d Pérez, 2012, p.11
83. ^ a b Cozzuol, 2006, p.190
84. ^ Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.136
85. ^ Garrido et al., 2017, p.54
86. ^ Verde, 2002, p.21
87. ^ a b Goin et al., 2000, p.101
88. ^ a b c Verzi et al., 2008, p.146
89. ^ Morton & Herbst, s.a., p.1
90. ^ Cerdeño et al., 2019, p.12
91. ^ Czaplewski & Campbell, 2017
92. ^ Frailey, 1986, p.4
93. ^ García López & Barbot, 2015, p.315
94. ^ Franco et al., 2013, p.44
95. ^ a b c d e Vezzosi, 2015, p.27
96. ^ Kiyu Formation at Fossilworks.org
97. ^ Verde, 2002, p.20
98. ^ a b Romero et al., 1998, p.60
99. ^ Pujos et al., 2012, p.2
100. ^ a b c d e f g Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
101. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.26
102. ^ Morton & Herbst, 2007, p.154
103. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.637
104. ^ a b c d Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
105. ^ Brea et al., 2013, p.28
106. ^ a b c d e f Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
107. ^ González & Abascal, 2012, p.129
108. ^ Baldellón et al., 1994, p.241
109. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991
110. ^ Brandoni et al., 2012, p.10
111. ^ a b c d Linares, 2004, p.16
112. ^ Deschamps et al., 2009, p.296
113. ^ a b Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2007, p.301
114. ^ Escosteguy et al., 2003
115. ^ a b c d e f Reichler, 2010, p.181
116. ^ García et al., 1999, p.251
117. ^ a b Hernández et al., 2002, p.5
118. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
119. ^ a b Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.635
120. ^ a b Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.149
121. ^ Penín & Villarroel, 2005, p.138
122. ^ a b c d e Utgé et al., 2009
123. ^ a b c d Cerdeño & Guiomar, 2007, p.201
124. ^ Simpson, 1947, p.2
125. ^ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.348
126. ^ Linares, 2004, p.5
127. ^ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.422
128. ^ Dalla Salda & Franzese, 1987, p.7
129. ^ Croft et al., 2016, p.2
130. ^ Marshall, 1990
131. ^ Marshall & Salinas, 1990
132. ^ a b c d e De la Cruz, 2008, p.53
133. ^ a b c d Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
134. ^ Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2
135. ^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442
136. ^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491
137. ^ a b Rincón et al., 2016, p.19
138. ^ Vizcaíno et al., 2012
139. ^ a b c d Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52
140. ^ Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.20
141. ^ a b Johnson, 2009, p.60
142. ^ a b Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140
143. ^ Horovitz & Sánchez Villagra, 2012, p.145
144. ^ Croft et al., 2007, p.781
145. ^ Kramarz, 2001, p.10
146. ^ a b c d e f Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
147. ^ a b c d e f Godoy et al., 2012
148. ^ a b c d e f Muñoz et al., 2006
149. ^ Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47
150. ^ Kramarz et al., 2005
151. ^ Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288
152. ^ a b Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419
153. ^ a b Náñez et al., 2009
154. ^ Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24
155. ^ De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207
156. ^ a b c d e f Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
157. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.27
158. ^ Combina & Nullo, 2011, p.201
159. ^ Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
160. ^ Castro Medina, 2010, p.55
161. ^ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.41
162. ^ Bond et al., 1998, p.42
163. ^ Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.680
164. ^ Alván et al., 2017, p.56
165. ^ Gómez et al., 2008, p.48
166. ^ Billet et al., 2008, p.153
167. ^ Le Roux et al., 2010, p.332
168. ^ Conoce Nuestra Biodiversidad - Salla
169. ^ Reguero & Cerdeño, 2005, p.674
170. ^ Do Couto Ribeiro, 2010, p.88
171. ^ a b c d e f g h Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
172. ^ a b c d e f g h i Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
173. ^ Gonçalves Pereira, 2015, p.124
174. ^ Billet et al., 2010
175. ^ Vizan et al., 2013
176. ^ a b Otero et al., 2012
177. ^ Castro Medina, 2010, p.56
178. ^ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.12
179. ^ Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.34
180. ^ a b c Carlotto, 2016, p.522
181. ^ Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200
182. ^ a b Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6
183. ^ Clarke et al., 2003
184. ^ a b Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545
185. ^ a b Castro Medina, 2010, p.54
186. ^ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11
187. ^ Ciancio et al., 2016, p.577
188. ^ López & Bond, 1995, p.92
189. ^ a b Wilf et al., 2005, p.634
190. ^ Shelania at Fossilworks.org
191. ^ Wilf et al., 2005
192. ^ Campbell et al., 2014, p.13
193. ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.252
194. ^ a b c d Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
195. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.633
196. ^ Mendes et al., 2015, p.28
197. ^ Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
198. ^ Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.420
199. ^ Hernández, 2003, p.47
200. ^ Cadena & Schweitzer, 2014, p.461
201. ^ Del Papa, 2006, p.314
202. ^ a b c Narváez, 2009, p.24
203. ^ Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
204. ^ Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
205. ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
206. ^ Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
207. ^ a b Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
208. ^ a b Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
209. ^ a b Gelfo & Goin, 2011
210. ^ a b c d e f Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
211. ^ a b Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
212. ^ Oliveira & Goin, 2011
213. ^ a b Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
214. ^ Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
215. ^ Sánchez & Marquillas, 2010, p.389
216. ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
217. ^ a b Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
218. ^ Goin et al., 2006
219. ^ Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
220. ^ Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
221. ^ Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
222. ^ Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
223. ^ a b Luján at Fossilworks.org
224. ^ Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
225. ^ Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
226. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
227. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
228. ^ Góis et al., 2012
229. ^ Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
230. ^ La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
231. ^ Góis et al., 2015
232. ^ La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
233. ^ a b Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
234. ^ a b El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
235. ^ El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
236. ^ a b 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
237. ^ Machado et al., 2014
238. ^ a b c Tarija at Fossilworks.org
239. ^ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
240. ^ Ortiz et al., 2013
241. ^ Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
242. ^ Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
243. ^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
244. ^ Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
245. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.93
246. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.83
247. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.84
248. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.86
249. ^ Agnolin, 2006, p.88
250. ^ Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
251. ^ Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
252. ^ Charana at Fossilworks.org
253. ^ Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
254. ^ Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
255. ^ East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
256. ^ 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
257. ^ a b Olivares & Verzi, 2015
258. ^ Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
259. ^ Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
260. ^ Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
261. ^ Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
262. ^ 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
263. ^ Yauca at Fossilworks.org
264. ^ Tonni & Noriega, 1996
265. ^ Daza et al., 2012
266. ^ Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
267. ^ Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
268. ^ First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
269. ^ Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
270. ^ First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
271. ^ Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
272. ^ Barbière et al., 2016
273. ^ a b Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
274. ^ Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
275. ^ Castro et al., 2014
276. ^ Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
277. ^ Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
278. ^ Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
279. ^ Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
280. ^ Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
281. ^ a b c Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
282. ^ Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
283. ^ Pérez et al., 2017
284. ^ Degrange et al., 2015
285. ^ Pérez Ben et al., 2019
286. ^ Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
287. ^ Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
288. ^ Barbière et al., 2018
289. ^ a b c d Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
290. ^ a b c Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
291. ^ a b Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
292. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
293. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
294. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
295. ^ Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
296. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
297. ^ Armella et al., 2018
298. ^ Candela & Bonini, 2017
299. ^ a b Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
300. ^ a b c Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
301. ^ a b c Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
302. ^ Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
303. ^ Carrillo et al., 2018
304. ^ Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
305. ^ La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
306. ^ Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
307. ^ Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
308. ^ Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
309. ^ 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
310. ^ Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
311. ^ Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
312. ^ Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
313. ^ Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
314. ^ La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
315. ^ RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
316. ^ a b El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
317. ^ Remedios at Fossilworks.org
318. ^ Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
319. ^ Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
320. ^ Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
321. ^ Pujos et al., 2016
322. ^ Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
323. ^ Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
324. ^ Benson, 2015
325. ^ Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
326. ^ La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
327. ^ Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
328. ^ Nicoli, 2015
329. ^ Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
330. ^ CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
331. ^ CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
332. ^ Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
333. ^ Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
334. ^ Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
335. ^ Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
336. ^ Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org

### Bibliography

[edit]

#### SALMA

[edit]

* Flynn, J.; Swisher, C.C. (1995), "Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology", Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication, 54: 317–333

Paleogene

* Gurovich, Yamila (2005), Bio-Evolutionary aspects of Mesozoic Mammals: Description, phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the Gondwanatheria, (Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of Gondwana) (PhD thesis), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–621, retrieved 2018-10-01
* Woodburne, M.O.; Goin, F.J.; Bond, M.; Carlini, A.A.; Gelfo, J.N.; López, G.M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, A.N. (2013), "Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 21: 1–73, doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1, retrieved 2019-02-15

#### Pebas Wetlands

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* Antoine, P.; Abello, J.A.; Adnet, S.; Altamirano Sierra, A.J.; Baby, P.; Billet, G.; Boivin, M.; Calderón, Y.; Candela and J. Chabain, F. Corfu, D. A. Croft, M. Ganerød, C. Jaramillo, S. Klaus, L. Marivaux, R. E. Navarrete, M. J. Orliac, F. Parra, M. E. Pérez, F. Pujos, J. Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez-Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, A.R. (2016), "A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru" (PDF), Gondwana Research, 31: 30–59, Bibcode:2016GondR..31...30A, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001, retrieved 2020-03-19`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Flynn, John J.; Baby, Patrice; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015), "A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282 (1804): 20142490, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490, PMC 4375856, PMID 25716785, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Wesselingh, F.P.; Hoorn, M.C.; Guerrero, J.; Räsänen, M.E.; Romero Pittmann, L.; Salo, J. (2006), "The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution", Scripta Geologica, 133: 291–322, retrieved 2017-08-15

#### Argentina

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Paleogene

* Vucetich, María F. (2007), "Mamíferos continentales del Paleógeno argentino: las investigaciones de los últimos cincuenta años", Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial, 11: 239–255, retrieved 2018-10-01

Pleistocene

* Iriondo, Martín (2010), Geología del Cuaternario en la Argentina, Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Florentino Ameghino, pp. 1–360, retrieved 2019-02-12

Austral Basin

* Dal Molín, C.N.; Colombo, F. (2003), "Sedimentación neógena en la Cuenca del Río Zeballos y del Río Jeinemeni (47° Latitud Sur) Antepaís patagónico Argentina" (PDF), Geogaceta, 34: 139–142, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo (2010), Sistemática y bioestratigrafía de los nanofósiles calcáreos del Cretácico del sudeste de la Cuenca Austral, Santa Cruz, Argentina (PhD thesis), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–450

Santa María-Hualfín Basin

* Bonini, Ricardo Adolfo (2014), Bioestratigrafía y diversidad de los mamíferos del Neógeno de San Fernando y Puerta de Corral Quemado (Catamarca, Argentina) (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–337, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Muruaga, Claudia M (2001), "Estratigrafía y desarrollo tectosedimentario de los sedimentos terciarios en los alrededores de la Sierra de Hualfín, borde suroriental de la Puna, Catamarca, Argentina" (PDF), Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 8: 27–50, retrieved 2018-09-10

Santa Fe Province

* Vezzosi, Raúl Ignacio (2015), Diversidad de los mamíferos del Pleistoceno de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina: aspectos taxonómicos, bioestratigráficos y paleobiogeográficos relacionados (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–913, retrieved 2018-09-11

Aconquija Formation

* Armella, Matías A.; García López, Daniel A.; Dominguez, Lucía (2018), "A new species of Xotodon (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae) from northwestern Argentina", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38 (1): e1425882, Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E5882A, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1425882, hdl:11336/87945, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Gutiérrez, A.A.; Mon, Ricardo (2004), "Mega-geomorphology of Tafi del Valle-Aconquija, Tucumán", Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 59: 303–311, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Nasif, Norma L.; Estebán, Graciela; Georgieff, Sergio M. (2007), "Nuevo registro de vertebrados para la Formación Aconquija, provincia de Catamarca, Noroeste de Argentina. Implicancias cronoestratigráficas y consideraciones paleoambientales" (PDF), Acta Geológica Lilloana, 20: 99–112, retrieved 2019-02-11

Agua de la Piedra Formation

* Cerdeño, Esperanza; Reguero, Marcelo (2015), "The Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) assemblage from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (2): e907173, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E7173C, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.907173, retrieved 2015-02-13
* Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara (2014), "A new Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene beds of Mendoza Province, Argentina", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13 (11): 943–962, doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.982727, hdl:11336/59428, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Combina, Ana María; Nullo, Francisco (2011), "Ciclos tectónicos, volcánicos y sedimentarios del Cenozoico del sur de Mendoza-Argentina (35-37° S y 69° 30'W)" (PDF), Andean Geology, 38: 198–218, retrieved 2018-09-11
* Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Seoane, Federico D.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2017), "New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 62: 195–210, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Seoane, Federico; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2014), "First extra-Patagonian record of Asmodeus Ameghino (Notoungulata, Homalodotheriidae) in the Late Oligocene of Mendoza Province, Argentina", Ameghiniana, 51 (5): 373–384, doi:10.5710/AMGH.07.07.2014.2735, retrieved 2019-02-12

Aisol Formation

* Forasiepi, Analía M.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Bond, Mariano; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Naipauer, Maximiliano; Straehl, Fiona R.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Garrido, Alberto C.; Schmitz and James L. Crowley, Mark D. (2015), "New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina", Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 89 (3): 611–634, Bibcode:2015PalZ...89..611F, doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Forasiepi, Analía M.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Dieguez, Sergio; Bond, Mariano (2011), Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza (PDF), Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta, pp. 135–154, retrieved 2017-10-01

Andalhuala Formation

* Candela, Adriana M.; Bonini, Ricardo A. (2017), "A new guinea pig (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from northwestern Argentina: Implications for the origin of the genus Cavia", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (4): e1352591, Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E2591C, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1352591, retrieved 2019-02-12

