Soviet dissidents

People who disagreed with certain features in the Marxist–Leninist state ideology

Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them.[1] The term dissident was used in the Soviet Union (USSR) in the period from the mid-1960s until the Fall of Communism.[2] It was used to refer to small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose challenges, from modest to radical to the Soviet regime, met protection and encouragement from correspondents,[3] and typically criminal prosecution or other forms of silencing by the authorities. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime.[4] As dissenters began self-identifying as dissidents, the term came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.[5][6][7] The most influential subset of the dissidents is known as the Soviet human rights movement.

Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible, and apart from rare exceptions, it had little consequence,[8] primarily because it was instantly crushed with brute force. Instead, an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society (both inside the USSR and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights and organizing in defense of those rights. Over time, the dissident movement created vivid awareness of Soviet Communist abuses.[9]

Soviet dissidents who criticized the state in most cases faced legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal Code[10] and the choice between exile abroad (with revocation of their Soviet citizenship), the mental hospital, or the labor camp.[11] Anti-Soviet political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, writing books critical of the USSR were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g. violation of Articles 70 or 190-1), a symptom (e.g. "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g. "sluggish schizophrenia").[12]

## 1950s–1960s

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In the 1950s, Soviet dissidents started leaking criticism to the West by sending documents and statements to foreign diplomatic missions in Moscow.[13] In the 1960s, Soviet dissidents frequently declared that the rights the government of the Soviet Union denied them were universal rights, possessed by everyone regardless of race, religion and nationality.[14] In August 1969, for instance, the Initiating Group for Defense of Civil Rights in the USSR appealed to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights to defend the human rights being trampled on by Soviet authorities in a number of trials.[15]

Some of the major milestones of the dissident movement of the 1960s included:

* Public readings of poetry at the Mayakovsky Square in downtown Moscow, where some of the underground writings critical of the system were often circulated; some of these public readings were dispersed by the police;
* The trial of poet Iosif Brodsky (later known as Joseph Brodsky, the future winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature) who was charged with 'parasitism' for not being officially employed and sentenced in 1963 to internal exile; he gained widespread sympathy and support in dissident and semi-dissident circles, mostly through the notes from his trial compiled by Frida Vigdorova
* The trial and sentencing of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel who were arrested in 1965 for publishing their co-authored work abroad under pennames and sentenced to labor camp and internal exile; opposition to this trial led to a campaign of petitions for their release that was signed by thousands of people, many of whom went on to participate more actively in the dissident movement
* Silent demonstrations on Moscow's Pushkin Square initiated by Alexander Yesenin-Volpin on the Soviet Constitution Day of Dec. 5, 1965, with posters urging the authorities to observe their own Constitution
* Petitioning campaigns against the downplaying of Stalin's terror after the removal of Nikita Khrushchev and the resurgence of the cult of Stalin's personality in parts of the Soviet government bureaucracy
* The launch, in April 1968, of the underground periodical, 'Chronicle of Current Events', documenting violations of human rights and protest activities across the Soviet Union
* The publication in the West of Andrei Sakharov's first political essay 'Reflections on Progress and Intellectual Freedom' in the spring and summer of 1968
* The rally of protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress 'the Prague Spring'; was held on August 25, 1968, on Moscow's Red Square by eight dissidents including Viktor Fainberg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Pavel Litvinov, Vladimir Dremlyuga, and others
* The founding of the Initiative on Human Rights in 1969

## 1970s

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Moscow Helsinki Group members Yuliya Vishnevskya, Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Dina Kaminskaya, Kronid Lyubarsky in Munich, 1978

> Our history shows that most of the people can be fooled for a very long time. But now all this idiocy is coming into clear contradiction with the fact that we have some level of openness. (Vladimir Voinovich)[16]

The heyday of the dissenters as a presence in the Western public life was the 1970s.[17] The Helsinki Accords inspired dissidents in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland to openly protest human rights failures by their own governments.[18] The Soviet dissidents demanded that the Soviet authorities implement their own commitments proceeding from the Helsinki Agreement with the same zeal and in the same way as formerly the outspoken legalists expected the Soviet authorities to adhere strictly to the letter of their constitution.[19] Dissident Russian and East European intellectuals who urged compliance with the Helsinki accords have been subjected to official repression.[20] According to Soviet dissident Leonid Plyushch, Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters.[21] 50 members of Soviet Helsinki Groups were imprisoned.[22] Cases of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union were divulged by Amnesty International in 1975[23] and by The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners in 1975[24] and 1976.[25][26]

