Southern Cordilleran languages

Subgroup of the Austronesian language family

Southern Cordilleran

Geographic
distribution| northern Luzon
Linguistic classification| Austronesian

* Malayo-Polynesian
* Philippine
* Northern Luzon
* Meso-Cordilleran
* Southern Cordilleran

Language codes
Glottolog| `sout2907`

The Southern Cordilleran languages are a group of closely related languages within the Northern Luzon subgroup of the Austronesian language family.[1][2] They are spoken in an area stretching from the southern shore of Lingayen Gulf to the highlands of Quirino province. The most widely spoken Southern Cordilleran language is Pangasinan, one of the eight major languages of the Philippines.

## Internal classification

[edit]

The subgroup was first proposed by Zorc (1979).[3] Himes (1998) classifies the Southern Cordilleran languages as follows:[2]

* Southern Cordilleran
* Ilongot
* West Southern Cordilleran
* Pangasinan
* Nuclear Southern Cordilleran
* Ibaloi (including Iwak)
* Karao
* Kalanguya

## Reconstruction

[edit]

Proto-Southern Cordilleran

Reconstruction of| Southern Cordilleran languages

Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Austronesian

* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
* Proto-Philippine
* Proto-Northern Luzon

Proto-Southern Cordilleran has been reconstructed by Himes (1998).[2]

### Phonology

[edit]

Vowels  | Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

Close | *i  | *ɨ  | *u
Open |  | *a  |
Consonants  | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Stop | voiceless | *p  | *t  |  | *k  | *ʔ
voiced | *b  | *d  |  | *g  |
Fricative |  | *s  |  |  |
Nasal | *m  | *n  |  | *ŋ  |
Lateral |  | *l  |  |  |
Approximant | *w  |  | *y  |  |

### Vocabulary

[edit]

The comparison table (taken from Himes (1998)[2] and Zorc (1979)[3]) illustrates the correspondences between the Southern Cordilleran languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Southern Cordilleran innovations.

Comparison table  Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn)

Ilongot  | Pangasinan  | Ibaloi  | PSC  | PAn  | Meaning
ma:go | a:gɨw | ʔágɨw | *ʔa:gɨw | *qaləjaw | 'day'
dɨ:nom | danúm | čánom | *dánum | *daNum | 'water'
Southern Cordilleran innovations
Ilongot  | Pangasinan  | Ibaloi  | PSC  | PAn  | Meaning
ʔa:gɨt | agát | ʔagát | *ʔágat | (*laqia) | 'ginger'
bɨsik | batík | bɨtík | *bɨtík | (*laRiw) | 'run'
tɨɣí | salí | sɨdí | *sɨlí | (*qaqay) | 'foot'
-to | -tu | -to | *-tu | (*nia) | 'his/her'
kɨyó | kiyɨ́w | kiyɨ́w | *kɨyɨ́w[a] | (*kaSiw) | 'tree'
tóʔo | tuʔú | túʔu | *túʔu[b] | (*Cau) | 'person'

1. ^ *kɨyɨ́w is an irregular reflex of PAn *kaSiw
2. ^ *túʔu is an irregular reflex of PAn *Cau

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Reid, Lawrence A. (2006). "On reconstructing the morphosyntax of Proto-Northern Luzon, Philippines". Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 37: 1–64.
2. ^ a b c d Himes, Ronald S. (1998). "The Southern Cordilleran Group of Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 37 (1): 120–177. doi:10.2307/3623282. JSTOR 3623282.
3. ^ a b Zorc, R. David (1979). "On the Development of Contrastive Word Accent: Pangasinan, a Case in Point". In Nguyễn Đ.L. (ed.). Southeast Asian linguistic studies, Vol. 3. Pacific Linguistics, C-45. pp. 241–258. doi:10.15144/PL-C45.241.

## External links

[edit]

* "Southern Cordilleran" at Ethnologue, 23rd ed., 2020.

* v
* t
* e

Philippine languages

Batanic (Bashiic)|

* Itbayat
* Ivatan
* Yami

Bilic|

* Blaan
* Tboli
* Teduray

Central Luzon|

* Hatang Kayi (Remontado)
* Kapampangan

Sambalic|

* Abellen
* Ambala
* Bolinao
* Botolan
* Mag-antsi
* Mag-indi
* Mariveleño
* Sambal

Greater Central
Philippine|

| Central Philippine|

| Bikol|

* Albay Bikol
* Central Bikol
* Isarog Agta
* Mount Iraya Agta
* Mount Iriga Agta
* Pandan Bikol
* Rinconada

|

Bisayan|

* Aklanon
* Asi
* Bantayanon
* Baybay
* Butuanon
* Caluyanon
* Capiznon
* Cebuano
* Boholano
* Old Cebuano †
* Cuyonon
* Hiligaynon
* Kabalian
* Karay-a
* Karolanos
* Magahat
* Masbateño
* Northern Sorsogon
* Onhan
* Porohanon
* Ratagnon
* Romblomanon
* Southern Sorsogon
* Sulod
* Surigaonon
* Tausug
* Waray

Mansakan|

* Davawenyo
* Kalagan
* Kamayo
* Mamanwa
* Mandaya
* Mansaka

Tagalogic|

* Kasiguranin
* Tagalog
* Old Tagalog †
* Batangueño
* Filipino

(unclassified)|

* Ata †

Danao|

* Iranun
* Maguindanao
* Maranao

Gorontalo–Mongondow|

* Bintauna
* Bolango
* Buol
* Gorontalo
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan
* Suwawa

Manobo|

* Agusan
* Ata Manobo
* Binukid
* Cotabato Manobo
* Higaonon
* Ilianen
* Kagayanen
* Kamigin
* Matigsalug
* Obo
* Sarangani
* Tagabawa
* Western Bukidnon

Palawanic|

* Aborlan Tagbanwa
* Batak
* Central Tagbanwa
* Palawano
* Taawʼt Bato

Southern Mindoro|

* Buhid
* Hanunoo
* Tawbuid

Subanen|

* Western Subanon

Kalamian|

* Agutaynen
* Calamian Tagbanwa

Minahasan|

* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsawang
* Tonsea
* Tontemboan

Northern Luzon|

* Arta
* Dicamay Agta †
* Ilocano

Cagayan Valley|

* Atta
* Cagayan Agta
* Gaʼdang
* Gaddang
* Ibanag
* Isnag
* Itawis
* Yogad

Meso-Cordilleran|

* Northern Alta
* Southern Alta

Central Cordilleran|

* Balangao
* Bontoc
* Ifugao
* Isinai
* Itneg
* Kalinga
* Kankanaey
* Tuwali

Southern Cordilleran|

* Bugkalot
* Ibaloi
* Iwaak
* Kalanguya
* Karao
* Pangasinan

Northern Mindoro|

* Alangan
* Iraya
* Tadyawan

Sangiric|

* Bantik
* Ratahan
* Sangir
* Talaud

Other branches|

* Ati
* Klata
* Umiray Dumaget

Manide–Alabat|

* Inagta Alabat
* Manide

Reconstructed|

Proto-Philippine †

* † indicates extinct status
* ? indicates classification dispute

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