Andesitas Huancache Formation

* Goin, Francisco J.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Chornogubsky, Laura; López, Guillermo M.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Bond, Mariano; Woodburne, Michael O.; Gurovich, Yamila; Reguero, Marcelo (2012), "Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia", Naturwissenschaften, 99 (6): 449–463, Bibcode:2012NW.....99..449G, doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z, PMID 22584426, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Tejedor, Marcelo F. (2009), "New Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna from Western Patagonia, Argentina" (PDF), American Museum Novitates (3638): 1–43, doi:10.1206/577.1, retrieved 2018-09-11 Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine

Arroyo Chasicó Formation

* González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Krmpotic, Cecilia M.; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2012), "A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina" (PDF), Zootaxa, 3359: 55–64, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Pérez, María Encarnación; Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2018), "Diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the South American 'cardiomyine' rodents (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) with a description of two new species", Papers in Palaeontology, 4 (1): 1–19, Bibcode:2018PPal....4....1P, doi:10.1002/spp2.1095, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Rasia, Luciano L.; Candela, Adriana M. (2016), "Lagostomus telenkechanum, sp. nov., a new lagostomine rodent (Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae) from the Arroyo Chasicó Formation (late Miocene; Buenos Aires Province, Argentina)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (1): e1239205, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1239205, retrieved 2019-02-12

Belgrano Formation

* Agnolin, Federico (2006), "Dos nuevos Anatidae (Aves, Anseriformes) del Pleistoceno inferior-medio de Argentina", Stud. Geol. Salmant., 42: 81–95, retrieved 2017-10-02

Bororó Formation

* Scarfati, L.; Melendi, D.L.; Volkheimer, W. (2009), "A Danian subtropical lacustrine palynobiota from South America (Bororó Formation, San Jorge Basin, Patagonia - Argentina)", Geologica Acta, 7: 35–61, retrieved 2018-09-10

Brochero Formation

* Barbière, Franck; Cruz, Laura E.; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J. (2016), "A new genus of Sigmodontinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Pliocene of Central Argentina", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (5): e1199557, Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9557B, doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1199557, hdl:11336/36864, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Zamorano, Martin (2013), "Diagnosis y nueva descripción de Propanochthus bullifer (Burmeister) (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae). Consideraciones bioestratigráficas y cronológicas de su procedencia" (PDF), Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 28 (2): 283–292, doi:10.7203/sjp.28.2.17860, retrieved 2018-09-10 Archived 2021-01-21 at the Wayback Machine

Casamayor Formation

* Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256, retrieved 2017-10-18
* Raigemborn, María Sol (2008), Estudio estratigráfico, sedimentológico y composicional de las sedimentitas del Terciário inferior (Grupo Rio Chico) en el sector sudoriental del Chubut Extraandino (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 11–58, retrieved 2017-10-18

Cerro Azul Formation

* Goin, F.J.; Montalvo, C.; Visconti, G. (2000), "Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno superior de la Formación Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina)", Estudios Geológicos, 56 (1–2): 101–126, doi:10.3989/egeol.00561-2158, retrieved 2017-08-151–2&rft.pages=101-126&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info:doi/10.3989/egeol.00561-2158&rft.aulast=Goin&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rft.au=Montalvo,+C.&rft.au=Visconti,+G.&rft_id=http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/158/158&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">
* Madozzo Jaén, M. Carolina; Pérez, M. Encarnación; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Tomassini, Rodrigo L. (2018), "Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63 (2): 241–260, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Sostillo, Renata; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Verzi, Diego H. (2014), "A new species of Reigechimys (Rodentia, Echimyidae) from the Late Miocene of central Argentina and the evolutionary pattern of the lineage", Ameghiniana, 51 (4): 284–294, doi:10.5710/AMGH.24.04.2014.2741, retrieved 2019-02-12

Cerro Bandera Formation

* Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano; Arnal, Michelle (2015), "Systematic description of three new mammals (Notoungulata and Rodentia) from the early Miocene Cerro Bandera Formation, northern Patagonia, Argentina", Ameghiniana, 52 (6): 585–597, doi:10.5710/AMGH.27.06.2015.2906, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Kramarz, Alejandro; Garrido, Alberto; Forasiepi, Analía; Bond, Mariano; Tambussi, Claudia (2005), "Estratigrafia y vertebrados (Aves y Mammalia) de la Formación Cerro Bandera, Mioceno Temprano de la Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina", Revista Geológica de Chile, 32 (2): 273–291, doi:10.4067/S0716-02082005000200006, retrieved 2017-10-20

Chapadmalal Formation

* Elissamburu, Andrea; Dondas, Alejandro; de Santis, Luciano (2011), "Morfometría de las paleocuevas de la "Fm." Chapadmalal y su asignación a Actenomys (Rodentia), Paedotherium (Notoungulata) y otros mamíferos fósiles hospedantes" (PDF), Mastozoología Neotropical, 18: 227–238, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Oliva, Cristian; Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo; Dondas, Alejandro; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan (2010), "Los Glyptodontinae (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) del Piso/Edad Chapadmalalense (Plioceno tardío): revisión y aportes a su conocimiento" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27: 112–120, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Olivares, A. Itatí; Verzi, Diego H.; Guiomar Vucetich, M. (2012), "Definición del género Eumysops Ameghino 1888 (Rodentia, Echimyidae) y sistemática de las especies del Plioceno temprano de la Argentina central" (PDF), Ameghiniana, 49 (2): 198–216, doi:10.5710/AMGH.v49i2(450), retrieved 2018-09-10
* Pérez Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019), "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39 (1): e1576183, Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E6183P, doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183

Chichinales Formation

* Agnolin, Federico L.; Chafrat, Pablo (2015), "New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina", Annales de Paléontologie, 101 (2): 87–94, Bibcode:2015AnPal.101...87A, doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.02.001, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo; Paz, Ernesto Rodrigo (2013), "Un Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) basal del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 30: 186–195, retrieved 2017-10-20

Chiquimil Formation

* Esteban, G.; Nasif, N.; Georgieff, S.M. (2014), "Cronobioestratigrafía del Mioceno tardío – Plioceno temprano, Puerta de Corral Quemado y Villavil, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina" (PDF), Acta Geológica Lilloana, 26: 165–192, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Madozzo Jaén, María Carolina; Pérez, María Encarnación (2017), "The most ancient caviine rodent (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) comes from the late Miocene of Northwest Argentina (South America)", Historical Biology, 29 (3): 376–383, Bibcode:2017HBio...29..376M, doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1166360, hdl:11336/61885, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Martínez, Leandro C.A.; Lutz, Alicia I. (2004), Estudios preliminares de la xiloflora de la Formación Chiquimil (Catamarca) (PDF), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste \- Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, pp. 1–3, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Mautino, Lilia R.; Anzótegui, Luisa M., Polen de la Formación Chiquimil, en la Localidad Vallecito (Mioceno Superior) Provincia de Catamarca (PDF), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, pp. 1–3, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Morton, L.S.; Herbst, R., Gastrópodos (Orthalicidae) de la Formación Chiquimil (Mioceno) de Villavil, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina (PDF), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, pp. 1–3, retrieved 2017-08-15

Collón Curá Formation

* Abello, María Alejandra; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), "Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata)", Ameghiniana, 49 (2): 164–184, doi:10.5710/AMGH.v49i2(408), retrieved 2019-02-15
* Dalla Salda, Luis; Franzese, Juan (2014), "Las megaestructuras del Macizo y Cordillera Norpatagónica argentina y la génesis de las cuencas volcano-sedimentarias terciarias", Revista Geológica de Chile, 31: 3–13, retrieved 2018-09-04
* Escosteguy, Leonardo; Franchi, Mario (2010), "Estratigrafía de la región de Chapelco, Provincia del Neuquén" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 66: 418–429, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Nardoni, Bárbara Vera; Reguero, Marcelo; González Ruiz, Laureano (2017), "The Interatheriinae notoungulates from the middle Miocene Collón Curá Formation in Argentina", Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 62 (4): 845–863, retrieved 2019-02-12

Deseado Formation

* Agnolin, Federico (2006), "Posición sistemática de algunas aves fororracoideas (Ralliformes: Cariamae) Argentinas", Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 8: 27–33, doi:10.22179/REVMACN.8.348, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Forasiepi, Analía M.; Babot, M. Judith; Zimicz, Natalia (2014), "Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13 (6): 503–525, doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.926403, hdl:11336/59430, retrieved 2019-02-12

Divisadero Largo Formation

* Simpson, G.G.; Minoprio, J.L.; Patterson, B. (1962), "The mammalian fauna of the Divisadero Largo Formation, Mendoza, Argentina", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127: 239–293, retrieved 2019-02-15

La Ensenada Formation

* Góis, Flávio; González Ruiz, Laureano Raúl; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan; Soibelzon, Esteban (2015), "A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity", PLoS ONE, 10 (6): e0128296, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1028296G, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128296, PMC 4470999, PMID 26083486
* Picasso, Mariana B.J.; Degrange, Federico J. (2009), "El género Nothura (Aves, Tinamidae) en el Pleistoceno (Formación Ensenada) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina", Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 26: 428–432, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Tonni, E.P. (1999), "The Ensenada and Buenos Aires formations (Pleistocene) in a quarry near La Plata, Argentina" (PDF), Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 12 (3): 273–291, Bibcode:1999JSAES..12..273T, doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(99)00021-8, retrieved 2018-09-10

Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal

* Cerdeño, Esperanza; Pérez, María E.; Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Contreras, Víctor H. (2019), "A new capybara from the late Miocene of San Juan Province, Argentina, and its phylogenetic implications" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64: 1–14, retrieved 2019-02-11

Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin

* Goin, F. J.; Candela, A.M.; Abello, M.A.; Oliveira, E.V. (2009), "Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of 'pseudodiprotodont' marsupial radiations", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155 (4): 867–884, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00471.x, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256, retrieved 2017-10-18
* Ugalde, Raúl; Bostelmann, Enrique; Oyarzún, José Luis (2013), Stratigraphic review of the Las Flores Formation, Sierra Baguales, Última Esperanza Province, Magallanes, GeoSur Conference IV Viña del Mar, pp. 355–358, retrieved 2019-02-11

Fortín Tres Pozos Formation

* Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor (2010), "Primer registro fósil de Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier, 1798) (Carnivora, Procyonidae) en la Argentina" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27: 313–319, retrieved 2018-09-03
* Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo; Miño Boilini, Ángel Ramón; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Iriondo, Martín; Alcaraz, María Alejandra (2009), "Paleontología del Chaco Oriental. Una nueva localidad con mamíferos fósiles pleistocenos en el río Bermejo (Formosa, Argentina)" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 26: 277–288, retrieved 2018-09-03 Archived 2018-09-04 at the Wayback Machine

Gaiman Formation

* Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2007), "Revisión sistemática de Palaeospheniscus biloculata (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina", Ameghiniana, 44: 417–426, retrieved 2018-09-11
* Viglino, Mariana; Buono, Mónica R.; Gutstein, Carolina S.; Cozzuol, Mario A.; Cuitiño, José I. (2018), "A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63 (2): 261–277, doi:10.4202/app.00441.2017, retrieved 2019-02-11

Geste Formation

* Ciancio, Martín R; Herrera, Claudia; Aramayo, Alejandro; Payrola, Patricio; Babot, Judith (2016), "Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle–late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61: 575–590, doi:10.4202/app.00208.2015, retrieved 2018-09-10
* García López, D.A.; Babot, M.J. (2014), "Notoungulate faunas of north-western Argentina: new findings of early-diverging forms from the Eocene Geste Formation", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13 (7): 557–579, doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.930527, retrieved 2019-02-12
* López, Guillermo; Bond, Mariano (1995), "Un nuevo Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) del Terciario Inferior de la Puna argentina [A new Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) of Lower Tertiary from the argentinian Puna]", STVD. Geol. Salmant., 31: 87–99, retrieved 2018-09-10

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

* Reichler, Valeria A (2010), "Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas" (PDF), Andean Geology, 31: 177–219, retrieved 2018-09-11

Hernandarias Formation

* Segovia, Román (2014), Micropaleontología del Cuaternario del sector austral del litoral, Argentina (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–372, retrieved 2019-02-12

Huayquerías Formation

* Forasiepi, Analía M.; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Hernández del Pino, Santiago; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Amson, Eli; Grohé, Camille (2016), "Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics and paleobiological implications" (PDF), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 404: 1–76, doi:10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1, retrieved 2018-10-01
* Garrido, Alberto C.; Bonini, Ricardo; Barbeau, David L. (2017), Paleoambiente, edad y vertebrados de la Formación Huayquerías, Mioceno tardio, Provincia de Mendoza, Republica Argentina, XX Congreso Geológico Argentino, pp. 50–55, retrieved 2018-09-10

Huitrera Formation

* Escosteguy, Leonardo; Franchi, Mario (2010), "Estratigrafía de la región de Chapelco, Provincia del Neuquén" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 66: 418–429, retrieved 2018-09-10

India Muerta Formation

* García López, Daniel A.; Barbot, M. Judith (2015), "A late Miocene Argyrolagidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Bonapartheriiformes) from northwestern Argentina", Ameghiniana, 52 (3): 314–323, doi:10.5710/AMGH.17.02.2015.2876, hdl:11336/50746, retrieved 2017-08-15

La Invernada Formation

* Combina, Ana María; Sánchez, María Lidia (2003), "Análisis sedimentológico de la Formación La Invernada, Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno, pedemonte de las Sierras de Comechingones, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina" (PDF), Revista Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología, 10: 123–135, retrieved 2019-02-12

Ituzaingó Formation

* Brandoni, Diego (2014), "A new genus of Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Argentina", Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 17 (1): 33–42, doi:10.4072/rbp.2014.1.04, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Franco, María Jimena; Brea, Mariana; Orfeo, Óscar; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), "La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina" (PDF), El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 14: 41–55, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Góis, Flávio; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Krmpotic, Cecilia M.; Oliva, Cristian; Zamorano, Martín (2013), "Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del "Conglomerado Osífero" (Miocene tardío) de la Formación Ituzaingó de Entre Ríos, Argentina" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Publicación Especial, 14: 118–134, retrieved 2018-10-01