US President Jimmy Carter in his inaugural address on 20 January 1977 announced that human rights would be central to foreign policy during his administration.[27] In February, Carter sent Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov a letter expressing his support for the latter's stance on human rights.[27][28] In the wake of Carter's letter to Sakharov, the USSR cautioned against attempts "to interfere' in its affairs under "a thought-up pretext of 'defending human rights.'"[29] Because of Carter's open show of support for Soviet dissidents, the KGB was able to link dissent with American imperialism through suggesting that such protest is a cover for American espionage in the Soviet Union.[30] The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov, fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."[31] According to Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman, it was Andropov who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as Andrei Amalrik, Vladimir Bukovsky, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Alexander Ginzburg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Pyotr Grigorenko, Anatoly Shcharansky, and others:[32]

> If we accept human rights violations as just "their way" of doing things, then we are all guilty. (Andrei Sakharov)[33]

A Chronicle of Current Events No 11,
31 December 1968 (front cover)

Voluntary and involuntary emigration allowed the authorities to rid themselves of many political active intellectuals including writers Valentin Turchin, Georgi Vladimov, Vladimir Voinovich, Lev Kopelev, Vladimir Maximov, Naum Korzhavin, Vasily Aksyonov, psychiatrist Marina Voikhanskaya and others.[34]: 194 [35] A Chronicle of Current Events covered 424 political trials, in which 753 people were convicted, and no one of the accused was acquitted; in addition, 164 people were declared insane and sent to compulsory treatment in a psychiatric hospital.[36]

According to Soviet dissidents and Western critics, the KGB had routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing public trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds.[37][38] On the grounds that political dissenters in the Soviet Union were psychotic and deluded, they were locked away in psychiatric hospitals and treated with neuroleptics.[39] Confinement of political dissenters in psychiatric institutions had become a common practice.[40] That technique could be called the "medicalization" of dissidence or psychiatric terror, the now familiar form of repression applied in the Soviet Union to Leonid Plyushch, Pyotr Grigorenko, and many others.[41] Finally, many persons at that time tended to believe that dissidents were abnormal people whose commitment to mental hospitals was quite justified.[34]: 96 [42] In the opinion of the Moscow Helsinki Group chairwoman Lyudmila Alexeyeva, the attribution of a mental illness to a prominent figure who came out with a political declaration or action is the most significant factor in the assessment of psychiatry during the 1960–1980s.[43] At that time Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky wrote A New Mental Illness in the USSR: The Opposition published in French,[44] German,[45] Italian,[46] Spanish[47] and (coauthored with Semyon Gluzman) A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents published in Russian,[48] English,[49] French,[50] Italian,[51] German,[52] Danish.[53]

### Repression of the Helsinki Watch Groups

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Main articles: Moscow Helsinki Group, Ukrainian Helsinki Group, and Lithuanian Helsinki Group

In 1977–1979 and again in 1980–1982, the KGB reacted to the Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow, Kiev, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Erevan by launching large-scale arrests and sentencing its members to in prison, labor camp, internal exile and psychiatric imprisonment.

From the members of the Moscow Helsinki Group, 1978 saw its members Yuri Orlov, Vladimir Slepak and Anatoly Shcharansky sentenced to lengthy labor camp terms and internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" and treason. Another wave of arrests followed in the early 1980s: Malva Landa, Viktor Nekipelov, Leonard Ternovsky, Feliks Serebrov, Tatiana Osipova, Anatoly Marchenko, and Ivan Kovalev.[54]: 249  Soviet authorities offered some activists the "opportunity" to emigrate. Lyudmila Alexeyeva emigrated in 1977. The Moscow Helsinki Group founding members Mikhail Bernshtam, Alexander Korchak, Vitaly Rubin also emigrated, and Pyotr Grigorenko was stripped of his Soviet citizenship while seeking medical treatment abroad.[55]

