Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)

Rebel alliance in the Syrian Civil War active from 2014 to present

Southern Front

الجبهة الجنوبية

Logo of the Southern Front: the Syrian independence flag flanked by an AK-47 on each side

Leaders| See Leadership
Dates of operation| 13 February 2014[1][2] -present[3][4][5][6]
Headquarters| Amman[7]
Active regions| Daraa Governorate[8]
Quneitra Governorate[8]
As Suwayda Governorate[8]
Damascus[8]
Ideology| Syrian nationalism[9][10]
Anti-authoritarianism[10]
Factions:
Islamism[11]
Secularism[12]
Size| 25,000 (Nov. 2015);[13] 30,000 (July 2018)[14]
Part of|

* Free Syrian Army (disputed)
See Nature of the Front
* Southern Operations Room

Allies|

* United States (until 2017)
* Saudi Arabia (until 2017)
* Jordan (until 2018)
* Qatar (alleged)
* Alwiya al-Furqan
* Army of Free Tribes
* Al-Qaratayn Martyrs Brigade[15]
* Army of the South
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* al-Nusra Front (sometimes) (defunct)
* Ahrar al-Sham
* Jaysh al-Islam
* Tahrir al-Sham

Opponents|

* Syrian Arab Armed Forces
* Russia
* Iran
* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army[16]
* Hezbollah
* al-Nusra Front (sometimes) (defunct)

Battles and wars| Syrian Civil War See List of battles

Succeeded by
Syrian Army 5th Corps' and 8th Brigade

The Southern Front (Arabic: الجبهة الجنوبية) is a Syrian rebel alliance consisting of 54 or 58 Syrian opposition factions affiliated with the Free Syrian Army, established on 13 February 2014 in southern Syria.[1][11][17] By June 2015, the Southern Front controlled about 70 percent of Daraa Governorate, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies;[18] by 2018, the front was defunct, with most of its fighters either reintegrating into the Syrian Army or fleeing to other FSA held lands in the north. The group reactivated in July 2024.

Claims have been made by the Southern Front itself,[19] and by media in Britain,[17] Germany,[11] and the United Arab Emirates,[20] that the Southern Front is being funded by the US and its allies, possibly through a US-led Military Operations Center (MOC) based in Amman, Jordan. Since its formation, rebels said field operation rooms have been added inside Syria to improve coordination between units.[7] The coalition was described by Western officials as "the best organized of the mainstream opposition".[21] The constituent groups ranged from secularist groups to moderate religious groups, and the Southern front has been described as a "non-hardline Islamist rebel group" that rejects extremism.[11]

## Nature of the Front

[edit]

The Southern Front was an alliance of over 50 rebel groups, ranging from secularist to moderately religious.[11] Bashar al-Zoubi, head of the Yarmouk Army, said to the BBC in 2014 that the groups or factions of the Southern Front are militarily coordinated by a moving command center with a unified leadership but with no overall commander and no centralised command—which is contradictory.[17][22]

The Carter Center, a private organization in the U.S. promoting human rights globally, in February 2015 also described the Southern Front as a loose coalition of self-described moderate armed groups without leadership or organizational structure, that agreed on the name ‘Southern Front’ to receive support from the inter-governmental Friends of Syria[23] through the southern MOC ("Military Operations Center") in Amman.[24]

The relationship between the Southern Front and the Syrian armed rebel group Free Syrian Army (FSA) has been described differently by different news sources. Remarks of news sources about such relation are in some cases more or less compatible, in other cases incompatible. Some statements in chronological order:

1. The Syrian Observer on 14 February 2014 stated that 49 rebel groups in southern Syria had announced in a statement the establishment of ‘The Southern Front’ and suggested vaguely that Southern Front was affiliated with FSA.[2]
2. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace mentioned on 21 March 2014 that the ‘Omari Brigades’, one of the FSA units from 2011, became a member faction of 'Syrian Revolutionaries Front' (created in December 2013) which was in mid-February 2014 one of the 49 factions that banded together as the Southern Front signing a statement.[8]
3. The Huffington Post stated on 15 May 2014 that a loose coalition of about 50 rebel units including the largest FSA units in southern Syria in February 2014 had announced the establishment of the Southern Front.[7]
4. The National Interest stated on 6 July 2015 that the Southern Front is a coalition of Free Syrian Army brigades, which had made significant gains in Daraa Governorate.[25]
5. Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad wrote on 10 October 2015: "Saudi Arabia is increasing its weapons deliveries to Syrian rebels. That concerns three different groups: Jaish al-Fatah, the Free Syrian Army, and the Southern Front."[26]
6. The International Business Times on 12 March 2016 made mention of a ‘Southern Front’ which it describes as a group of Syrian opposition groups formerly members of FSA, focusing primarily on the Daraa and Quneitra governorates.[27]