Koluel Kaike Formation

* Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256, retrieved 2017-08-15

Laguna Brava Formation

* Vizán, H.; Geuna, S.; Melchor, R.; Bellosi, E.S.; Lagorio, S.L.; Vásquez, C.; Japas, M.S.; Ré, G.; Do Campo, M. (2013), "Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina)", Tectonophysics, 583: 105–123, Bibcode:2013Tectp.583..105V, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.10.026, hdl:11336/84532

Laguna del Hunco Formation

* Wilf, Peter; Johnson, Kirk R.; Cúneo, N. Rubén; Smith, M. Elliot; Singer, Bradley S.; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2005), "Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina" (PDF), The American Naturalist, 135 (6): 634–650, doi:10.1086/430055, PMID 15937744, retrieved 2017-10-26

Lefipán Formation

* Goin, Francisco & Rosendo Pascual, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Javier N. Gelfo, Michael O. Woodburne, Judd A. Case, Marcelo A. Reguero, Mariano Bond, Guillermo M. López, Alberto L. Cione, Daniel Udrizar Sautheir, Lucía Balarino, Roberto A. Scassos, Francisco A. Medina and María C. Ubaldón (2006), "The earliest Tertiary therian mammal from South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26 (2): 505–510, doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[505:TETTMF]2.0.CO;2, retrieved 2017-10-26`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Leticia Formation

* Clarke, J.A.; Olivero, E.B.; Puerta, P. (2003), "Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America, and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina" (PDF), American Museum Novitates (3423): 1–18, doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:DOTEFP>2.0.CO;2, hdl:11336/94973, retrieved 2019-02-20

Loma de Las Tapias Formation

* Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Vieytes, Emma C.; Olivares, A. Itatí; Vucetich, María G. (2009), "Primer registro de Cardiatherium chasicoense (Rodentia, Hydrochoeridae) fuera del área pampeana (Argentina) y su valor bioestratigráfico", Ameghiniana, 46: 295–305, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Mones, Álvaro (2014), "Contrerascynus, new name for Simpsonia Contreras, 1990 (Mammalia, Sparassodonta, Hathlyacynidae), non Rochebrune, 1904 (Bivalvia, Unionidae), non Baker, 1911 (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae)" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 17 (3): 435–436, doi:10.4072/rbp.2014.3.12, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Olivares, A. Itatí; Verzi, Diego H.; Contreras, Victor H.; Pessôa, Leila (2016), "A new Echimyidae (Rodentia, Hystricomorpha) from the late Miocene of southern South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (1): e1239204, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1239204, retrieved 2019-02-12

Luján Formation

* Blasi, Adriana (2010), "Paleoambientes de la cuenca media del Río Luján (Buenos Aires, Argentina) durante el último periodo glacial (EIO 4-2)" (PDF), Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 17: 85–111, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Fucks, Enrique; Blasi, Adriana; Carbonari, Jorge; Huarte, Roberto; Pisano, Florencia; Aguirre, Marina (2011), "Evolución geológica y geomorfológica de la cuenca del Río Areco, NE de la Provincia de Buenos Aires" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 68: 109–120, retrieved 2018-09-10

Lumbrera Formation

* Deraco, Virginia; García López, Daniel A. (2015), "A new Eocene Toxodontia (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from northwestern Argentina", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (1): e1037884, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1037884, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Herrera, Claudia M. R.; Powell, Jaime E.; Esteban, Graciela I.; Del Papa, Cecilia (2017), "A New Eocene Dasypodid with Caniniforms (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from Northwest Argentina", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24 (3): 275–288, doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9345-x, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Del Papa, Cecilia E (2006), "Estratigrafía y paleoambientes de la Formación Lumbrera, Grupo Salta, Noroeste argentino" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 61: 313–327, retrieved 2017-08-15

Maimará Formation

* Abello, María Alejandra; De los Reyes, Martín; Candela, Adriana Magdalena; Pujos, François; Voglino, Damián; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino (2015), "Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia", Zootaxa, 3937 (1): 147–160, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.7, hdl:11336/48565, PMID 25947465, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Bonini, Ricardo A.; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Candela, Adriana M.; Solís, Natalia (2017), "First record of Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of the southern central Andes, NW Argentina", Journal of Paleontology, 91 (3): 566–576, Bibcode:2017JPal...91..566B, doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.160, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Pujos, François; Candela, Adriana; Galli, Claudia I.; Coiras, Beatriz L.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; de los Reyes, Martín; Abello, María Alejandra (2012), "The Scelidotherine Proscelidodon (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Late Miocene of Maimará (Northwestern Argentina, Jujuy Province)" (PDF), Ameghiniana, 49 (4): 668–674, doi:10.5710/AMGH.20.11.2012.593, retrieved 2018-10-01

Maíz Gordo Formation

* Narváez, Paula Liliana (2009), Palinoestratigrafía, paleoambientes y cambios climáticos durante el Cretácico final y Paleógeno de la Cuenca del Grupo Salta, República Argentina (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Salta, pp. 1–229, retrieved 2017-10-18

Mariño Formation

* Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara; Combina, Ana María (2018), "A new early Miocene Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Mariño Formation (Argentina): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 88: 118–131, Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..118C, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.06.016, hdl:11336/158508, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Cerdeño, Esperanza; Guiomar Vucetich, M. (2007), "The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications" (PDF), Andean Geology, 34: 199–207, doi:10.5027/andgeoV34n2-a02, retrieved 2017-10-23

Mealla Formation

* Sánchez, María Cristina; Marquillas, Rosa A. (2010), "Facies y ambientes del Grupo Salta (Cretácico-Paleógeno) en Tumbaya, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 383–391, retrieved 2018-09-07

Miramar & San Andrés Formations

* Gaudioso, P.J.; Gasparini, G.M.; Herbst, R.; Bárquez, R.M. (2017), "First record of the Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Pleistocene of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina" (PDF), Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 57 (3): 23–29, doi:10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.03, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Isla, Federico; Taglioretti, Matías; Dondas, Alejandro (2015), "Revisión y nuevos aportes sobre la estratigrafía y sedimentología de los acantilados entre Mar de Cobo y Miramar, Provincia de Buenos Aires" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 72: 235–250, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Olivares, A.I.; Verzi, D.H. (2015), "Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America", Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (8): 1042–1061, retrieved 2019-02-13

Monte Hermoso Formation

* Agnolin, Federico L.; Bogan, Sergio; Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Manera, Teresa (2014), "Nuevo Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) del Plioceno temprano de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y sus implicancias biogeográficas" (PDF), Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 16: 19–31, doi:10.22179/REVMACN.16.159, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Albino, Adriana M.; Rodrigo, Tomassini; Brizuela, Santiago (2009), "Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la FormaciónMonte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)", Ameghiniana, 46: 177–187, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Barbière, Franck; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J. (2019), "The oldest sigmodontine rodent revisited and the age of the first South American cricetids", Journal of Paleontology, 93 (2): 368–384, Bibcode:2019JPal...93..368B, doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.74, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico L. (2009), "Primer registro fósil de la familia Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Plioceno) en la Formación Monte Hermoso, Argentina" (PDF), Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 11: 193–198, doi:10.22179/REVMACN.11.259, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Nicoli, Laura (2015), "New fossil species of the extant genus Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of central Argentina", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (5): e981636, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1636N, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.981636, hdl:11336/46258, retrieved 2019-02-13

Monte León Formation

* Náñez, Carolina; Quattrocchio, Mirta E.; Ruiz, Liliana (2009), "Palinología y micropaleontología de las Formaciones San Julián y Monte León (Oligoceno - Mioceno temprano) en el subsuelo de cabo Curioso, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina", Ameghiniana, 46: 669–693, retrieved 2017-08-15

El Morterito Formation

* Morton, Lourdes S.; Herbst, Rafael (2007), "Gastrópodos de la Formación El Morterito (Mioceno Superior), Valle del Cajón, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina", Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 9: 153–160, doi:10.22179/REVMACN.9.305, retrieved 2018-09-10

Palo Pintado Formation

* Anzótegui, Luisa M.; Horn, Maricel Yarina (2011), "Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 14 (3): 239–254, doi:10.4072/rbp.2011.3.04, retrieved 2017-10-22
* Galli, Claudia Inés; Anzótegui, Luisa Matilde; Horn, Maricel Yanina; Morton, Lourdes Susana (2011), "Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 28: 161–174, retrieved 2017-10-22
* Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M.; Galli, Claudia I.; Bonini, Ricardo; Voglino, Damián (2015), "A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina" (PDF), Andean Geology, 42: 56–70, doi:10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a04, retrieved 2017-08-15

Paraná Formation

* Brea, Mariana; Franco, María Jimena; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), "Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina" (PDF), El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 14: 41–55, retrieved 2018-09-03
* Cione, Alberto Luis; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Barla, María Julia (2012), "Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic" (PDF), Geobios, 45 (2): 167–172, Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..167C, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.06.002, hdl:11336/139163, retrieved 2017-10-22[permanent dead link]
* Martín Pérez, Leandro (2013), Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–398, retrieved 2017-08-15

Peñas Coloradas Formation

* Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Emily; Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, and María del Carmen Zamaloa, Brian T. (2014), "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations" (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 126 (3–4): 289–306, Bibcode:2014GSAB..126..289C, doi:10.1130/B30915.1, retrieved 2017-08-153–4&rft.pages=289-306&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.1130/B30915.1&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014GSAB..126..289C&rft.aulast=Clyde&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Wilf,+Peter&rft.au=Iglesias,+Ari&rft.au=Slingerland,+Rudy+L.&rft.au=Bijl,+Peter+K.&rft.au=Bralower,+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Brinkhuis,+Henk&rft.au=Comer,+Emily&rft.au=Huber,+Mauricio+Ibañez+Mejia,+Brian+R.+Jicha,+J.+Marcelo+Krause,+Jonathan+D.+Schueth,+Bradley+S.+Singer,+María+Sol+Raigemborn,+Mark+D.+Schmitz,+Appy+Sluijs,+and+María+del+Carmen+Zamaloa,+Brian+T.&rft_id=https://ceps.unh.edu/sites/ceps.unh.edu/files/departments/earth_sciences/clyde_et_al._2014.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256, retrieved 2017-08-15

Pinturas Formation

* Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005), "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia", Ameghiniana, 42: 611–625, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Kramarz, Alejandro G (2001), Estudio de la fauna de roedores de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno medio inferior de la Provincia de Santa Cruz (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–300, retrieved 2017-08-15

Piquete Formation

* González Bonorino, Gustavo; Abascal, Liliana del Valle (2012), "Orogénesis y drenaje en la región del Valle de Lerma (Cordillera Oriental, Salta, Argentina) durante Pleistoceno tardio" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 69: 127–141, retrieved 2018-10-01

Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation

* Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Taglioretti, Matías L.; Dondas, Alejandro; Scaglia, Fernando (2015), "A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (2): e912656, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E2656D, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.912656, retrieved 2019-02-13

Puerta del Diablo Formation

* Cione, Alberto Luis; Casciotta, Jorge Rafael; Azpelicueta, María de las Mercedes; Barla, María Julia; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2005), "Peces marinos y continentales del Mioceno del área mesopotámica argentina. Edad y relaciones biogeográficas" (PDF), Insugeo, 14: 49–64, retrieved 2017-10-27

Puerto Madryn Formation

* Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; Tambussi, C.; Donato, M.; Cozzuol, M. (2007), "A new Miocene penguin from Patagonia and its phylogenetic relationships" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52: 299–314, retrieved 2017-10-25
* Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2003), "Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Puerto Madryn (Mioceno Tardío temprano), provincia de Chubut, Argentina [Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) in the Puerto Madryn Formation (early Late Mioceno), Chubut Province, Argentina]" (PDF), Española de Paleontología, 18: 179–183, retrieved 2018-09-11

Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation

* Chornogubsky, Laura; Zimicz, A. Natalia; Goin, Francisco J.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Payrola, Patricio; Cárdenas, Magalí (2019), "New Palaeogene metatherians from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park (Salta Province, Argentina)", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17 (7): 539–555, Bibcode:2019JSPal..17..539C, doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1417333, retrieved 2018-10-01
* García López, Daniel A.; Deraco, Virginia; Del Papa, Cecilia (2017), "Fossil mammals of the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation (late middle Eocene) at the locality of La Poma, Salta Province, Argentina", Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 30 (4): 507–517, Bibcode:2018HBio...30..507G, doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1299150, hdl:11336/63085, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Del Papa, Cecilia (2013), "Relaciones estratigráficas de las formaciones Quebrada de Los Colorados y Angastaco (Paleógeno-Neógeno), Valles Calchaquíes, Salta (Argentina): Significado en el análisis de la cuenca del Grupo Payogastilla" (PDF), Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 20: 51–64, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Payrola Bosio, Patricio Augusto; del Papa, Cecilia; Hongn, Fernando; Powell, Jaime (2010), "Estratigrafía del Valle de Luracatao (Valle Calchaquí, Noroeste Argentino): Nueva propuesta" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 309–318, retrieved 2018-09-07

Río Chico Group

* Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256, retrieved 2017-08-15

Río Foyel Formation

* Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Griffin, Miguel; Asensio, Marcos; Cione, Alberto Luis; Tambussi, Claudia (2013), "Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera" (PDF), Andean Geology, 40: 490–503, retrieved 2017-10-26
* Encinas, Alfonso; Folguera, Andrés; Bechis, Florencia; Finger, Kenneth L.; Zambrano, Patricio; Pérez, Felipe; Bernabé, Pablo; Tapia, Francisca; Riffo, Ricardo; Buatois, Luis; Orts, Darío; Nielsen, Sven N.; Valencia, Victor V.; Cuitiño, José; Oliveros, Verónica; De Girolamo Del Mauro, Lizet; Ramos, Victor A. (2018). "The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia". The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 443–474\. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_18. ISBN 978-3-319-67773-6.