The Ukrainian Helsinki Group suffered severe repressions throughout 1977–1982, with at times multiple labor camp sentences handed out to Mykola Rudenko, Oleksy Tykhy, Myroslav Marynovych, Mykola Matusevych, Levko Lukyanenko, Oles Berdnyk, Mykola Horbal, Zinovy Krasivsky, Vitaly Kalynychenko, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Olha Heyko, Vasyl Stus, Oksana Meshko, Ivan Sokulsky, Ivan Kandyba, Petro Rozumny, Vasyl Striltsiv, Yaroslav Lesiv, Vasyl Sichko, Yuri Lytvyn, Petro Sichko.[54]: 250–251  By 1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were living in Ukraine, 1 (Mykhailo Melnyk) committed suicide.[56]

The Lithuanian Helsinki Group saw its members subjected to two waves of imprisonment for anti-Soviet activities and "organization of religious processions": Viktoras Petkus was sentenced in 1978; others followed in 1980–1981: Algirdas Statkevičius, Vytautas Skuodys, Mečislovas Jurevičius, and Vytautas Vaičiūnas.[54]: 251–252

## Currents of dissidence

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### Civil and human rights movement

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Yelena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov after their arrival for the conferment of the honorary doctorate in law from the University of Groningen, 15 June 1989

Main article: Human rights movement in the Soviet Union

Starting in the 1960s, the early years of the Brezhnev stagnation, dissidents in the Soviet Union increasingly turned their attention towards civil and eventually human rights concerns. The fight for civil and human rights focused on issues of freedom of expression, freedom of conscience, freedom to emigrate, punitive psychiatry, and the plight of political prisoners. It was characterized by a new openness of dissent, a concern for legality, the rejection of any 'underground' and violent struggle.[57]

Throughout the 1960s-1980s, those active in the civil and human rights movement engaged in a variety of activities: The documentation of political repression and rights violations in samizdat (unsanctioned press); individual and collective protest letters and petitions; unsanctioned demonstrations; mutual aid for prisoners of conscience; and, most prominently, civic watch groups appealing to the international community. Repercussions for these activities ranged from dismissal from work and studies to many years of imprisonment in labor camps and being subjected to punitive psychiatry.

Dissidents active in the movement in the 1960s introduced a "legalist" approach of avoiding moral and political commentary in favor of close attention to legal and procedural issues. Following several landmark political trials, coverage of arrests and trials in samizdat became more common. This activity eventually led to the founding of the Chronicle of Current Events in April 1968. The unofficial newsletter reported violations of civil rights and judicial procedure by the Soviet government and responses to those violations by citizens across the USSR.[58]

During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the rights-based strategy of dissent incorporated human rights ideas and rhetoric. The movement included figures such as Valery Chalidze, Yuri Orlov, and Lyudmila Alexeyeva. Special groups were founded such as the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR (1969) and the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR (1970). The signing of the Helsinki Accords (1975) containing human rights clauses provided rights campaigners with a new hope to use international instruments. This led to the creation of dedicated Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow (Moscow Helsinki Group), Kiev (Ukrainian Helsinki Group), Vilnius (Lithuanian Helsinki Group), Tbilisi, and Erevan (1976–77).[59]: 159–194

The civil and human rights initiatives played a significant role in providing a common language for Soviet dissidents with varying concerns, and became a common cause for social groups in the dissident milieu ranging from activists in the youth subculture to academics such as Andrei Sakharov. Due to the contacts with Western journalists as well as the political focus during détente (Helsinki Accords), those active in the human rights movement were among those most visible in the West (next to refuseniks).

### Movements of deported nations

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> In 1944 THE WHOLE OF OUR PEOPLE was slanderously accused of betraying the Soviet Мotherland and was forcibly deported from the Crimea. [...] [O]n 5 September 1967, there appeared a Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet which cleared us of the charge of treason but described us not as Crimean Tatars but as "citizens of Tatar nationality formerly resident in the Crimea", thus legitimizing our banishment from our home country and liquidating us as a nation.

> We did not grasp the significance of the decree immediately. After it was published, several thousand people traveled to the Crimea but were once again forcibly expelled. The protest which our people sent to the party Central Committee was left unanswered, as were also the protests of representatives of the Soviet public who supported us. The authorities replied to us only with persecution and court cases.