## History

[edit]

### Formation

[edit]

In mid-February 2014, according to a Syrian rebel brigade officer, the Military Operations Command (MOC) in Jordan designed for channeling Western and Gulf aid to moderate rebel forces in southern Syria convened a meeting with leaders of nearly 50 southern rebel groups and directed them to create a new umbrella coalition.[1] This resulted in the "Southern Front" being formed on 13 February 2014.[1][22]

The formation of the front and its backing by Western forces challenged al-Nusra's military and political success in the region, though Southern Front units continued to cooperate with al-Nusra forces.[28]

The Southern Front quickly became the largest rebel fighter umbrella organization in Southern Syria, comprising 25–30,000 fighters, the great majority of the South's rebel groups and manpower.[22]

### Initial growth

[edit]

On 13 November 2014, it was reported that 15 factions of the Southern Front drew up a political program as an alternative to the exile-led opposition in Turkey, in which they are planning to turn the Southern Front into a civilian security force.[21] At the same time a provincial council was established. This political program is intended to have "broad appeal among Syrian civilians and to undercut support for more extreme interpretations of Islam that has been spreading".[20]

Around that time, almost 40 small rebel groups joined the First Corps in the south.[20]

On 27 December 2014, the 18 March Division, Yarmouk Army, Fallujah of Houran Brigade and Lions of Sunna Brigade merged under the command structure of the Hawks of the South coalition to strengthen the Southern Front.[29]

On 1 January 2015, the Hamza Division, Syria Revolutionaries Front (SRF) southern command and 1st Artillery Regiment merged under the command structure of the First Army.[30]

As of February 2015, Southern Front operations were executed through seven 'Southern Front operation rooms'.[31]

On 15 May 2015, the Southern Front unified under one military council, chaired by 7 senior members.[32] On 1 June 2015, the Southern Front paraded for the graduation of one thousand new members.[33]

In June 2015, the SF launched Operation Southern Storm to take Deraa city's northern and eastern districts from government control. The operation was largely unsuccessful.[22]

### Decline from late 2015

[edit]

After Operation Southern Storm, SF declined in size and lost some of its support from the MOC.[22] In late 2016, 58 groups were re-organized around four of the largest units with close ties to the MOC: Youth of Sunnah Brigade, Yarmouk Army, 24th Infantry Division and Amoud Houran Division.[22]

On 18 June 2018, the Southern Front was hit by "Operation Basalt", a pro-Syrian government offensive in Daraa and Quneitra province. By 23 July the forces of the Southern Front were fully defeated and lost all territory that was under their control.[4] Surrendering fighters agreed to either reconciliation deals or were relocated to Idlib.[5][6]

Many of the "reconciled" fighters have gone on to participate in the Daraa insurgency, starting on 23 November 2018 (including the March 2020 Daraa clashes)

### Revival

[edit]

In July 2024, a number of reconciled fighter groups abandoned the reconciliation deal and began attacking Syrian Arab Army positions once again.[34]

That December, in the backdrop of the Northwestern Syria offensive, the groups took the city of Daraa as part of a larger offensive in southern Syria. These groups combined to form the Southern Operations Room with other militias in the area (Suwaida, Daraa and Quneitra Governorates).

## Support and funding

[edit]

Southern Front fighters raise the Syrian independence flag, 2 August 2017.