Río Loro Formation

* Pol, Diego; Powell, Jaime E. (2011), "A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163: S7 – S36, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00714.x

Río Mayo Formation

* Escosteguy, Leonardo; Dal Molín, Carlos; Franchi, Mario; Guena, Silvena; Lapido, Omar; Genini, Adolfo (2003), Hoja Geológica 4772-II Lago Buenos Aires, Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino, pp. 1–80, retrieved 2018-09-10

Río Negro Formation

* Pérez, Mariano (2012), Análisis paleoambiental del miembro superior de la Formación Río Negro (Mioceno-Plioceno de Patagonia septentrional): un ejemplo de interacción fluvio-eólica compleja (BSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, pp. 1–47, retrieved 2018-09-10

Río Quinto Formation

* Cerdeño, Esperanza; Chiesa, Jorge; Ojeda, Guillermo (2008), "Presence of Oxyodontherium (Macraucheniidae, Litopterna)in the Río Quinto Formation, San Luis (Argentina)", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 25 (2): 217–226, Bibcode:2008JSAES..25..217C, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2007.06.004, retrieved 2017-08-15

Saladillo Formation

* Brambilla, Luciano; Ibarra, Damián Alberto (2017), "A new species of Eutatus Gervais (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) from the Late Pleistocene of the Northern Pampean Region, Argentina", Palaeontologia Electronica, 20 (1): Article number 20.1.13A, retrieved 2019-02-11

Salamanca Formation

* Apesteguia, Sebastián; Gómez, Raúl O.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2014), "The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1792): 20140811, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0811, PMC 4150314, PMID 25143041
* Bonaparte, J.F.; Morales, J. (1997), "Un primitico Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina" (PDF), Estudios Geológicos, 53 (5–6): 263–274, doi:10.3989/egeol.97535-6232, retrieved 2018-10-015–6&rft.pages=263-274&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info:doi/10.3989/egeol.97535-6232&rft.aulast=Bonaparte&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.au=Morales,+J.&rft_id=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36033643.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">
* Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Barnum, Timothy; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Brian T. Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, María del Carmen Zamaloa, Emily E. (2014), "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations" (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 126 (3–4): 289–306, Bibcode:2014GSAB..126..289C, doi:10.1130/B30915.1, retrieved 2017-08-153–4&rft.pages=289-306&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.1130/B30915.1&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014GSAB..126..289C&rft.aulast=Clyde&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Wilf,+Peter&rft.au=Iglesias,+Ari&rft.au=Slingerland,+Rudy+L.&rft.au=Barnum,+Timothy&rft.au=Bijl,+Peter+K.&rft.au=Bralower,+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Brinkhuis,+Henk&rft.au=Comer,+Brian+T.+Huber,+Mauricio+Ibañez+Mejia,+Brian+R.+Jicha,+J.+Marcelo+Krause,+Jonathan+D.+Schueth,+Bradley+S.+Singer,+María+Sol+Raigemborn,+Mark+D.+Schmitz,+Appy+Sluijs,+María+del+Carmen+Zamaloa,+Emily+E.&rft_id=https://ceps.unh.edu/sites/ceps.unh.edu/files/departments/earth_sciences/clyde_et_al._2014.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017), "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia", PLOS ONE, 12 (5): e0176164, Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276164J, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176164, PMC 5425202, PMID 28489895
* Ruiz, Daniela P.; Brea, Mariana; Raigemborn, M. Sol; Matheos, Sergio D. (2017), "Conifer woods from the Salamanca Formation (early Paleocene), Central Patagonia, Argentina: Paleoenvironmental implications", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 76: 427–445, Bibcode:2017JSAES..76..427R, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.04.006, hdl:11336/41178, retrieved 2019-02-14

Saldungaray Formation

* Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (2008), "Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy", Geobios, 41 (1): 145–155, Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..145V, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.09.005, retrieved 2017-08-15

Salicas Formation

* Brandoni, Diego; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Candela, Adriana M.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Brunetto, Ernesto; Fiorelli, Lucas E. (2012), "Mammals from the Salicas Formation (Late Miocene), La Rioja Province, Northwestern Argentina: Paleobiogeography, age and paleoenvironment" (PDF), Ameghiniana, 49 (3): 1–13, doi:10.5710/AMGH.v49i3(467), retrieved 2017-08-15

Santa Cruz Formation

* Agnolin, Federico L (2009), Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae) (PDF), Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara, pp. 1–79, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Arnal, M.; Vucetich, M.G. (2015), "Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid", Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (1): 42–59, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Bostelmann, J. Enrique; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Vásquez, Ana; Gutiérrez, Néstor M.; Oyarzún, José Luis; Carreño, Catalina; Torres, Teresa; Otero, Rodrigo; Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Francisco Hervé, Andrea (2013), "Burdigalian deposits of the Santa Cruz Formation in the Sierra Baguales, Austral (Magallanes) Basin: Age, depositional environment and vertebrate fossils" (PDF), Andean Geology, 40: 458–489, retrieved 2019-02-28`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2017), "First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical implications", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 183 (3): 334–347, doi:10.1093/botlinnean/bow014, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Buffetaut, Éric (2016), "A reassessment of the giant birds Liornis floweri Ameghino, 1895 and Callornis giganteus Ameghino, 1895, from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) of Argentina", Palæovertebrata, 40 (2): e3, doi:10.18563/pv.40.2.e3, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Cenizo, Marcos Martín; Agnolín, Federico Lisandro (2010), "The southernmost records of Anhingidae and a new basal species of Anatidae (Aves) from the lower–middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina", Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 34 (4): 493–514, Bibcode:2010Alch...34..493C, doi:10.1080/03115511003793504, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Chandler, Robert M (2012), "A new species of tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina" (PDF), PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 9 (2): 1–8, retrieved 2019-02-28 Archived 2017-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
* Ercoli, Marcos D.; Prevosti, Francisco J. (2011), "Estimación de masa de las especies de Sparassodonta (Mammalia, Metatheria) de edad Santacrucense (Mioceno Temprano) a partir del tamaño del centroide de los elementos apendiculares: inferencias paleoecológicas", Ameghiniana, 48 (4): 462–479, doi:10.5710/AMGH.v48i4(347), retrieved 2019-02-28 Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
* González, Laureano Raúl; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan (2008), "Una nueva especie de Stegotherium Ameghino (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae, Stegotheriini) del Mioceno de la provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina)", Ameghiniana, 45: 641–648, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Mayr, Gerald; Noriega, Jorge I. (2015), "A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60: 589–598, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Toledo, Néstor; Candela, Adriana M.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2019), "Functional morphology of the forelimb of Early Miocene caviomorph rodents from Patagonia", Lethaia, 52 (1): 91–106, Bibcode:2019Letha..52...91M, doi:10.1111/let.12292, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Noriega, Jorge I.; Mayr, Gerald (2017), "The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al., 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina", Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 7: 133–139
* Noriega, Jorge I.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, Susana (2009), "First Record and a New Species of Seriema (Aves: Ralliformes: Cariamidae) from Santacrucian (Early-Middle Miocene) Beds of Patagonia", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29 (2): 620–626, Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..620N, doi:10.1671/039.029.0216, hdl:11336/80002, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Sinclair, W.; Farr, M. (1932), "Aves of the Santa Cruz beds", Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia (1896–1899), 7: 157–191
* Verzi, Diego H.; Olivares, A. Itatí; Morgan, Cecilia C. (2017), "Systematics and evolutionary significance of the small Abrocomidae from the early Miocene of southern South America", Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 29 (3): 411–422, Bibcode:2017HBio...29..411V, doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1168410, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–370, ISBN 9780521194617, retrieved 2017-10-21

Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member

* Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Tambussi, Claudia (2005), "Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina]" (PDF), Revista Española de Paleontología, 20: 127–132, retrieved 2018-09-10 Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Vucetich, M. Guiomar; Vieytes, E. Carolina (2014), "A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (2): 397–406, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..397A, doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.808203, hdl:11336/29748, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016), "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (6): e1229672, Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9672C, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Dozo, María Teresa; Ciancio, Martín; Bouza, Pablo; Martínez, Gastón (2014), "Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas" (PDF), Andean Geology, 41: 224–247, doi:10.5027/andgeoV41n1-a09, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Pérez, María Encarnación; Krause, Marcelo; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2012), "A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto", Geobios, 45 (6): 573–580, Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..573P, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.001
* Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), "New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses", American Museum Novitates (3737): 1–64, doi:10.1206/3737.2, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Sterli, Juliana; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Krause, J. Marcelo (2015), "A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata)", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (3): 519–548, doi:10.1111/zoj.12252, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015), "New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia", Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (2): 236–257, Bibcode:2015HBio...27..236V, doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.883506, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Vucetich, María G.; Pérez, María E.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Madden, Richard H.; Kohn, Matthew J. (2014), "A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (3): 689–698, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..689V, doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.804414, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Wyss, André R.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 3903: 1–42, hdl:2246/6901, retrieved 2019-02-11

Toro Negro Formation

* Ciccioli, Patricia L (2017), "Estudios de procedencia de la Formación Toro Negro a partir de modas detríticas y edades U-Pb en circones detríticos: implicancias para la evolución del Antepaís Fracturado Andino (La Rioja)" (PDF), Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 69: 68–82, retrieved 2018-09-10

Uquía Formation

* Daza, J.D.; Abdala, V.; Arias, J.S.; García López, D.; Ortiz, P. (2012), "Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina", Journal of Herpetology, 46: 104–119, doi:10.1670/10-112, hdl:11336/61054
* Ortiz, Pablo E.; Jayat, J. Pablo; Steppan, Scott J. (2012), "A New fossil phyllotine (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from the late Pliocene in the Andes of northern Argentina" (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32 (6): 1429–1441, Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1429O, doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.707998, hdl:11336/10594, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M. (2008), Bioestratigrafía de las secuencias neógenas tardías de la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy. Implicancias paleoambientales y paleobiogeográficas, Relatorio del XVII Congreso Geológico Argentino, pp. 286–296, retrieved 2018-09-10

Vaca Mahuida Formation

* Montalvo, C.; Bond, M. (1998), "Un notoungulata de la Formación Vaca Mahuida (Eoceno), provincia de La Pampa, Argentina", Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 5: 55–60, retrieved 2019-02-15

Ventana Formation

* Petrulevicius, J.F.; Popov, Y.A. (2014), "First fossil record of Discocephalinae (Insecta, Pentatomidae): a new genus from the middle Eocene of Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina", ZooKeys (422): 23–3, Bibcode:2014ZooK..422...23P, doi:10.3897/zookeys.422.6750, PMC 4109444, PMID 25061387, retrieved 2019-02-22
* Wilf, P.; Johnson, K.R.; Cúneo, N.R.; Smith, M.E.; Singer, B.S.; Gandolfo, M.A. (2005), "Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina", The American Naturalist, 165 (6): 634–650, doi:10.1086/430055, PMID 15937744, retrieved 2019-02-22

Vorohué Formation

* Olivares, A.I.; Verzi, D.H. (2015), "Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America", Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (8): 1042–1061, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Orgeira, María Julia (1988), Estudio geológico y paleomagnético de los sedimentos asignados al cenozoico tardío aflorantes costeros entre Mar del Plata y Miramar (Provincia de Buenos Aires) (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–170, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Tonni, Eduardo P.; Noriega, Jorge I. (1996), "Una nueva especie de Nandayus Bonaparte, 1854 (Aves: Psittaciformes) del Pliocene tardío de Argentina" (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 69: 97–104, retrieved 2017-10-24

Yupoí Formation

* Erra, Georgina; Osterrieth, Margarita; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Lutz, Alicia I.; Laffont, Enrique; Coronel, Juan M.; Francia, Analia (2016), "Primer registro de termiteros fósiles para el Pleistoceno tardío de la región mesopotámica (Argentina): implicancias paleoambientales" (PDF), Acta Biológica Colombiana, 21: 63–72, retrieved 2018-09-10

#### Bolivia

[edit]

* Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review", Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 631–652, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Renner, Sven; Velasco, Carlos (2000), Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba - Geology and hydrogeology of the Central Valley of Cochabamba (PDF), Convenio alemán-boliviano de aguas subterraneas (CABAS) - German-Bolivian Agreement on Groundwater (CABAS), pp. 1–113, retrieved 2018-09-04
* Rocha, Emilio (2013), Estilos estructurales del Subandino Sur de Bolivia (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–204, retrieved 2018-09-10

Casira Formation

* Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara; Schmidt, Gabriela Inés; Pujos, François; Mamaní Quispe, Bernardino (2012), "An almost complete skeleton of a new Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene of Casira, Bolivia", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10 (2): 341–360, Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..341C, doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.569576, hdl:11336/60297, retrieved 2019-02-15

Cerdas beds

* Croft, Darin A.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Brandoni, Diego; Drew, Nicholas E.; Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico (2016), "New mammal faunal data from Cerdas, Bolivia, a middle-latitude Neotropical site that chronicles the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum in South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (5): e1163574, Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E3574C, doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1163574, hdl:11336/49745, retrieved 2019-02-12

Honda Group

* Croft, Darin A (2007), "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates", Palaeontology, 50 (1): 277–303, Bibcode:2007Palgy..50..277C, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "Australogale leptognathus, gen. et sp. nov., a second species of small sparassodont (Mammalia: Metatheria) from the middle Miocene locality of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, in press: _, retrieved 2018-10-01
* Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2016), "New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (10): 787–820, doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1240112, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino; Andrade Flores, Ruben (2014), "Lakukullus anatisrostratus, gen. et sp. nov., a new massive nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Pilosa) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (5): 1243–1248, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1243P, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.849716, hdl:11336/32146, retrieved 2019-02-12