> Since 1959 more than two hundred of the most active and courageous representatives have been sentenced to terms of up to seven years although they had always acted within the limits of the Soviet Constitution.

– Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion, Chronicle of Current Events Issue No 2 (30 June 1968)[60]

See also: Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Several national or ethnic groups who had been deported under Stalin formed movements to return to their homelands. In particular, the Crimean Tatars aimed to return to Crimea, the Meskhetian Turks to South Georgia and ethnic Germans aimed to resettle along the Volga River near Saratov.

The Crimean Tatar movement takes a prominent place among the movement of deported nations. The Tatars had been refused the right to return to the Crimea, even though the laws justifying their deportation had been overturned. Their first collective letter calling for the restoration dates to 1957.[61] In the early 1960s, the Crimean Tatars had begun to establish initiative groups in the places where they had been forcibly resettled. Led by Mustafa Dzhemilev, they founded their own democratic and decentralized organization, considered unique in the history of independent movements in the Soviet Union.[62]: 131 [63]: 7

### Emigration movements

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Further information: Refusenik

The emigration movements in the Soviet Union included the movement of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel and of the Volga Germans to emigrate to West Germany.

Soviet Jews were routinely denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the former Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc.[64] A movement for the right to emigrate formed in the 1960s, which also gave rise to a revival of interest in Jewish culture. The refusenik cause gathered considerable attention in the West.

Citizens of German origin who lived in the Baltic states prior to their annexation in 1940 and descendants of the eighteenth-century Volga German settlers also formed a movement to leave the Soviet Union.[62]: 132 [65]: 67  In 1972, the West German government entered an agreement with the Soviet authorities which permitted between 6,000 and 8,000 people to emigrate to West Germany every year for the rest of the decade. As a result, almost 70,000 ethnic Germans had left the Soviet Union by the mid-1980s.[65]: 67

Similarly, Armenians achieved a small emigration. By the mid-1980s, over 15,000 Armenians had emigrated.[65]: 68

Russia has changed in the recent years largely in the social, economic, and political spheres. Migrations from Russian have become less forceful and primarily a result of free will that is expressed by the individual.[66]

### Religious movements

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For broader coverage of this topic, see Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union.

The religious movements in the USSR included Russian Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant movements. They focused on the freedom to practice their faith and resistance to interference by the state in their internal affairs.[63]: 8

The Russian Orthodox movement remained relatively small. The Catholic movement in Lithuania was part of the larger Lithuanian national movement. Protestant groups which opposed the anti-religious state directives included the Baptists, the Seventh-day Adventists, and the Pentecostals. Similar to the Jewish and German dissident movements, many in the independent Pentecostal movement pursued emigration.

### National movements

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The national movements included the Russian national dissidents as well as dissident movements from Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, and Armenia.

Among the nations that lived in their own territories with the status of republics within the Soviet Union, the first movement to emerge in the 1960s was the Ukrainian movement. Its aspiration was to resist the Russification of Ukraine and to insist on equal rights and democratization for the republic.[63]: 7

In Lithuania, the national movement of the 1970s was closely linked to the Catholic movement.[63]: 7

### Literary and cultural

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Several landmark examples of dissenting writers played a significant role for the wider dissident movement. These include the persecutions of Osip Mandelshtam, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Joseph Brodsky, as well as the publication of The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.

In literary world, there were dozens of literati who participated in dissident movement, including Vasily Aksyonov, Yury Aikhenvald, Arkadiy Belinkov, Leonid Borodin, Joseph Brodsky, Yuli Daniel, David Dar, Aleksandr Galich, Anatoly Gladilin, Yuliy Kim, Lev Kopelev, Naum Korzhavin, Konstantin Kuzminsky, Vladimir Maksimov, Viktor Nekrasov, Varlam Shalamov, Andrei Sinyavsky, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Kari Unksova, Georgi Vladimov, Vladimir Voinovich, Venedikt Yerofeyev, and Alexander Zinoviev.[67][68]

In the early Soviet Union, non-conforming academics were exiled via so-called Philosophers' ships.[69] Later, figures such as cultural theorist Grigori Pomerants were among active dissidents.[63]: 327

Other intersections of cultural and literary nonconformism with dissidents include the underground poetry[68][70] and the wide field of Soviet Nonconformist Art, such as the painters of the underground Lianozovo group, and artists active in the "Second Culture".[71]

### Other groups

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Other groups included the Socialists, the movements for socioeconomic rights (especially the independent unions), as well as women's, environmental, and peace movements.[62]: 132 [63]: 3–18

## Dissidents and the Cold War

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In 1977, Jimmy Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky at the White House.