General Ibrahim Jbawi, spokesperson for the Southern Front, stated in November 2014 that his group received money and weapons from the US, France, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.[19] Activists said that Jordan also facilitated the Southern Front by allowing them to cross freely to and from Jordan.[19]

The Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) based newspaper The National stated in November 2014 that the Military Operations Command center (MOC) in Amman, Jordan, staffed by "western and Arab military officials",[35] had sent out food baskets to six rebel factions in southern Syria, presumably members of the Southern Front.[20] The BBC, not revealing its sources, claimed in December 2014 that the Southern Front was "backed" through the Military Operations Center in Jordan, "a logistics and supply hub" run by the US with European and Arab allies.[17] The German Heinrich Böll Foundation claimed in 2015 that the Southern Front is being "funded" by a Military Operations Center (MOC) in Amman, Jordan which is run by "the US and its allies", but did not specify or corroborate what that "funding" implied.[11] No American official has yet admitted to the US supporting the Southern Front.[17] The MOC has reportedly been inactive since 2017.[36]

The National also reported that Southern Front members participating in the fight against the Syrian government receive $50–$100 per month while those who fight against ISIL receive $100–$250 per month from the MOC. However, the MOC threatened to cut funds unless the SF launched an offensive against ISIL.[37]

## Leadership

[edit]

* Brig. Gen. Bashar al-Zoubi[38]
(former overall Leader)
* Brig. Gen. Ziad Fahd[39]
(Deputy Chief of Staff)
* Lt. Col. Majid al-Sayid Ahmed
(Head of the Operations Department)
* Col. Saber Safar
(Member of the Military Council)[32]
* Col. Bakur Salim al-Salim †
(Member of the Military Council)[32]
* Col. Khaled al-Nabulsi
(Member of the Military Council)[32]
* Maj. Hassam Ibrahim
(Member of the Military Council)[32]
* Capt. Said Nakresh
(Member of the Military Council)[32]
* Ahmad al-Awda
(Member of the Military Council)[32]
* Samer al-Haboush
(Member of the Military Council)[32]
* Maj. Issam Rayes
(Spokesperson)[40]

## Military activities

[edit]

### Overview

[edit]

Maj. Issam Rayes, spokesperson of the Southern Front, during the Astana talks in January 2017

On 25 March 2015, the Southern Front captured the town of Bosra after a 3-day long battle.[41]

On 1 April 2015, the Southern Front captured the Nasib border crossing, the last government-controlled border crossing into Jordan.[42]

After the Southern Front's strategic victory at the capture of Brigade 52 in early June 2015, an analyst from the Institute for Strategic Studies stated that "The Southern Front is now showing itself as an increasingly effective buffer against Islamist rebels as well as an effective means for applying pressure on the Assad regime", and Southern Front spokesman Issam al-Reis stated that "We have most of Daraa liberated, our lines of defense behind us are solid, and now we can start the operation toward Damascus and the highway leading to it".[18]

On 17 June 2015, the Southern Front launched an offensive to take all of Quneitra province.[43]

On 25 June 2015, the Southern Front announced "Southern Storm", an offensive to capture Daraa city, where the Syrian Revolution began in 2012.[44] By mid-August the offensive had failed to make significant advances, but the government had responded by increasing attacks on civilian neighborhoods, killing dozens of civilians, leading to public demonstrations against the Southern Front's failed strategy.[11] An analysis by the Heinrich Böll Foundation suggested that the Southern Front had failed to receive significant support from the Military Operations Center in Jordan.[11]

In July and August 2016, more than 200 rebels from the Southern Front defected to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, successor to al-Nusra Front, and Ahrar al-Sham due to better pay and more willingness to fight government forces.[45]

In the second half of 2016, Southern Front member groups were involved in failed operations against ISIS, those being the 2016 Abu Kamal offensive and the Eastern Qalamoun 2016 offensive.

On 12 February 2017, Free Syrian Army groups (Southern Front and the Army of Free Tribes), Tahrir al-Sham, Ahrar al-Sham, Jaysh al-Islam, Jabhat Ansar al-Islam, and Alwiya al-Furqan \- working together as part of the Unified Ranks operations room - launch an offensive in Daraa. A week into the first phase of the offensive, ISIL also started an offensive against the Daraa-based rebels, lasting a week and resulting in an ISIL victory. Clashes between the Southern Front-led rebels and ISIL continued for the next few months.[46]

After three phases, the rebels' Daraa offensive concluded on 6 June, resulting in a partial rebel victory. The following day, the government launched a counter-offensive.[47] On 23 June, pro-government media reported that an attempt at a reconciliation deal fell apart, thus the Syrian Army resumed their offensive in the Palestinian Camp district, accompanied by airstrikes. The operation ended on the same day, with the government reportedly capturing at least 50% of the Daraa Refugee Camp[48]

From 29 December 2016 to 30 April 2017, a myriad of groups that allegedly included Tahrir al-Sham launched a multi-phase operation in the Eastern Qalamoun Mountains and the Syrian Desert to expel the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from the desert in southern Syria and to open a supply route between two rebel-held areas. The operation was successful in pushing back ISIL, though they were unable to connect the two rebel-held areas due to heavy resistance from ISIS. during the operation, the government was also able to take territory from ISIL.