Lacayani fauna

* Billet, Guillaume; De Muizon, Christian; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino (2008), "Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152: 153–200, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00388.x, retrieved 2018-09-11

Ñuapua Formation

* Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J.; Galliari, Carlos A. (1998), "Sigmodontinos (Rodentia, Muridae) del Holoceno inferior de Bolivia" (PDF), Revista Española de Paleontología, 13: 17–25, retrieved 2018-09-03

Quehua Formation

* Baldellón P., Eddy; Fornari, Michel; Espinoza R., Félix; Soler, Pierre (1994), Sucesión Estructural de la Zona Serranía de las Minas (PDF), Memorias del XI Congreso Geológico de Bolivia, pp. 238–247, retrieved 2017-10-25

Salla Formation

* Reguero, Marcelo A.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2005), "New late Oligocene Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25 (3): 674–684, doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0674:NLOHMN]2.0.CO;2, retrieved 2018-09-11
* Rincón, Ascanio D.; Shockey, Bruce J.; Anaya, Federico; Solórzano, Andrés (2015), "Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 22 (4): 455–471, doi:10.1007/s10914-015-9295-8, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Shockey, Bruce J (2017), "New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra", Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 58 (2): 371–396, retrieved 2019-02-12

Santa Lucía Formation

* Buffetaut, É.; Marshall, L.G. (1991), A new crocodilian, Sebecus querejazus, nov. sp. (Mesosuchia, Sebecidae) from the Santa Lucía Formation (Early Paleocene) at Vila Vila, Southern Bolivia, Revista Técnica de YPFB, pp. 545–557
* Gaffney, Eugene S.; Meylan, Peter A.; Wood, Roger C.; Simons, Elwyn; De Almeida Campos, Diogenes (2011), "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae" (PDF), AMNH Bulletin, 350: 1–237, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Gayet, Mireille; Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Mesozoic and Paleocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review", Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 393–433, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Jiménez, Grisel (2012), Estratigrafía, facies y ambientes evolutivos de depósito del Paleógeno Inferior: Formación Santa Lucía (Sinclinal de Miraflores - Sección Cayara, Potosí) (PDF), ., pp. 1–23, retrieved 2017-08-15
* De Muizon, Christian; Ladevèze, Sandrine; Selva, Charlène; Vignaud, Robin; Goussard, Florent (2018), "Allqokirus australis (Sparassodonta, Metatheria) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia) and the rise of the metatherian carnivorous radiation in South America", Geodiversitas, 40 (16): 363–459, doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a16, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Rage, J.C. (1991), "Gymnophionan Amphibia from the early Paleocene (Santa Lucía Formation) of Tiupampa (Bolivia). The oldest known Gymnophiona", Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 499–501, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Rage, J.C. (1991), "Squamate Reptiles from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa area (Santa Lucía Formation), Bolivia", Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 503–508, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Renner, Sven; Velasco, Carlos (2000), "Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba" (PDF), Boletín del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, 34: 1–113, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Sempere, Thierry; Butler, R.F.; Richards, D.R.; Marshall, L.G.; Sharp, W.; Swisher, C.C. (1997), "Stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina" (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 109 (6): 709–727, Bibcode:1997GSAB..109..709S, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0709:SACOUC>2.3.CO;2, retrieved 2017-08-15

Tarija Formation

* Machado, Leonardo F.; Leite, Yuri L.R.; Christoff, Alexandre U.; Giugliano, Lilian G. (2014), "Phylogeny and biogeography of tetralophodont rodents of the tribe Oryzomyini (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)", Zoologica Scripta, 43 (2): 119–130, doi:10.1111/zsc.12041, retrieved 2019-02-12

Umala Formation

* Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino; Adnet, Sylvain; Flores, Ruben Andrade; Billet, Guillaume; Fernández Monescillo, Marcos; Marivaux, Laurent; Münch, Philippe, Mercedes B. Prámparo and Pierre-Olivier Antoine (2016), "A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform–molariform transition in sloths", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 178 (3): 679–712, doi:10.1111/zoj.12429, retrieved 2019-02-12`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Yecua & Petaca Formations

* Hernández, R.; Jordan, T.; Dalenz Farjat, A.; Echavarría, L.; Idelman, B.; Reynolds, J. (2002), Edades, distribución, controles tectónicos y eustáticos de las ingresiones marinas paranense y caribeana en el sur de Bolivia y Argentina (PDF), V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología, pp. 1–27, retrieved 2018-09-10

#### Brazil

[edit]

* Rêgo Henriques, Deise Dias; Gallo da Silva, Valéria; Barbosa de Carvalho, Luciana; Kugland de Azevedo, Sergio Alex, Coleçao de tipos e figurados (8/1997) (PDF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1–20, retrieved 2017-08-15

Entre-Corrégos Formation

* Pereira, Karoline Gonçalves (2015), Mirtáceas da formação Entre-Corrégos, paleógeno da bacia de Aiuruoca, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidade Guarulhos, pp. 1–139, retrieved 2017-08-15

Fonseca Formation

* Mendes, Márcio; de Oliveira, Francisco Irineudo Bezerra; Limaverde, Saulo (2015), "Um novo gênero e duas novas espécies de Pergidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) na Formação Fonseca (Bacia de Fonseca, Paleógeno) Minas Gerais, Brazil", Revista de Geologia, 28: 27–36, retrieved 2018-09-10

Graxaim Formation

* Buchmann, Francisco Sekiguchi de Carvalho; Caron, Felipe; Pereira Lopes, Renato; Ugri, André; Gonçalves de Lima, Leonardo (2009), Panorama geológico da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, _, pp. 11–32, retrieved 2019-02-12

Guabirotuba Formation

* Sedor, Fernando A.; Oliveira, Édison V.; Silva, David D.; Fernandes, Luiz A.; Cunha, Renata F.; Ribeiro, Ana M.; Dias, Eliseu V. (2017), "A New South American Paleogene Land Mammal Fauna, Guabirotuba Formation (Southern Brazil)" (PDF), Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24: 39–55, doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9364-7, retrieved 2017-10-26

Içá Formation

* Czaplewski, Nicholas J.; Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2017), "Late Miocene Bats from the Jurua River, State of Acre, Brazil, with a Description of a New Genus of Thyropteridae (Chiroptera, Mammalia)" (PDF), Contributions in Science, 525: 55–60, doi:10.5962/p.318347, retrieved 2019-02-12

Itaboraí Formation

* Carneiro, Leonardo M.; Oliveira, Édison V.; Goin, Francisco J. (2018), "Austropediomys marshalli gen. et sp. nov., a new Pediomyoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the Paleogene of Brazil: paleobiogeographic implications" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 21 (2): 120–131, doi:10.4072/rbp.2018.2.03, retrieved 2018-10-01
* Carneiro, Leonardo M. (2018), "A new protodidelphid (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia) from the Itaboraí Basin and its implications for the evolution of the Protodidelphidae" (PDF), Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 91 (Suppl. 2): e20180440, doi:10.1590/0001-3765201820180440, PMID 30365721, retrieved 2019-02-11 Archived 2019-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Zimicz, Natalia; Goin, Francisco J. (2016), "Taxonomy, affinities, and paleobiology of the tiny metatherian mammal Minusculodelphis, from the early Eocene of South America", The Science of Nature, 103 (1–2): 1–6, Bibcode:2016SciNa.103....6O, doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1331-2, PMID 26743194, retrieved 2019-02-121–2&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info:pmid/26743194&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00114-015-1331-2&rft_id=info:bibcode/2016SciNa.103....6O&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Édison+Vicente&rft.au=Zimicz,+Natalia&rft.au=Goin,+Francisco+J.&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289586689&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">
* De Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Goin, Francisco J. (2015), "A new species of Gaylordia Paula Couto (Mammalia, Metatheria) from Itaboraí, Brazil", Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 18 (1): 97–108, doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.1.07, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Oliveira, Édison V.; Goin, Francisco J. (2011), "A reassessment of Bunodont Metatherians from the Paleogene of Itaboraí (Brazil): systematics and age of the Itaboraian SALMA" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 14 (2): 105–136, doi:10.4072/rbp.2011.2.01, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Salvador, R.B.; Simone, L.R.L. (2013), "Taxonomic revision of the fossil pulmonate mollusks of Itaboraí Basin (Paleocene), Brazil" (PDF), Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 53 (2): 5–46, retrieved 2017-10-01

Maria Farinha Formation

* De Araújo Carvalho, Anny Rafaela; Ghilardi, Aline Marcele; Franca Barreto, Alcina Magnólia (2016), "A new side-neck turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Early Paleocene (Danian) Maria Farinha Formation, Paraíba Basin, Brazil", Zootaxa, 4126: 491–513, retrieved 2017-08-15

Pirabas Formation

* De Araújo Távora, Vladimir; Rodrigues dos Santos, André Augusto; Neto Araújo, Raphael (2010), "Localidades fossilíferas da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno Inferior)" (PDF), Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 5 (2): 207–224, doi:10.46357/bcnaturais.v5i2.644, retrieved 2017-08-15

Rio Madeira Formation

* Góis, Flávio; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Ubilla, Martín (2012), "Una nueva especie de Holmesina Simpson (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Pampatheriidae) del Pleistoceno de Rondônia, sudoeste de la Amazonia, Brasil" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 15 (2): 211–227, doi:10.4072/rbp.2012.2.09, retrieved 2019-02-15

Santa Vitória Formation

* Oliveira, Édison V.; Prevosti, Francisco Juan; Pereira, Jamil C. (2005), "Protocyon troglodytes (Lund) (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Late Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul and their paleoecological significance" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 8: 215–220, retrieved 2019-02-12

Solimões Formation

* Bocquentin, Jean; Melo, Janira (2006), "Stupendemys souzai sp. nov. (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Miocene-Pliocene of the Solimões Formation, Brazil" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 9 (2): 187–192, doi:10.4072/rbp.2006.2.02, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Carvalho, Patricia; Bocquentin, Jean; De Lapparent de Broin, France (2002), "Une nouvelle espèce de Podocnemis (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) provenant du Néogène de la formation Solimões, Acre, Brésil", Geobios, 35 (6): 677–686, Bibcode:2002Geobi..35..677C, doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00081-5, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2006), "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21 (3): 185–203, Bibcode:2006JSAES..21..185C, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Kerber, Leonardo; Bissaro Júnior, Marcos César; Negri, Francisco R.; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira; Guilherme, Edson; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie (2017), "A new rodent (Caviomorpha: Dinomyidae) from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia" (PDF), Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 30 (7): 985–993, Bibcode:2018HBio...30..985K, doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1327529, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Kerber, Leonardo; Negri, Francisco Ricardo; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira (2016), "Late Miocene potamarchine rodents from southwestern Amazonia, Brazil—with description of new taxa" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61 (1): 191–203, retrieved 2019-02-12

Touro Passo Formation

* Kerber, Leonardo; Gregis Pitana, Vanessa; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014), "Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 31: 248–259, retrieved 2017-08-15

Tremembé Formation

* Do Couto Ribeiro, Graziella (2010), Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, pp. 1–112
* Malabarba, Maria Claudia; Lundberg, John G. (2007), "A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil", Neotropical Ichthyology, 5 (3): 263–270, doi:10.1590/S1679-62252007000300005, retrieved 2018-10-08
* Olson, Storrs L.; Alvarenga, Herculano M.F. (2002), "A new genus of small teratorn from the Middle Tertiary of the Taubate Basin, Brazil (Aves: Teratornithidae)" (PDF), Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115: 701–705, retrieved 2017-09-04

#### Chile

[edit]

Abanico Formation

* Bertrand, Ornella C.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, André R. (2012), "Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile)", American Museum Novitates (3750): 1–36, doi:10.1206/3750.2, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Bradham, Jennifer; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, Andre R. (2015), "New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile", American Museum Novitates (3841): 1–24, doi:10.1206/3841.1, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2008), "The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas" (PDF), Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 66: 191–211, retrieved 2019-02-12 Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Engelman, Russell K.; Flynn, John J.; Gans, Philip; Wyss, André R.; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "Chlorocyon phantasma, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile", American Museum Novitates (3918): 1–22, doi:10.1206/3918.1, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Godoy, Estanislao (2012), "Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS", Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 69: 570–577, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Muñoz, Marcia; Fuentes, Francisco; Vergara, Mario; Aguirre, Luis; Nyström, Jan Olov; Féraud, Gilbert; Demant, Alain (2006), "Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S)", Revista Geológica de Chile, 33: 109–140, doi:10.4067/S0716-02082006000100005, retrieved 2017-08-15

Bahía Inglesa Formation

* Achurra, L.E.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P.; Marquadt, C.; Belmar, M.; Ruiz Del Solar, J.; Ishman, S.E. (2009), "Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance" (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 217 (1): 128–139, Bibcode:2009SedG..217..128A, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.03.016, retrieved 2017-08-15 Archived 2017-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
* Achurra, L.; Marquadt, C.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P. (2003), Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales (PDF), X Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Canto, Jhoann (2005), "Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile" (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 78: 489–495, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Benson, Richard D (2015), "A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus" (PDF), Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota, New Series, 8 (4): 5–22, retrieved 2019-02-13 Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe (2008), La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Austral de Chile, pp. 1–165, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Chávez, Martín F (2007), "Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile" (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80 (2): 255–259, doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2007000200010, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Chávez, Martín (2007), "Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile", Boletín Sociedad Geológica del Perú, 102: 101–107, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber; Suárez, Mario E.; Ishman, Scott E.; Pyenson, Nicholas D.; Gutstein, Carolina S. (2016), "Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile" (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 333: 32–49, Bibcode:2016SedG..333...32L, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.003, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber (2015), Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile (PDF), XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 821–824, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge; Villafaña, Jaime; Castelleto, Victor; Varas, Cristian; Alballay, Alex; Rivadeneira, Marcelo (2015), Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa (PDF), XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Staig, Felipe; Hernández, Sebastián; López, Patricio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; Varas, Cristian; Soto, Luis Patricio; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D. (2015), "Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile", Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 18 (2): 261–272, doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.2.07, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Suárez, Mario E (2011), Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe (PDF), Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama, pp. 1–29, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Valenzuela Toro, Ana; Gutstein, Carolina S., "Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio" (PDF), ., .: 770–772, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15