Responding to the issue of refuseniks in the Soviet Union, the United States Congress passed the Jackson–Vanik amendment in 1974. The provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries of the Communist bloc that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights.

The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact signed the Helsinki Final Act in August 1975. The "third basket" of the Act included extensive human rights clauses.[72]: 99–100

When Jimmy Carter entered office in 1976, he broadened his advisory circle to include critics of US–Soviet détente. He voiced support for the Czech dissident movement known as Charter 77, and publicly expressed concern about the Soviet treatment of dissidents Aleksandr Ginzburg and Andrei Sakharov. In 1977, Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky in the White House, asserting that he did not intend "to be timid" in his support of human rights.[73]: 73

In 1979, the US Helsinki Watch Committee was established, funded by the Ford Foundation. Founded after the example of the Moscow Helsinki Group and similar watch groups in the Soviet bloc, it also aimed to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the Helsinki Accords and to provide moral support for those struggling for that objective inside the Soviet bloc. It acted as a conduit for information on repression in the Soviet Union, and lobbied policy-makers in the United States to continue to press the issue with Soviet leaders.[74]: 460

In 1988, Ronald Reagan held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House

US President Ronald Reagan attributed to the view that the "brutal treatment of Soviet dissidents was due to bureaucratic inertia."[75] On 14 November 1988, he held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House and said that Soviet human rights abuses are impeding progress and would continue to do so until the problem is "completely eliminated."[76] Whether talking to about one hundred dissidents in a broadcast to the Soviet people or at the U.S. Embassy, Reagan's agenda was one of freedom to travel, freedom of speech and freedom of religion.[77]

## Dissidents about their dissent

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Andrei Sakharov said, "Everyone wants to have a job, be married, have children, be happy, but dissidents must be prepared to see their lives destroyed and those dear to them hurt. When I look at my situation and my family's situation and that of my country, I realize that things are getting steadily worse."[78] Lyudmila Alexeyeva, a fellow dissident and one of the founders of the Moscow Helsinki Group, wrote:

> What would happen if citizens acted on the assumption that they have rights? If one person did it, he would become a martyr; if two people did it, they would be labeled an enemy organization; if thousands of people did it, the state would have to become less oppressive.[63]: 275

According to Soviet dissident Victor Davydoff, totalitarian systems lack mechanisms to change the behavior of the ruling group internally.[79] Attempts from within are suppressed through repression, necessitating international human rights organizations and foreign governments to exert external pressure for change.[79]

## See also

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* A Chronicle of Current Events
* Anarchism in Russia
* Anti-Leninism
* Anti-Stalinist left
* Aleksandr Skobov
* Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania
* Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland
* Dubravlag
* Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
* Left communism
* Perm-36
* Parallels, Events, People (36 parts) – 2013 documentary by Natella Boltyanskaya
* Refusenik – 2007 documentary by Laura Bialis
* Samizdat
* They Chose Freedom (4 parts) – 2005 documentary by Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dissidents from the Soviet Union.

Portals:

* Soviet Union
* Russia
* Society
* Politics
* Freedom of speech

## References

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## Further reading

[edit]

Very long list

### Outsiders' works

[edit]