On 7 May, the government launched their desert campaign that initially started along the highway from Damascus to the border with Iraq against rebel forces. Its first intended goal was to capture both the highway and the al-Tanf border crossing, thus securing the Damascus countryside from a potential rebel attack, later, multiple other fronts were opened as part of the operation throughout the desert, as well as operation "Grand Dawn" against ISIL to reopen the Damascus-Palmyra highway and prepare for an offensive towards Deir ez-Zor. The operation resulted in the Syrian Army encircling the rebel-held Eastern Qalamoun pocket and at the same time erasing the front line between rebel forces and ISIL in the An-Tanf area.

On 24 June 2017, Tahrir al-Sham, FSA groups, and other rebels reportedly established the Army of Muhammad operations room and launched a new Quneitra offensive, targeting the town of Madinat al-Baath, also known as Baath City.[49][50] The offensive lasted a week, resulting in a government victory, reversing all rebel gains during the offensive.[51][52] During the fighting, two stray artillery rounds hit the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, prompting Israeli forces to target the Syrian military artillery position which according to them was the source of the firing.[53]

On 3 July 2017, a four-day ceasefire was announced by the government, in opposition-held southern Syria.[51]

As a precursor to Astana 5 peace talks, on 9 July 2017 at 0900 GMT, an American-Russian-Jordanian brokered ceasefire commenced, though on 14 July, opposition groups participating in the Quneitra offensive rejected the ceasefire, with clashes resuming across Southern Syria.[54] Besides minor violations from all sides involved, as of 15 July, the ceasefire as held.[55] The Southern Front boycotted these talks.[55]

Many of the "reconciled" fighters have gone on to participate in the Daraa insurgency, starting on 23 November 2018 (including the March 2020 Daraa clashes).

### List of battles

[edit]

Date | Battle | Place | Against | Result

|
|
|
|

3 February – 27 May 2014 | Daraa offensive (February–May 2014) | Daraa Governorate,
Quneitra Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Hezbollah | indecisive
27 August – 23 September 2014 | 2014 Quneitra offensive | Quneitra Governorate,
Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | Y victory
3 – 6 October 2014 | Daraa offensive (October 2014) | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | Y victory
1 November – 15 December 2014 | Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Hezbollah | Y victory
24 – 31 January 2015 | Daraa offensive (January 2015) | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Hezbollah | Y victory
7 February – 13 March 2015 | 2015 Southern Syria offensive | Daraa Governorate,
Rif Dimashq Governorate,
Quneitra Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Hezbollah
Iranian IRGC
Liwa Fatemiyoun | indecisive
21 – 25 March 2015 | Battle of Bosra (2015) | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Hezbollah
Iranian IRGC | Y victory
1 April 2015 | Battle of Nasib Border Crossing | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | Y victory
8 June 2015 | Brigade 52 offensive | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | Y victory
10 June 2015 | Battle of al-Thula airbase | Suwayda Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | N defeat
17 June 2015 | Quneitra offensive (2015) | Quneitra Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | indecisive
25 June 2015 | Operation Southern Storm (Daraa City offensive) | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | N defeat
2 – 24 October 2015 | Quneitra offensive (October 2015) | Quneitra Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | N defeat
27 December 2015 – 25 January 2016 | Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Russia
Hezbollah | N defeat
3 – 5 March 2016 | Al-Tanf offensive (2016) | Homs Governorate |  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | Y victory
21 March – 8 April 2016 | Daraa offensive (March–April 2016) | Daraa Governorate |  Islamic Muthanna Movement
Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade | Y victory
28 – 29 June 2016 | 2016 Abu Kamal offensive | Abu Kamal District |  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | N defeat
3 September – 15 October 2016 | Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016) | Eastern Qalamoun Mountains |  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | N defeat
29 December 2016 – 30 April 2017 | Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017) | Syrian Desert

* As Suwayda Governorate
* Rif Dimashq Governorate
* Eastern Homs Governorate
* Eastern Deir ez-Zor Governorate

|  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | Y victory
12 February – 6 June 2017 | Daraa offensive (February–April 2017) | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Russia
Hezbollah | Y victory
7 – 23 June 2017 | Daraa offensive (June 2017) | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Russia
Hezbollah |