Caleta Herradura Formation

* Di Celma, Claudio; Cantalamessa, Gino (2007), "Sedimentology and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of a forearc extensional basin: The Miocene Caleta Herradura Formation, Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile", Sedimentary Geology, 198 (1–2): 29–52, Bibcode:2007SedG..198...29D, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.11.0031–2&rft.pages=29-52&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.11.003&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007SedG..198...29D&rft.aulast=Di+Celma&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Cantalamessa,+Gino&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">

Chíu-Chíu Formation

* López Mendoza, Patricio; Rojas, Osvaldo; Mansilla, Pablo; Olivares, Luis; Martínez, Ismael (2010), "Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos", Treballs del Museo Geológico de Barcelona, 17: 11–25, retrieved 2017-08-15

Chucal Formation

* Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2007), "A new basal Glyptodontid and other Xenarthra of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, northern Chile", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21 (4): 781–797, doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[781:ANBGAO]2.0.CO;2, retrieved 2017-08-15

Coquimbo Formation

* Le Roux, J.P.; Olivares, Danisa M.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Smith, Norman D.; Middleton, Heather; Fenner, Juliane; Ishman, Scott E. (2006), "Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile" (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 184 (1–2): 133–153, Bibcode:2006SedG..184..133L, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023, retrieved 2018-05-201–2&rft.pages=133-153&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023&rft_id=info:bibcode/2006SedG..184..133L&rft.aulast=Le+Roux&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Olivares,+Danisa+M.&rft.au=Nielsen,+Sven+N.&rft.au=Smith,+Norman+D.&rft.au=Middleton,+Heather&rft.au=Fenner,+Juliane&rft.au=Ishman,+Scott+E.&rft_id=http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/124905/LeRoux_JP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed;=y&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">

Cura-Mallín Group

* Flynn, John J.; Charrier, Reynaldo; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip B.; Herriott, Trystan M.; Wertheim, Jill A.; Wyss, André R. (2008), "Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile" (PDF), Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 26 (4): 412–423, Bibcode:2008JSAES..26..412F, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2008.05.006, retrieved 2017-10-20
* Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), "New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses", American Museum Novitates (3737): 1–64, doi:10.1206/3737.2, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Utgé, Silvana; Folguera, Andrés; Litvak, Vanesa; Ramos, Víctor A. (2009), "Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén", Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 64 (2): 231–248, retrieved 2017-10-01

Horcón Formation

* Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; González Barba, Gerardo; Landaeta, Mauricio F.; Nielsen, Sven N. (2013), "Condrictios fósiles del Plioceno Superior de la Formación Horcón, Región de Valparaíso, Chile central" (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 86 (2): 191–206, Bibcode:2013RvCHN..86..191C, doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2013000200008, retrieved 2017-10-24

Huaylas Formation

* García, Marcelo; Herail, Gérard; Charrier, Reynaldo (1999), Age and structure of the Oxaya Anticline: A major feature of the Miocene compressive structures of northernmost Chile (PDF), Fourth ISAG conference, Goettingen, Germany, pp. 249–252, retrieved 2018-09-04
* Montoya Sanhueza, Germán; Moreno, Karen; Bobe, René; Carrano, Matthew T.; García, Marcelo; Corgne, Alexandre (2017), "Peltephilidae and Mesotheriidae (Mammalia) from late Miocene strata of Northern Chilean Andes, Caragua", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 75: 51–65, Bibcode:2017JSAES..75...51M, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.009, retrieved 2019-02-12

Loreto Formation

* Bostelmann, Enrique; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Vasquez, Ana; Gutiérrez, Nestor; Oyarzún, José Luis; Carreño, Catalina; Torres, Teresa; Otero, Rodrigo; Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Sven N. Nielsen and Francisco Hervé, Andrea (2012), A revised lithostratigraphy of the Sierra Baguales, Magallanes Basin (PDF), XIII Congeso Geológico Chileno, pp. 698–700, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-03, retrieved 2019-02-15`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Hervé, Francisco; Fanning, C. Mark; Yuri Yáñez, Roberto E.; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), "A Late Eocene age proposal for the Loreto Formation (Brunswick Peninsula, southernmost Chile), based on fossil cartilaginous fishes, paleobotany and radiometric evidence" (PDF), Andean Geology, 39: 180–200, doi:10.5027/andgeoV39N1-a09, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Sallaberry, M.A.; Yury Yáñez, R.E.; Otero, R.A.; Soto Acuña, S.; Torres, T.G. (2010), "Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America" (PDF), Journal of Paleontology, 84 (6): 1061–1070, Bibcode:2010JPal...84.1061S, doi:10.1666/09-157.1, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Torres, T.; Meón, H.; Otero, R.; Galleguillos, H. (2009), Palinoflora y macroflora de la Formación Loreto, Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes, Chile (PDF), XII Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2019-02-15

Navidad Formation

* Finger, Kenneth L.; Nielsen, Sven N.; DeVries, Thomas J.; Encinas, Alfonso; Peterson, Dawn E. (2007), "Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile" (PDF), PALAIOS, 22 (1): 3–16, Bibcode:2007Palai..22....3F, doi:10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r, retrieved 2017-08-15

La Portada Formation

* Chávez, Martín F. (2008), Los pingüinos fósiles de Sudamérica, I Simposio - Paleontología Chile - 2008, pp. 116–120, retrieved 2018-05-20

Río Baguales Formation

* Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Puratich, Jacqueline; Mourgues, F. Amaro; Oyarzún, José Luis; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Hervé, Francisco (2010), "Estuary deposits in the Río Baguales Formation (Chattian-Aquitanean), Magallanes Province, Chile" (PDF), Andean Geology, 37: 329–344, retrieved 2017-10-25

Río Frías Formation

* Abello, María Alejandra; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), "Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata)", Ameghiniana, 49 (2): 164–184, doi:10.5710/AMGH.v49i2(408), retrieved 2019-02-15
* Bellosi, Eduardo S. (2014), Ambientes asociados a la fauna Friasense (Mioceno Medio) en Alto río Cisnes (Aysén, Chile), XIV Reuñión Argentina de Sedimentología, pp. 40–41, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Bostelmann, J.E. (2012), The Alto Río Cisnes Fossil Fauna (Río Frías Formation, Early-Middle Miocene, Friasian SALMA): A keystone and paradigmatic vertebrate assemblage of the South American Fossil Record, III Simposio Paleontología en Chile, pp. 44–45, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Marshall, Larry G. (1990), "Fossil Marsupialia from the type Friasian land mammal age (Miocene), Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile", Revista Geológica de Chile, 17: 19–55, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Marshall, Larry G.; Salinas, Patricia (1990), "Stratigraphy of the Río Frías Formation (Miocene) along the Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile", Revista Geológica de Chile, 17: 57–87, archived from the original on May 21, 2018, retrieved 2017-10-21

#### Colombia

[edit]

Altiplano Cundiboyacense

* Acosta Garay, Jorge E.; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2002), Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–108, retrieved 2017-03-29
* Amaya, Erika; Mariño, Jorge; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), "Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 32 (1): _, retrieved 2017-03-16
* Bayona, Germán; Montenegro, Omar; Cardona, Agustín; Jaramillo, Carlos; Lamus, Felipe; Morón, Sara; Quiroz, Luiz; Ruíz, María C.; Valencia & Mauricio Parra, Victor (2010), "Estratigrafía, procedencia, subsidencia y exhumación de las unidades paleógenas en el Sinclinal de Usme, sur de la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental - Stratigraphy, provenance, subsidence and exhumation of the Paleogene succession in the Usme Syncline, southern axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 35: 5–35, retrieved 2017-03-29
* Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Cadena, Edwin; Hastings, Alexander; Rincón, Aldo F.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2008), "Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting: _, retrieved 2017-03-29
* Cadena, Edwin A (2014), "The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges" (PDF), Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 19 (3): 333–339, doi:10.15446/abc.v19n3.42223, retrieved 2017-03-29
* Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20
* Head, Jason J.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Rincón, Aldo F.; Moreno Bernal, Jorge W. (2012), "Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina: _, retrieved 2017-03-29
* Head, Jason J.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Rincón, Aldo F.; Bourque, Jason R.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2011), "An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV: _, retrieved 2017-03-29
* Herrera, Fabiany; Manchester, Steven R.; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Wings, Scott L. (2014), "Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests" (PDF), Acta Paleobotanica, 54 (2): 197–229, doi:10.2478/acpa-2014-0008, retrieved 2017-03-29
* Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104
* Villarroel, Carlos; Concha, Ana Elena; Macía, Carlos (2001), "El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas", Geología Colombiana, 26, Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 79–93
* Villarroel A., Carlos (1987), "Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia" (PDF), Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 19: 241–254, retrieved 2017-03-29

Cesar-Ranchería Basin

* Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina (2009), Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.) (PDF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–255, retrieved 2017-06-14 Archived 2021-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Cadena, Edwin A.; Schweitzer, Mary H. (2014), "A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes", Journal of Herpetology, 48 (4): 461–465, doi:10.1670/13-046, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Cadena, Edwin A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2012a), "New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution" (PDF), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10 (2): 313–331, Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..313C, doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.569031, retrieved 2017-06-14
* Cadena, Edwin A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2012b), "New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia", Journal of Paleontology, 86 (4): 688–698, Bibcode:2012JPal...86..688C, doi:10.1666/11-128R1.1, retrieved 2017-06-14
* Cadena, Edwin A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2010), "New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30 (2): 367–382, Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..367C, doi:10.1080/02724631003621946, retrieved 2017-06-14
* Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2014), "A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia" (PDF), Historical Biology, 27 (8): 998–1020, Bibcode:2015HBio...27..998H, doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968, retrieved 2017-06-14
* Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2011), "A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae" (PDF), Palaeontology, 54: 1095–1116, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x, retrieved 2017-06-14
* Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.; Cadena, E.A.; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.; Jaramillo, C.A. (2009), "Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures", Nature, 457 (7230): 715–718, Bibcode:2009Natur.457..715H, doi:10.1038/nature07671, PMID 19194448, retrieved 2017-06-14
* Herrera, Fabiany A.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008), "Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia", American Journal of Botany, 95 (12): 1569–1583, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800172, PMID 21628164, retrieved 2017-06-14[permanent dead link]
* Hernández, Marina (2003), Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–102
* Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Bayona, Germán; Pardo Trujillo, Andres; Rueda, Milton; Torres, Vladimir; Harrington, Guy J.; Mora, Germán (2007), "The palynology of the Cerrejón Formation (Upper Paleocene) of northern Colombia" (PDF), Palynology, 31 (1): 153–189, Bibcode:2007Paly...31..153J, doi:10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.153, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina; Sánchez Quiñónez, Carlos Alberto (2013), "Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 35: 67–80, retrieved 2017-06-14
* Wing, Scott L.; Herrera, Fabiany; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Gómez Navarro, Carolina; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2009), "Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (44): 18627–18632, Bibcode:2009PNAS..10618627W, doi:10.1073/pnas.0905130106, PMC 2762419, PMID 19833876

Cocinetas Basin

* Amson, Eli; Carrillo, Juan D.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2016), "Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange" (PDF), Palaeontology, 59 (4): 563–582, Bibcode:2016Palgy..59..563A, doi:10.1111/pala.12244, retrieved 2017-03-31
* Cadena, Edwin; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), "Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia" (PDF), Ameghiniana, 52 (2): 188–203, doi:10.5710/AMGH.10.11.2014.2835, retrieved 2017-08-08
* Carrillo, Juan D.; Amson, Eli; Jaramillo, Carlos; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Quiroz, Luis; Cuartas, Carlos; Rincón, Aldo F.; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2018), "The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates", Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 101: 1–67, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Argyriou, Thodoris; Zapata, Vladimir; Kindlimann, René; Jaramillo, Carlos (2016), "A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia" (PDF), Ameghiniana, 53 (2): 77–99, doi:10.5710/AMGH.26.10.2015.2931, retrieved 2017-08-08
* Hendy, Austin J.W.; Jones, Douglas S.; Moreno, Federico; Zapata, Vladimir; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), "Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia" (PDF), Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 134 (1): 45–75, Bibcode:2015SwJP..134...45H, doi:10.1007/s13358-015-0074-1, retrieved 2017-08-08
* Moreno, F.; Hendy, A.J.W.; Quiroz, L.; Hoyos, N.; Jones, D.S.; Zapata, V.; Zapata, S.; Ballen, G.A.; Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo, Edwin (2015), "Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia" (PDF), Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 134 (1): 5–43, Bibcode:2015SwJP..134....5M, doi:10.1007/s13358-015-0071-4, retrieved 2017-08-08`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Moreno Bernal, Jorge W (2014), Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, pp. 1–66, retrieved 2017-08-08
* Pérez, María E.; Vallejo Pareja, María C.; Carrillo, Juan D.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2017), "A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24: 111–125, doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9356-7, retrieved 2017-04-04
* Suárez, Catalina; Forasiepi, AnalÍa M.; Goin, Francisco J.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), "Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia" (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (1): e1029581, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1029581, hdl:11336/53653, retrieved 2019-02-13

Barzalosa Formation

* Acosta, Jorge E.; Guatame, Rafael; Caicedo A., Juan Carlos; Cárdenas, Jorge Ignacio (2002), Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–92