* "Chomsky signs statement hitting Soviet repression". The Harvard Crimson. 31 October 1973.
* Civil dissent in the USSR: the Ford and Carter administrations' treatment of human rights during the era of the Moscow Helsinki Group. University of Scranton. 2012.
* De la dissidence à la démocratie: passé, présent, avenir de la Russie: actes du colloque consacré à la mémoire de Vladimir Maximov [From dissent to democracy: past, present and future of Russia: proceedings of a symposium dedicated to commemoration of Vladimir Maximov] (in French). Paris: Éditions du Rocher. 1996. ISBN 978-2268024301.
* Dissenso cristiano in URSS [Christian dissent in the USSR] (in Italian). Bologna: Editrice Missionaria Italiana. 1974. OCLC 64387170.
* Dissent, ethnonationalism, and the politics of coercion in the USSR. Carleton University. 1990.
* "Dissent, psychiatry, and the Soviet Union". The Lancet. 1 (7854): 419–420\. 9 March 1974. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)93195-x. PMID 11643587.
* "Human rights: the dissidents v. Moscow". Time. Vol. 109, no. 8\. 21 February 1977. p. 28.
* Il dissenso culturale nell'URSS: documenti leterari edel samizdat [The cultural dissent in the USSR: literary documents of samizdat] (in Italian). La biennale di Venezia. 1977.
* Politics and deviance: the social control of dissidents in the Soviet Union, 1965–78. University of Essex. 1980.
* "Sakharov case spotlights Soviet efforts against dissidents". The Hour. 26 May 1984.
* Slavophiles and westernizers in Soviet dissent. Wellesley College. 1975.
* "Solzhenitsyn urges Slavic nation to replace U.S.S.R.: dissent: exiled writer launches a vehement attack on Gorbachev's policies. His article will be distributed widely in the Soviet Union". Los Angeles Times. 19 September 1990.
* "Soviet activists honoured". Nature. 290 (5801): 7. 5 March 1981. Bibcode:1981Natur.290R...7.. doi:10.1038/290007b0. S2CID 28685752.
* Soviet dissent and the American national interest. Defense Technical Information Center. 1986.
* Soviet dissident scientists, 1966–78: a study. Defense Technical Information Center. 1979.
* "Soviet dissidents and Jimmy Carter". Memorial. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
* "Soviet dissidents: another taken". Nature. 288 (5788): 206. 20 November 1980. Bibcode:1980Natur.288R.206.. doi:10.1038/288206b0. S2CID 27945544.
* Information, Reed Business (2 June 1977). "Soviet dissidents seek paper support". New Scientist. 74 (1054): 517. `{{cite journal}}`: `|first1=` has generic name (help)
* "Soviet-era dissidents despise Putin". The Washington Times. 13 November 2004.
* "Soviet nuclear dissent". Nature. 337 (6205): 292. 26 January 1989. Bibcode:1989Natur.337Q.292.. doi:10.1038/337292a0. PMID 2911370. S2CID 4285530.
* "Soviet Union: bad days for dissidents". Time. 26 April 1976.
* "Soviet Union: crackdown on dissent". Time. 18 December 1972.
* "Soviet Union: dissent = insanity". Time. 19 December 1969.
* "Soviet Union: exile for dissenters". Time. 20 August 1973.
* "Soviet Union: music of dissent". Time. 7 September 1970.
* "Soviet Union: smothering dissent". Time. 11 February 1974.
* Our Washington Correspondent (28 September 1973). "Soviet Union: support for dissent". Nature. 245 (5422): 178. Bibcode:1973Natur.245..178O. doi:10.1038/245178a0. S2CID 4099440. `{{cite journal}}`: `|author1=` has generic name (help)
* "Soviet Union, the war: asylums or prisons?". Time. 7 February 1972.
* The human rights movement and dissidents in the Soviet Union: can their demand for legality prevent arbitrariness?. University of Maine School of Law. 1985.
* "The KGB file of Andrei Sakharov. Index of documents" (in English and Russian). Archived from the original on 21 May 2007.
* "Two Soviet giants, in dissent". The New York Times. 29 September 1990.
* U.S. policy toward Russia: warnings and dissent. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2000. ISBN 978-0-16-060540-6.
* Information, Reed Business (5 January 1978). "US science academy supports dissident scientists". New Scientist. 77 (1084): 3. `{{cite journal}}`: `|first1=` has generic name (help)
* Information, Reed Business (6 March 1980). "Western pressure for Soviet dissidents continues". New Scientist. 85 (1197): 720. `{{cite journal}}`: `|first1=` has generic name (help)