Indecisive

24 June – 1 July 2017 | Quneitra offensive (June 2017) | Quneitra Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | N defeat
7 May – 13 July 2017 | Syrian Desert campaign (May-July 2017) | Daraa Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Russia
Hezbollah
Iranian IRGC
Liwa Fatemiyoun
PMF-affiliated Iraqi militias | N defeat
18 June – 21 July 2018 | 2018 Southern Syria offensive | Daraa Governorate,
Quneitra Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Russia
Palestinian militias
Hezbollah
Iranian IRGC
Liwa Fatemiyoun | N defeat
29 November – 7 December 2024 | 2024 Southern Syria offensive | Daraa Governorate,
Suwayda Governorate,
Quneitra Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | Y victory
7–8 December 2024 | Fall of Damascus | Damascus,
Rif Dimashq Governorate |  Syrian Arab Armed Forces | Y victory

## Member groups

[edit]

* Revolutionary Army
* Yarmouk Army
* United Sham Front
* Mu'tazz Billah Brigade
* Muhajireen and Ansar Brigade
* Hasan ibn Ali Brigade
* Dawn of Islam Division
* Free Nawa Forces[56][better source needed]
* Free Nawa Brigade
* Bani Umayya Brigade
* Farouq Brigade
* Omar Mukhtar Brigade
* Southern Company
* Gaza Houran Brigade
* Clear Victory Brigade
* Muhammad the Conqueror Brigade
* Soldiers of Islam Brigade
* Martyr Ahmad al-Awad Brigade
* Omar ibn al-Khattab Brigade
* Lions of the South Brigade
* Technical Battalion
* Alliance of Southern Forces[57]
* Omari Brigades
* 18 March Division
* Martyr Houran
* Liberation of Houran
* Engineering and Rocket Battalion[38]
* Salvation Army[58]
* Free Nawa Division
* 8th Infantry Division[59]
* Martyr Jamil Abu Zain Sharaf Division
* Special Task Force Division
* Division of Decisiveness
* Houran Column Division
* Subject of Islam Brigade[60][better source needed]
* Martyrs of Freedom Division
* Division of Righteousness
* 46th Infantry Division
* 24th Infantry Division
* 69th Special Forces Division
* Free Men of Inkhil Brigade
* Murabitun Brigade
* Lions of Islam Brigade
* Fath al-Mubin Brigade
* Al-Bayt Brigade
* 1st Special Tasks Brigade
* Brigade of Dignity
* Southern Alliance[61]
* Syria Revolutionaries Front[62]
* 1st Infantry Division[63]
* 1st Infantry Gathering
* Gathering of Righteousness[64]
* Brigade of Two Holy Mosques
* Union of the Unity of the Nation
* Saladin Brigades
* Tank Brigade
* 63rd Southern Division[65]
* Dawn of the Levant Union
* Abu Dujana Brigades
* Jafar al-Tayyar Brigade
* Lions of Mercy Brigade
* Free Yarmouk Brigade
* Hazm Brigade
* Mercy Brigade
* Southern Martyrs Brigade
* Martyr Abdul Rahim Samour Brigade
* Special Tasks Brigade
* Coming Victory Brigade
* 7th Division
* Riyad al-Salehin Battalions of Damascus
* Special Assignments Regiment of Damascus
* Helpers Brigades
* Southern Swords Division[66][better source needed]
* Martyr Captain Abu Hamza al-Naimi Union
* 406th Infantry Division[67][better source needed]
* Unity of the Nation Brigade
* Hamza Division
* Houran Mujahideen Brigade
* Engineering Battalion
* Lions of Sunna Brigade
* First Corps[20][68]
* 8th Infantry Brigade
* 19th Infantry Brigade
* 21st Infantry Division
* 55th Infantry Brigade
* 99th Infantry Division
* Victory Division
* Dawn of Liberation Division
* Knights of Freedom Division
* Oasifat Free South Division
* Sajeel Division
* Company of Dignity Division
* Harra Martyrs Brigade
* 1st Artillery Regiment[30]
* Southern Brigades[69]
* Al Mukhtar Brigade
* Descendants of Ibn al-Walid Brigade
* Free Daraa Brigade
* Supporters of the Sunna Brigade
* Farouq Mujahideen Brigade
* Al-Amryn al-Islami Brigade
* Northern Commandos Brigade
* Qastat of Muslims Brigade
* Soldiers of Islam Brigade
* Al-Murabitun Brigade
* Servants of al-Rahman Division
* Tawhid Army[70]
* Hittin Brigade
* Soldiers of Mercy Brigades
* Hamza, Lion of God Brigade
* Black al-Rahman
* Bani Khalid
* Youth of Sunna Forces
* Hamza Division
* Zaidi Cavalry Division
* Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz Brigade
* Spears of Alwali Brigade
* Martyr Yousef the Great Brigade
* Martyr Ahmed al-Khalaf Brigade
* Zaidi Knights Brigade
* Shield of Lajat Brigade
* Abu Saddam Brigade
* Martyr Ahmed al-Miqdad
* Banner of the Martyrs of Bosra
* Martyr Abdul Razzaq Azaaba Brigade
* Martyr Zuhair al-Zoubi Brigade
* Martyr Akhawsh Brigade
* Descendants of Ali Brigade
* Martyr Obeida Alissa Brigade
* Medical Battalion
* Mujahideen Houran
* Inkhil Martyrs Brigade
* Quneitra Military Council
* Grandsons Brigade
* Quneitra and the Golan Heights Military Council[71][better source needed]