Gualanday Group

* Billet, Guillaume; Orliac, Maëva; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), "New observations and reinterpretation on the enigmatic taxon Colombitherium (?Pyrotheria, Mammalia) from Colombia" (PDF), Palaeontology, 59 (2): 319–325, Bibcode:2010Palgy..53..319B, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00936.x, retrieved 2017-05-17

Honda Group

* Cadena, Edwin; Jaramillo, Carlos; Páramo, María E. (2008), "New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia" (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28 (4): 1206–1212, Bibcode:2008JVPal..28.1206C, doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1206, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Croft, Darin A (2007), "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates", Palaeontology, 50 (1): 277–303, Bibcode:2007Palgy..50..277C, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Czaplewski, Nicolas J.; Takai, Masanaru; Naeher, Tiffany M.; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2003), "Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia" (PDF), Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales, XXVII: 263–282, retrieved 2017-05-04 Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
* Defler, Thomas (2004), Historia natural de los primates colombianos (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 1–613, retrieved 2017-05-04 Archived 2014-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
* Estes, Richard; Wassersug, Richard (1963), "A Miocene toad from Colombia, South America" (PDF), Breviora, 193: 1–13, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-19, retrieved 2017-05-04
* De la Fuente, Marcelo; Sterli, Juliana; Maniel, Ignacio (2013), Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 1–168, Bibcode:2014oebh.book.....D, ISBN 978-3-319-00518-8, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Hoffstetter, Robert (1971), Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 37–62, retrieved 2017-05-04 Archived 2017-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Hsiou, Annie S.; Albino, Adriana M.; Ferigolo, Jorge (2010), "Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species", Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 55 (3): 365–379, doi:10.4202/app.2009.1111
* Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H. (1997), "Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America)", Journal of Human Evolution, 32 (2–3): 161–199, Bibcode:1997JHumE..32..161K, doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0104, PMID 9061556, retrieved 2017-05-042–3&rft.pages=161-199&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info:pmid/9061556&rft_id=info:doi/10.1006/jhev.1996.0104&rft_id=info:bibcode/1997JHumE..32..161K&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.au=Madden,+Richard+H.&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14149594&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:South+American+land+mammal+age" class="Z3988">
* Lundberg, John G.; Chernoff, Barry (1992). "A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications" (PDF). Biotropica (FTP). pp. 2–16\. Bibcode:1992Biotr..24....2L. doi:10.2307/2388468. JSTOR 2388468. Retrieved 2017-05-04.[dead ftp link] (To view documents see Help:FTP)
* Marshall, Larry G (1976), "New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America", Journal of Paleontology, 50 (3): 402–418, JSTOR 1303521, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Meldrum, D.J.; Kay, R.F. (1997), "Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia" (PDF), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102 (3): 407–427, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199703)102:3<407::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R, PMID 9098507, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Miller, Alden H (1953), "A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia" (PDF), Auk, 70 (4): 484–495, doi:10.2307/4081360, JSTOR 4081360, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Organ, Jason M.; Lemelin, Pierre (2011), "Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia", The Anatomical Record, 294 (12): 2013–2023, doi:10.1002/ar.21504, PMID 22042718
* Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio (2010), "Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia" (PDF), Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales, 34: 253–256, retrieved 2017-05-04 Archived 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Rasmussen, Tab (1997), Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. _
* Rosenberger, A.L.; Setoguchi, T.; Hartwig, W.C. (1991), "Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88 (6): 2137–2140, Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.2137R, doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2137, PMC 51184, PMID 1900937
* Setoguchi, Takeshi; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (1988), "A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia" (PDF), Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys, 6: 1–6, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Setoguchi, T (1985), "Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America", Folia Primatol, 44 (2): 96–101, doi:10.1159/000156200, PMID 4043876
* Suárez, Catalina; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Goin, Franciso J.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), "Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia" (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1029581: 1–10, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Takai, Masanaru; Anaya, Federico; Suzuki, Hisashi; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2001), "A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae", Anthropological Science, Tokyo, 109 (4): 289, doi:10.1537/ase.109.289
* Takai, Masanaru; Setoguchi, Takeshi; Villarroel A., Carlos; Cadena G., Alberto; Shigehara, Nobuo (1991), "A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America" (PDF), Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 56: 1–9, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Tejedor, Marcelo F (2013), "Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini" (PDF), Revista del Museo de La Plata, 20: 20–39, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Vallejo Pareja, M.C.; Carrillo, J.D.; Moreno Bernal, J.W.; Pardo Jaramillo, M.; Rodríguez González, D.F.; Muñoz Duran, J. (2015), "Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia" (PDF), Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich, 35 (2): e903960, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E3960V, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903960, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Villarroel A., Carlos S (2000), "Un nuevo Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) en la Fauna de La Venta, Mioceno de Colombia: el estado actual de la Familia Orophodontidae" (PDF), Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 24: 117–127, retrieved 2017-05-04 Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
* Villarroel A., Carlos S (1997), "La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia", Geología Colombiana, 22: 139–149, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Villarroel A., Carlos; Setoguchi, Takeshi; Brieva, Jorge; Macia, Carlos (1996), "Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna" (PDF), Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 58: 41–66, retrieved 2017-05-04
* Wheeler, Brandon (2010), "Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness", Primates, 51 (2): 131–138, doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0181-y, PMID 20037832

Los Hoyos beds

* Villaroel A., Carlos; Brieva B., Jorge; Cadena, Alberto (1989), "Descubrimiento de mamíferos fósiles de edad Lujanense (Pleistoceno tardío) en el "Desierto" de la Tatacoa (Huila, Colombia)" (PDF), Caldasia, 16: 119–125, retrieved 2019-02-12

Mugrosa Formation

* Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Patiño, Alejandro; Renzoni, Giancarlo; Beltrán, Alejandro; Quintero, Claudia; Manrique, Martín (2008), Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–105

Rotinet Formation

* Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice; Escobar Quemba, Ingrid Carolina (2010), "Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 35: 50–57, retrieved 2019-02-12 Archived 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine

Sincelejo Formation

* Villarroel A., Carlos; Clavijo, Javier (2023), "Los mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la Costa Caribe Colombiana" (PDF), Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 29 (112): 345–356, doi:10.18257/raccefyn.29(112).2005.2169, retrieved 2019-02-04

#### Ecuador

[edit]

Biblián Formation

* Veintimilla González, Liliana Alexandra (2015), Solución geológica, geotécnica, hidrológica, hidráulica y estructural de la alcantarilla que sirve a la autopista Cuenca-Azogues, Abscisa km. 4+667 (thesis) (PDF), Universidad de Cuenca, pp. 1–111, retrieved 2018-09-11

Dos Bocas Formation

* Lorenzo, Erica; Roca Beltrán, Wladimir Andrés; Martínez, Manuel; Morato, Antonio; Escandón Panchana, Paulo César; Álvarez Domínguez, Cristian Paul (2018), "Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 40: 31–42, doi:10.18273/revbol.v40n1-2018002, retrieved 2018-10-01
* Tanaka, Yoshihiro; Abella, Juan; Aguirre Fernández, Gabriel; Gregori, María; Fordyce, R. Ewan (2017), "A new tropical Oligocene dolphin from Montañita/Olón, Santa Elena, Ecuador", PLoS ONE, 12 (12): e0188380, Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288380T, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188380, PMC 5737981, PMID 29261688

Letrero Formation

* Romero Carrasco, Ana Iveth (2017), Marcas de herbivoría en hojas fósiles de las cuencas miocénicas del sur del Ecuador (BSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Central del Ecuador, pp. 1–39, retrieved 2017-10-26

Onzole Formation

* Ramírez Parrales, María Fernanda (2013), Registros de la deformación y del volcanismo en el dominio del antearco ecuatoriano: sedimentología y bioestratigrafía de la Formación Borbón (thesis) (PDF), Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, pp. 1–202, retrieved 2018-09-12

Seca Formation

* Lorenzo, Erica (2018), "Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 40: 31–42, doi:10.18273/revbol.v40n1-2018002, retrieved 2018-09-11

#### Paraguay

[edit]

Chaco Formation

* Filí, M.F (2001), "Síntesis Geológica e Hidrogeológica del noroeste de la provincia de Entre Ríos - República Argentina" (PDF), Boletín Geológico y Minero, 112: 25–36, retrieved 2018-09-03
* Various, Authors (1986), Mapa Geológico del Paraguay - Proyecto PAR 86 - Escala 1:1,000,000 - Texto explicativo (PDF), _, pp. 1–62, retrieved 2018-09-03

#### Peru

[edit]

Peruvian Amazon

* Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Abello, M. Alejandra; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Baby, Patrice; Billet, Guillaume; Boivin, Myriam; Calderón, Ysabel; Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, Adriana (2016), "A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru", Gondwana Research, 31: 30–59, Bibcode:2016GondR..31...30A, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001, retrieved 2017-08-15`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Castro Medina, Walter Fidel (2010), Geología, informe temático. Proyecto Zonificación Ecológica y Económica del departamento de Amazonas (PDF), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), pp. 1–76, retrieved 2018-09-04

Sechura Basin

* Córdova Aguilar, Arturo (2009), Proyecto: "desarrollo de capacidades para una propuesta de zoneamiento ecológico económica (ZEE) para el ordenamiento territorial del Departamento de Piura" - área: Geología y potencial de recursos mineros (PDF), Ministry of Environment, Peru, pp. 1–83, retrieved 2018-09-11

Chambira Formation

* Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2019), "New insight from the Paleogene record of Amazonia into the early diversification of Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): phylogenetic, macroevolutionary, and paleobiogeographic implications", Geodiversitas, 41 (4): 143–245, doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a4, retrieved 2019-02-28
* Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Candela, Adriana M.; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2016), "Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia", Papers in Palaeontology, 3 (1): 69–109, doi:10.1002/spp2.1068, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Marivaux, Laurent; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Boivin, Myriam; Pujos, François; Ramdarshan, Anusha; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada, Julia; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2016), "Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia", Journal of Human Evolution, 97: 159–175, Bibcode:2016JHumE..97..159M, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.05.011, PMID 27457552, retrieved 2019-02-04

Chilcatay Formation

* Bianucci, Giovanni; Bosio, Giulia; Malinverno, Elisa; De Muizon, Christian; Villa, Igor M.; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2018), "A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology", Royal Society Open Science, 5 (4): 172302, Bibcode:2018RSOS....572302B, doi:10.1098/rsos.172302, PMC 5936943, PMID 29765678
* De la Cruz, Aldo Alván (2008), "Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú)" (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 11: 51–59, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Malinverno, Elisa; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 16 (12): 981–1016, doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1359689, hdl:11568/891482, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario (2014), "Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (5): 987–1004, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..987L, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.858050, retrieved 2019-02-12

Chota Formation

* Chacaltana, César; Benites Cañote, Alexandra Lucytania; Valdivia, Waldir; Chumpitaz, Marco (2014), La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico, Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2017-08-15

Iñapari Formation

* Frailey, Carl D (1986), "Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre Region, western Amazonia" (PDF), Contributions in Science, 374: 1–46, doi:10.5962/p.208117, retrieved 2017-08-15
* De Iullis, Gerardo; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Vicars, Matthew J. (2011), "A new genus and species of nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae) from the Late Miocene (Huayquerian) of Peru", Palaeontology, 54 (1): 171–205, Bibcode:2011Palgy..54..171D, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01001.x

Madre de Dios Formation

* Frailey, Carl David; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E. (2012), "Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin", Journal of Paleontology, 86 (5): 852–877, Bibcode:2012JPal...86..852F, doi:10.1666/12-012.1, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Prothero, Donald R.; Campbell, Jr, Kenneth E.; Beatty, Brian L.; Frailey, Carl D. (2014), "New late Miocene dromomerycine artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: implications for interchange dynamics", Journal of Paleontology, 88 (3): 434–443, doi:10.1666/13-022, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Romero P., Lidia; Morales R., María del Carmen; Carpio R, Mario (1998), Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Acre 22-v, Iñapari 22-x, Qda. Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z (PDF), INGEMMET, pp. 1–201, retrieved 2019-02-12

Mogollón Formation

* Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia; Baby, Patrice; Brusset, Stéphane; Espurt, Nicolas (2015), "A New Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 22 (2): 129–140, doi:10.1007/s10914-014-9278-1, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Quispe Alcalá, David Ricardo (2010), Evaluación Geológica de la Formación Mogollón en el Yacimiento Leones – Cuenca Talara (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, pp. 1–87, retrieved 2017-10-18 Archived 2021-12-06 at the Wayback Machine

Moquegua Formation

* Alván, Aldo; Ramírez, Katerin; von Eynatten, Hilmar; Dunkl, István; Jacay, Javier; Bertone, Gabriela (2017), "Evolución Geológica de las Cuencas de Antearco del Sur de Perú (Moquegua y Camaná-Mollendo): Proveniencia Sedimentaria y Análisis de Facies en Rocas Cenozoicas", Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú, 112: 53–77, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Shockey, Bruce J.; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2016), "A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids", Zootaxa, 4111 (5): 565–583, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.3, PMID 27395103

Muñani Formation

* Gelfo, Javier N.; Sigé, Bernard (2011), "A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene–earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56 (4): 665–678, doi:10.4202/app.2010.0067, retrieved 2017-08-15

Paracas Formation

* Clarke, Julia A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Stucchi, Marcelo; Urbina, Mario; Giannini, Norberto; Bertelli, Sara; Narváez, Yanina; Boyd, Clint A. (2007), "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between penguin biogeography, body size evolution, and Cenozoic climate change", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (28): 11545–11550, doi:10.1073/pnas.0611099104, PMC 1913862, PMID 17601778, retrieved 2017-08-15