* Власть и диссиденты: Из документов КГБ и ЦК КПСС [Authority and dissidents: From documents by the KGB and the Central Committee of the CPSU] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group. 2006. ISBN 978-5-98440-034-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2013.
* Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (начало) [Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (beginning)]. Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review] (in Russian) (66). 2004.
* Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (продолжение) [Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (continuance)]. Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review] (in Russian) (67). 2004.
* Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (окончание) [Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (ending)]. Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review] (in Russian) (68). 2004.
* П.Л. Капица и Ю.В. Андропов об инакомыслии [P.L. Kapitsa and Yu.V. Andropov about dissent]. Kommunist (in Russian) (7). 1991.
* "Resistance to Unfreedom in the USSR". The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center "Peace, Progress, Human Rights".
* Ackerman, Galina (2006). Еще раз о диссидентах — об их роли в падении советского режима [Once again about dissidents – about their role in the fall of the Soviet regime]. Kontinent (in Russian) (128).
* Adelstein, Robert (30 September 1976). "Soviet dissidents: keeping the flame alight". Nature. 263 (5576): 363–364\. Bibcode:1976Natur.263..363A. doi:10.1038/263363a0. S2CID 4164699.
* Anderson, Elena (1994). Repressive policies against Soviet dissent in the post-Stalin era, 1964–1972.
* Antunes, Melo (1978). Libertà e socialismo: momenti storici del dissenso [Liberty and socialism: historical moments of dissent] (in Italian). Milan: SugarCo Ed. OCLC 256585424.
* Aron, Leon (19 March 2008). "The return of Soviet dissidents". The Moscow Times.
* Astrachan, Antony (22 September 1973). "Détente and dissent". The New Republic. pp. 15–18.
* Aucouturier, Michel (1981–1982). "Les revues de l'émigration et de la dissidence russes" [Magazines of emigration and Russian dissent]. Le Débat (in French). 9 (2): 72–79\. doi:10.3917/deba.009.0072.
* Barashkov, Gregory (2007). Диссидентское движение в СССР(1960–1970) [Dissident movement in the USSR (1960–1970)] (PDF, immediate download). Известия Саратовского университета. Серия Экономика. Управление. Право (in Russian). 7 (1): 102–104.
* Barber, John (October 1997). "Opposition in Russia". Government and Opposition. 32 (4): 598–613\. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x. S2CID 145793949.
* Barghoorn, Frederick (1971). The general pattern of Soviet dissent. Research Institute on Communist Affairs, School of International Affairs, Columbia University.
* Barghoorn, Frederick (1974). "Soviet dissenters on Soviet nationality policy". In Bell, Wendell; Freeman, Walter (eds.). Ethnicity and nation-building: comparative, international, and historical perspectives. Beverly Hills, London: Sage Publications. pp. 117–133. ISBN 978-0-8039-0173-5.
* Barghoorn, Frederick (1976). Détente and the democratic movement in the USSR. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-901850-7.
* Barghoorn, Frederick (1983). "Regime—Dissenter Relations after Khrushchev: Some Observations". In Solomon, Susan; Skilling, Harold (eds.). Pluralism in the Soviet Union. Macmillan. pp. 131–168. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-06617-9_6. ISBN 978-0-333-34582-5.
* Barghoorn, Frederick (Spring–Summer 1983). "Regime–dissenter confrontation in the USSR: samizdat and Western views, 1972–1982". Studies in Comparative Communism. 16 (1–2): 99–119\. doi:10.1016/0039-3592(83)90046-7.1–2&rft.pages=99-119&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0039-3592(83)90046-7&rft.au=Barghoorn,+Frederick&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Barringer, Felicity (27 May 1988). "Toward the summit; Soviet warns Reagan about seeing dissidents". The New York Times.
* Bartsch, Günter (August 1972). "Intellektuelle opposition in der Sowjetunion" [Intellectual opposition in the Soviet Union]. Politische Vierteljahresschrift (in German). 13 (1): 159–160\. JSTOR 24195773.
* Belotserkovsky, Vadim (1975). "Soviet dissenters: Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov, Medvedev". Partisan Review. 42 (1): 35–68.