A Sword of al-Sham Brigades (Ezz Brigade's Jesus Christ Brigade) fighter prepares to launch a BGM-71 TOW missile.

* Golan Knights Brigade[72]
* Sword of al-Sham Brigades[citation needed]
* Ezz Brigade
* Jesus Christ Brigade
* Supporters of al-Huda[73]
* Descendants of the Prophet Brigade
* Dawn of Syria Brigade
* Osoud al-Sham
* Hamza Lion of God Brigade
* Al-Ezz bin Abdessalam Brigade
* Dignity Brigade
* Ghouta Mujahedin Brigade
* Lower Qalamoun Brigade
* Freedom Martyrs Brigade
* Al-Haramein al-Sharifein Brigade
* Habib Brigade
* Bunyan Battalion
* First Knights' Regiment
* Second Knights' Regiment
* Mutasim Billah Brigade
* al-Shahid Abu Saled Battalion
* Saraya Omawiyeen Battalion[73]
* 22nd Infantry Battalion[74]
* Special Assignments Regiment
* Special Assignments Brigade
* Houran Storm Brigade
* Martyr of Houran Brigade
* Fallujah of Houran Brigade
* Houran Tawhid Battalions
* Tawhid al-Lajat Battalion
* Southern Tawhid Brigade
* Western Countryside Freemen Battalion[8]

## Former groups

[edit]

* 11th Special Forces Division (left in September 2015 during the establishment of the Company of the People of the Levant, joining the Sham Liberation Army).
* Hawks of the South[29] (dissolved)[75]
* First Army (dissolved)[76]
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade (joined ISIL)
* Martyrs of Islam Brigade (left after the September 2016 Daraya evacuation)
* 1st Brigade of Damascus (left in May 2016, joined al-Rahman Legion, became independent shortly after)[77][78]
* Lions of the Asima Brigade (left the Lions of the East Army to join the 8th Brigade of Jaysh al-Islam)[79]
* Commandos of the Desert Brigade defected from the Lions of the East Army to join the SAA.[80][better source needed]
* Douma Martyrs Brigade (left to form Jaysh al-Ummah, which dissolved in 2015)[81]
* Aisha, Mother of Believers Brigade (left the Southern Brigades to join Jaysh al-Islam's 8th Brigade)[82]
* National Front for the Liberation of Syria member groups
* Dawn of Unity Division (left the Division of Decisiveness of the Alliance of Southern Forces)[83]
* Saladin Division (left the Alliance of Southern Forces)
* Damascus Martyrs Brigade[84][85]
* Qadisiya Division
* Shield of the Nation Brigade[85][better source needed]
* 1st Commandos Division
* Houran Plains Commandos Brigade
* Southern Commandos Brigade
* Ahmed Khalaf Brigade
* Saqr Hawran Brigade
* Houran Brigade
* Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo (left after the April 2018 Eastern Qalamoun evacuation)
* Lions of the East Army (left after the April 2018 Eastern Qalamoun evacuation)
* Lions of Umayyad Brigade
* Qadisiya Brigade
* Bayariq al-Shaitat
* Descendants of Aisha Battalion
* Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah Battalion
* Hamza Battalion
* Son of al-Qaim Brigade
* Mujahid Omar Mukhtar Brigade
* Bashair al-Nasr Brigade
* Ahwaz Brigade
* Conquest Brigade
* Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr Group
* Jaysh al-Ababil left the Southern Alliance in July 2018 to establish the Army of the South, in response to the encirclement of Daraa city that same month.