Pisco Formation

* Altamirano Sierra, Alí J (2013), "Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru" (PDF), Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, 42: 1–12, retrieved 2017-09-04
* Báez Gómez, Diego A (2006), "Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje" (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 9: 64–69, retrieved 2017-09-04
* Bianucci, Giovanni; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2016), "New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti)" (PDF), PeerJ, 4 e2479, doi:10.7717/peerj.2479, PMC 5036081, PMID 27688973, retrieved 2019-02-12 Archived 2020-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Brand, Leonard; Urbina, Mario; Chadwick, Arthur; DeVries, Thomas J.; Esperante, Raul (2011), "A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 31 (4): 414–425, Bibcode:2011JSAES..31..414B, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2011.02.015
* Collareta, Alberto; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru", Fossil Record, 20 (2): 259–278, Bibcode:2017FossR..20..259C, doi:10.5194/fr-20-259-2017, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017), "A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179 (4): 919–946
* Marx, Felix G.; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian (2017), "A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids", Royal Society Open Science, 4 (9): 170560, Bibcode:2017RSOS....470560M, doi:10.1098/rsos.170560, PMC 5627101, PMID 28989761, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Marx, Felix G.; Kohno, Naoki (2016), "A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert", Royal Society Open Science, 3 (10): 160542, Bibcode:2016RSOS....360542M, doi:10.1098/rsos.160542, PMC 5098998, PMID 27853573, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Poma Porras, Orlando; Horna Santillán, Edgard; Esperante, Raúl (2009), "Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú" (PDF), Revista de Investigación Universitaria, 1: 84–97, retrieved 2017-09-04 Archived 2017-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Ramassamy, Benjamin; Lambert, Olivier; Collareta, Alberto; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2018), "Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities" (PDF), Fossil Record, 21 (1): 11–32, Bibcode:2018FossR..21...11R, doi:10.5194/fr-21-11-2018, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro (2018), Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, pp. 1–158, retrieved 2018-09-10 Archived 2018-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
* Stucchi, Marcelo; Emslie, Steven D.; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015a), "A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (5): e972507, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E2507S, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.972507, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Stucchi, Marcelo; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015b), "New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61 (2): 417–427, retrieved 2019-02-13
* Stucchi, M (2007), "Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú" (PDF), 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 8: 367–373, retrieved 2017-09-04

Pozo Formation

* Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; Croft, D.A.; Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Martin, T.; Orliac, M.; Tejada, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse and R. Salas Gismondi, J. (2011), "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279 (1732): 1319–1326, doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1732, PMC 3282368, PMID 21993503, retrieved 2019-02-14`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2017), "Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia", Palaeontologia Electronica, 20 (1): Article number 20.1.19A, retrieved 2019-02-12

Soncco Formation

* Carlotto, Víctor (2016), Dataciones por trazas de fisión en los depósitos continentales terciarios de la Región de Cusco, XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 521–524, retrieved 2017-08-15

Yahuarango Formation

* Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E.; Chornogubsky, Laura; Novo, Nelson; Goin, Francisco (2015), "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys", Nature, 520 (7548): 538–546, Bibcode:2015Natur.520..538B, doi:10.1038/nature14120, PMID 25652825, retrieved 2017-09-24
* Campbell, K.E.; Frailey, C.D.; Romero Pittman, L. (2004), "The Paleogene Santa Rosa Local Fauna of Amazonian Perú: Geographic and Geologic Setting" (PDF), Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, 40: 1–164, retrieved 2019-02-15
* Ciancio, Martín Ricardo; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Campbell, Kenneth E.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J. (2013), "New Palaeogene cingulates (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Santa Rosa, Perú and their importance in the context of South American faunas", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 11 (6): 727–741, Bibcode:2013JSPal..11..727C, doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.704949, hdl:11336/23283, retrieved 2019-02-15

Yumaque Formation

* Lambert, O.; Martínez Cáceres, M.; Bianucci, G.; Di Celma, C.; Salas Gismondi, R.; Steurbaut, E.; Urbina, Mario; de Muizon, C. (2017), "Earliest Mysticete from the Late Eocene of Peru Sheds New Light on the Origin of Baleen Whales", Current Biology, 27 (10): 1–7, Bibcode:2017CBio...27E1535L, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.026, PMID 28502655, retrieved 2019-02-04

#### Uruguay

[edit]

Pleistocene

* Martínez, Sergio A.; Ubilla, M. (2009), El Cuaternario en Uruguay, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, pp. 195–228, retrieved 2019-02-12

Camacho Formation

* Fernicola, Juan C.; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Propino, Kleberson (2018), "A new species of Neoglyptatelus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Miocene of Uruguay provides new insights on the evolution of the dorsal armor in cingulates", Ameghiniana, 55 (3): 233–252, doi:10.5710/AMGH.02.12.2017.3150, hdl:11336/96801, retrieved 2018-10-01
* Rinderknecht, Andrés (2011), Estudio sobre los roedores gigantes del Uruguay, Departamento de San José (Mioceno tardío-Pliocene) y sus implicancias para la sistemática y taxonomía de la familia Dinomyidae (Mammalia, Rodentia) (PDF), Universidad de la República, pp. 1–101, retrieved 2018-10-01
* Verde, Mariano (2002), Icnología de la formación Camacho (Mioceno tardío) del Uruguay (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad de la República, pp. 1–125, retrieved 2017-08-15

Dolores Formation

* Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2007), "Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 243 (2): 179–189, doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0179, retrieved 2017-05-07
* Alvarenga, Herculano; Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés (2010), "The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay" (PDF), Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 256 (2): 229–234, doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052, retrieved 2018-09-10
* Gutiérrez, Mercedes; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2005), "Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte, 2005 (11): 641–662, doi:10.1127/njgpm/2005/2005/641, retrieved 2017-05-07

Fray Bentos Formation

* Bond, Mariano; López, Guillermo; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Vucetich, María G. (1998), "Los mamíferos de la Formación Fray Bentos (Edad mamífero Deseadense, Oligoceno Superior) de las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Ríos, Argentina", Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial, 5: 41–50, retrieved 2018-09-12
* Tófalo, Ofelia Rita; Morrás, Héctor J.M. (2009), "Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina: 674–686, retrieved 2018-09-12

Raigón Formation

* Tófalo, Ofelia Rita; Morrás, Héctor J.M. (2009), "Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina: 674–686, retrieved 2018-09-12

San José Formation

* Rinderknecht, Andrés; Noriega, Jorge Ignacio (2002), "A new genus of Anhingidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene of Uruguay (San José Formation)", Ameghiniana, 39: 183–191, retrieved 2019-02-12

Sopas Formation

* Corona, Andrea; Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel (2019), "New records and diet reconstruction using dental microwear analysis for Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae)", Andean Geology, 46: 153–167, doi:10.5027/andgeoV46n1-3136, retrieved 2019-02-28

#### Venezuela

[edit]

Chaguaramas Formation

* Horovitz, Inés; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2012), El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico (PDF), Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado, pp. 133–156, retrieved 2017-10-21`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

Parángula Formation

* Paolillo, Alfredo; Linares, Omar J. (2007), "Nuevos cocodrilos Sebecosuchia del Cenozoico suramericano (Mesosuchia: Crocodylia)" (PDF), Paleobiología Neotropical, 03: 1–25, retrieved 2017-08-15

Falcón Basin
Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations

* Mendi, David; Rodríguez, Eliana (2005), Integración geológica de la Península de Paraguaná, Estado Falcón (MSc thesis), Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 1–184, retrieved 2017-10-26

Capadare Formation

* Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Langer, Max C. (2015), "The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina" (PDF), PeerJ, 3: e1063, doi:10.7717/peerj.1063, PMC 4493680, PMID 26157628, retrieved 2019-02-13 Archived 2017-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Penín Cendón, José Antonio; Villarroel Estaba, Vanessa Ilia (2005), Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón (PDF), Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 1–199, retrieved 2017-08-15

Castillo Formation

* Johnson, Kenneth G.; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A. (2009), "The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela)", PALAIOS, 24 (1): 59–69, Bibcode:2009Palai..24...59J, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.617.9079, doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-004r, retrieved 2017-08-15
* Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Núñez Flores, Mónica (2017), "Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24 (2): 179–191, doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9328-y, retrieved 2019-02-12
* Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Benammi, Mouloud; Vignaud, Patrick; McDonald, H. Gregory (2014), "Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis" (PDF), Andean Geology, 41: 507–528, retrieved 2018-09-07
* Solórzano, Andrés; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Cidade, Giovanne M.; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Sánchez, Leonardo (2019), "Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela" (PDF), Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 99 (2): 241–259, Bibcode:2019PdPe...99..241S, doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0332-5, retrieved 2018-09-07
* Urbani, Franco; Mendi, David (2010), "Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela", Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales, LXX: 9–25, retrieved 2017-08-15

Mesa Formation

* Granadino A., Maybelle N (2012), Evaluación hidrogeológica-geofísica de las formaciones Mesa y Las Piedras aflorantes en Santa Clara, Estado Anzoátegui (BS thesis) (PDF), Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 1–126, retrieved 2019-02-12

Río Yuca Formation

* Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Macsotay, Oliver; McDonald, H. Gregory; Nüñez Flores, Mónica (2016), "A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America", Geobios, 757 (5): 1–35, Bibcode:2016Geobi..49..395R, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2016.06.005, retrieved 2019-02-12

San Gregorio Formation

* Carlini, Alfredo A.; Brandoni, Diego; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2018), "A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela – implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America", Palaeontologia Electronica, 21 (2): Article number, doi:10.26879/771, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Castro, Mariela C.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2014), "A new Dasypodini armadillo (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from San Gregorio Formation, Pliocene of Venezuela: affinities and biogeographic interpretations", Naturwissenschaften, . (2): 1–10, Bibcode:2014NW....101...77C, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.721.1471, doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1131-5, PMID 24414134, retrieved 2017-08-15

Santa Inés Formation

* Simpson, George Gaylord (1947), "A Miocene glyptodont from Venezuela", American Museum Novitates (1368): 1–10, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.866.6506, retrieved 2018-10-01

Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations

* Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Maxwell, Erin; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2015), "Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela)", PLoS ONE, 10 (10): e0139230, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039230C, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139230, PMC 4619466, PMID 26488163
* Linares, Omar J (2004), "Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela" (PDF), Paleobiología Neotropical, 1: 1–26, retrieved 2017-08-15 Archived 2017-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard (2005), Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–92, retrieved 2017-10-27 Archived 2018-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
* Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Montellano Ballesteros, Marisol (2018), "Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17 (5): 409–421, doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1427639, retrieved 2019-02-11
* Rincón, Ascanio D.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Solórzano, Andrés; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Ruiz Ramoni, Damián (2015), "A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America", Royal Society Open Science, 2 (2): 140256, Bibcode:2015RSOS....240256R, doi:10.1098/rsos.140256, PMC 4448802, PMID 26064594, retrieved 2019-02-13

## Further reading

[edit]

* Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa (2017), Fossil Horses of South America: Phylogeny, Systemics and Ecology, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 1–150, Bibcode:2017fhsa.book.....P, ISBN 9783319558776, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Croft, Darin A (2016), Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, Indiana University Press, pp. 1–320, ISBN 9780253020949, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry (2013), Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America, Indiana University Press, pp. 1–448, ISBN 9780253007193, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Fleagle, John G.; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (2013), The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, Elsevier, pp. 1–256, ISBN 9781483267074, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Tambussi, Claudia P.; Degrange, Federico (2012), South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds: Paleobiogeographic Affinities and Disparities, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 1–113, ISBN 9789400754676, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–370, ISBN 9780521194617, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Madden, Richard H (2010), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–448, ISBN 9780521872416, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2010), Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics, Indiana University Press, pp. 1–304, ISBN 9780253002006, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2004), "Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile" (PDF), Fieldiana Geology, 50: 1–52, retrieved 2018-09-29
* Hartwig, W.C.; Meldrum, D.J. (2002), The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, Cambridge University Press, pp. 175–188, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2, retrieved 2017-09-24
* Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H.; Flynn, John J.; Cifelli, Richard L. (1997), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, pp. 1–608, ISBN 9781935623854, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Simpson, George Gaylord (1996), Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals, UMI, pp. 1–275, ISBN 9780783733111, retrieved 2017-10-21
* Pascual, Rosendo; Ortega Hinjosoa, Enrique J.; Gondar, Dolores; Tonni, Eduardo (1965), "Las edades del Cenozoico mamalífero de la Argentina, con especial atención a aquellas del territorio bonaerense" (PDF), Anales C.I.C., _: 165–193, retrieved 2018-09-10

* v
* t
* e

South American land mammal ages

Ages|

* Lujanian
* Ensenadan
* Uquian
* Chapadmalalan
* Montehermosan
* Huayquerian
* Chasicoan
* Mayoan
* Laventan
* Colloncuran
* Friasian
* Santacrucian
* Colhuehuapian
* Deseadan
* Tinguirirican
* Divisaderan
* Mustersan
* Casamayoran
* Itaboraian
* Riochican
* Peligran
* Tiupampan

Defining
formations
and sites|

| Quaternary|

* Luján Formation
* Ensenada Formation
* Uquía Formation

|

Neogene|

* Chapadmalal Formation
* Monte Hermoso Formation
* Huayquerías Formation
* Arroyo Chasicó Formation
* Río Mayo Formation
* Honda Group
* La Venta fauna
* Collón Curá Formation
* Río Frías Formation
* Santa Cruz Formation
* Colhué Huapí Member

Paleogene|

* Deseado Formation
* Abanico Formation
* Tinguiririca fauna
* Divisadero Largo Formation
* Sarmiento Formation
* Lake Musters
* Casamayor Formation
* Itaboraí Formation
* Río Chico Group
* Salamanca Formation
* Punta Peligro
* Santa Lucía Formation
* Tiupampa fauna

Sources|

* Bibliography

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