## See also

[edit]

* List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Cafarella, Jennifer (December 2014). "JABHAT AL-NUSRA IN SYRIA" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. p. 36. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
2. ^ a b "Moderate Rebel Groups Unite in Southern Syria". Syrian Observer. 14 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
3. ^ "Rebels suffer worst defeat of war after losing #Daraa to Syrian Army - map". Al-Masdar. 21 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
4. ^ a b "Syrian Government forces seal victory in southern territories". Guardian. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
5. ^ a b "Syrian army continues push into Quneitra amid ongoing evacuations". Al Jazeera. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
6. ^ a b Musa, Esref; Karacaoglu, Burak (23 July 2018). "3rd convoy of evacuees from Quneitra arrive in Idlib". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
7. ^ a b c Rosenthal, Max J. (15 May 2014). "Syrian Rebels Say Southern Front Strategy Hasn't Hurt Assad Yet". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
8. ^ a b c d e f Aron Lund (21 March 2014). "Does the "Southern Front" Exist?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
9. ^ Sayigh, Yezid (29 May 2015). "Coming Challenges for Syria's Rebels". Carnegie Middle East Center. Al-Hayat. Retrieved 30 May 2015. "nationalist rebels in the south"
10. ^ a b "The Free Syrian Army – Southern Front: Transitional Phase". Revolutionary Forces of Syria Media Office. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2015. "It is imperative that all nationalist forces commit to a course of action during the period of transition from authoritarianism that will fulfill the popular will ... The current constitution will be immediately suspended and replaced by the original constitution of 1950 as an interim constitution until the drafting of a permanent constitution for the country that shall be approved by a popular referendum."
11. ^ a b c d e f g h Haid, Haid (21 August 2015). "The Southern Front: allies without a strategy". Heinrich Böll Foundation. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
12. ^ Rand, Dafna H.; Heras, Nicholas (29 December 2014). "The South Will Rise Again". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Williams, Sara Elizabeth (26 May 2014). "A rebel rift is brewing on Syria's southern front". Vice News. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
13. ^ "Yes, there are 70,000 moderate opposition fighters in Syria. Here's what we know about them - Coffee House". 27 November 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
14. ^ "Who are the rebels in southern Syria?". AFP. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
15. ^ "FSA Launches a New Battle against IS Group in the Desert of #Syrian". en.eldorar.com.[permanent dead link‍]
16. ^ "Islamic State raises flags over towns in Daraa after fierce battles". Middle East Eye. 21 March 2016.
17. ^ a b c d e Ghattas, Kim (9 December 2014). "Syria war: Southern rebels see US as key to success". BBC News. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
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"Issam Al Reis (@south_front_sy) - Twitter". twitter.com.
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42. ^ "ISIS Storms Damascus Suburb of Yarmouk: monitor". dailystar. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
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"VIDEO: Syrian warplanes return with a vengeance over Daraa after reconciliation deal falls apart". AMN – Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
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"AP sources: U.S., Russia reach deal on Syria cease-fire". PBS. Associated Press. 7 July 2017.
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* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Overviews

| Main overviews|

* Syria
* Rojava
* Syrian civil war
* Timeline
* Background and causes
* Syrian peace process
* Syrian government reactions
* Belligerents
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Spillover
* Cities and towns
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)

|

Effects and ongoing concerns|

* Casualties of the Syrian civil war
* Refugees of the Syrian civil war
* Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
* Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

Phases and processes|

* Syrian revolution
* Early insurgency phase
* 2012–2013 escalation
* Ceasefires
* Syrian peace process

World reaction|

* International reactions to the Syrian civil war
* Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime

Specific groups and countries|

* Russian involvement
* Russian intervention
* Turkish involvement
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* US intervention in the Syrian civil war
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* Kurdish Area in Syria
* Syrian Democratic Forces
* Rojava conflict
* U.S. task force

Agreements and dialogues|

* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

Timeline

| Background|

* 1963 coup
* 1966 coup
* Corrective Movement
* Islamist uprising
* Latakia protests
* Damascus Spring
* Qamishli riots
* Syrian occupation of Lebanon
* Damascus Declaration
* Human rights in Syria
* 2010s in Syria political history

|

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Syrian revolution
* Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
* Siege of Daraa
* Siege of Baniyas
* May Talkalakh siege
* Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
* June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
* Siege of Hama
* Siege of Homs
* Jabal al-Zawiya operation
* Siege of Latakia
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)
* Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
* Battle of Zabadani
* Battle of Douma
* Daraa Governorate clashes
* Battle of Rastan
* Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* January al-Midan bombing
* Battle of Rastan
* First Battle of Idlib
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
* Battle of Taftanaz
* May Battle of Rastan
* Houla massacre
* Battle of al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir massacre
* Battle of Tremseh
* Battle of Damascus
* 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
* Battle of Aleppo
* Battle of Anadan
* Siege of Base 46
* Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
* Darayya massacre
* Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* First siege of Wadi Deif
* Battle of Harem
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)
* Battle of Darayya
* Aqrab massacre
* Hama offensive
* Halfaya massacre
* Battle of Darayya
* Quneitra Governorate clashes
* Talbiseh bakery massacre

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec|

* Battle of Safira
* Battle of Shadadeh
* Damascus offensive
* Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
* Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
* Daraa offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)
* Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Ghouta chemical attack
* Al-Qusayr offensive
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Bayda and Baniyas massacres
* Hama offensive
* Hatla massacre
* Khan al-Assal chemical attack
* Khan al-Assal massacre
* Adra massacre
* Battle of Ras al-Ayn
* Battle of Tell Abyad
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
* Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* First Inter-rebel conflict
* Battle of Markada
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Morek
* Daraa offensive (Feb–May)
* Maan massacre
* Al-Otaiba ambush
* Idlib offensive
* Battle of Hosn
* Latakia Offensive
* Battle of Al-Malihah
* Kafr Zita chemical attack
* Second siege of Wadi Deif
* Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Battle of Arsal
* First Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Eastern Syria offensive
* Battle of Tabqa Airbase
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)
* Hama Offensive
* Quneitra offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)
* Siege of Kobanî
* Homs school bombing
* Daraa offensive (Oct)
* Al-Safira offensive
* Idlib Raid
* Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
* Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* Air Force An-26 crash
* Daraa Offensive (Jan)
* Southern Syria Offensive
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
* Battle of Bosra
* Idlib Offensive
* Second Battle of Idlib
* Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
* Battle of Yarmouk Camp
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* Palmyra offensive (May)
* Qamishli bombings
* Tell Abyad offensive
* Kobanî massacre
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Al-Hawl offensive
* Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
* East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
* 2015–2016 Latakia offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
* January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi offensive
* February Homs bombings
* February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Khanasir offensive
* Battle of Tel Abyad
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Mar)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
* Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
* May Jableh & Tartous bombings
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
* Manbij offensive
* Tokhar massacre
* Southern Aleppo campaign
* Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Aleppo summer campaign
* Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
* 5 September bombings
* September Deir ez-Zor air raid
* September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
* Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack
* Northern border clashes

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present|

* Opposition offensives
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Aleppo
* Aleppo University Hospital airstrike
* Southern offensive
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* Manbij offensive
* Al-Mustariha strike
* Kobani offensive
* Hama offensive
* Homs offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* Fall of Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime
* Israeli invasion

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

| Syria|

| Politics of Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party

|

Military and militias|

* Syrian Armed Forces
* Syrian Resistance
* PFLP-GC
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves

Foreign support|

* US intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL (Al-Barakah
* Dokumacılar
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade, Islamic Muthanna Movement, Jaysh al-Jihad)
* Liwa al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami
* Katibah Nusantara
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade)

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (Khorasan group, Suqour al-Ezz) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room (Ansar al-Tawhid (Firqat al-Ghuraba), Hurras al-Din, Ansar al-Din Front (Harakat Sham al-Islam), Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan)
* Jaish al-Haramoun
* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (Green Battalion)
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Malhama Tactical
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham
* Ghuraba al-Sham
* Taliban (Pakistani Taliban, Imam Bukhari Jamaat)
* Fatah al-Islam
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Liwaa al-Umma)

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

Investigations/legal cases|

* Investigations
* International Commission
* Chemical weapons
* War crimes cases
* Germany
* Canada + Netherlands vs Syria

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* International recognition of the Syrian National Council
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis
* Syrian civil war in popular culture

* Category

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