* Bengelsdorf, Herbert (May 1971). "Psychiatric commitment of dissenters in Russia: a myth?". American Journal of Psychiatry. 127 (11): 1575–6\. doi:10.1176/ajp.127.11.1575. PMID 4251661.
* Bennigsen, Alexandre (January 1978). "Muslim religious conservatism and dissent in the USSR". Religion in Communist Lands. 6 (3): 153–161\. doi:10.1080/09637497808430874.
* Bergman, Jay (January 1992). "Soviet dissidents on the Russian intelligentsia, 1956–1985: the search for a usable past". The Russian Review. 51 (1): 16–35\. doi:10.2307/131244. JSTOR 131244.
* Bergman, Jay (May 1998). "Reading fiction to understand the Soviet Union: Soviet dissidents on Orwell's 1984". History of European Ideas. 23 (5–6): 173–192\. doi:10.1016/S0191-6599(98)00001-1.5–6&rft.pages=173-192&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0191-6599(98)00001-1&rft.au=Bergman,+Jay&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Bergman, Jay (December 1998). "Was the Soviet Union totalitarian? The view of Soviet dissidents and the reformers of the Gorbachev era". Studies in East European Thought. 50 (4): 247–281\. doi:10.1023/A:1008690818176. JSTOR 20099686. S2CID 140489617.
* Bernstein, Richard (12 April 1988). "Exiled Soviet dissidents' group in dispute over threat to dissenters". The New York Times.
* Beyrau, Dietrich (1993). Intelligenz und Dissens. Die russischen Bildungsschichten in der Sowjetunion 1917 bis 1985 [Intelligentsia and dissent. The Russian educational stratum in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1985] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-36231-0.
* Biddulph, Howard (September 1972). "Soviet intellectual dissent as a political counter-culture". The Western Political Quarterly. 25 (3): 522–533\. doi:10.2307/446966. JSTOR 446966.
* Bilinsky, Yaroslav (September 1983). "Russian dissidents and their attitudes toward the non-Russian Nations: Russian dissidents' attitudes toward the political strivings of the non-Russian nations in the Soviet Union". Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. 11 (2): 190–204\. doi:10.1080/00905998308407967. S2CID 251055699.
* Bilocerkowycz, Jaroslaw (1988). Soviet Ukrainian dissent: a study of political alienation. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-7240-2.
* Bird, Christopher (April 1972). ""Psychiatry" to silence dissent". The Russian Review. 31 (2): 175–178\. doi:10.2307/128209. JSTOR 128209.
* Bittner, Stephen (2008). "Dissidence and the end of the Thaw". The many lives of Khrushchev's Thaw: experience and memory in Moscow's Arbat. Cornell University Press. pp. 174–210\. ISBN 978-0-8014-4606-1.
* Blake, Patricia (1 December 1980). "Soviet Union: killing the spirit of Helsinki". Time.
* Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (21 July 1977). "Your disease is dissent!". New Scientist. 75 (1061): 149–151\. PMID 11663776.
* Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1977). Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06488-5.
* Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1985). "Psychiatrists and dissenters in the Soviet Union". In Stover, Eric; Nightingale, Elena (eds.). The breaking of bodies and minds: torture, psychiatric abuse, and the health professions. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 132–163. ISBN 978-0-7167-1733-1.
* Bloche, Gregg (Spring 1986). "Law, theory, and politics: the dilemma of Soviet psychiatry". The Yale Journal of International Law. 11 (2): 298–358.
* Bociurkiw, Bohdan (April 1970). "Political dissent in the Soviet Union". Studies in Comparative Communism. 3 (2): 74–105\. doi:10.1016/S0039-3592(70)80117-X.
* Bociurkiw, Bohdan (July 1970). "Review: the voices of dissent and the visions of gloom". The Russian Review. 29 (3): 328–335\. doi:10.2307/127541. JSTOR 127541.
* Bonavia, David (October 1972). "Prospects for Soviet dissidents". The World Today. 28 (10): 451–457\. JSTOR 40394564.
* Boobbyer, Philip (October 2000). "Truth-telling, conscience and dissent in late Soviet Russia: evidence from oral histories". European History Quarterly. 30 (4): 553–585\. doi:10.1177/026569140003000404. S2CID 143633044.
* Boobbyer, Philip (2005). Conscience, dissent and reform in Soviet Russia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33186-9.
* Bourdeaux, Michael (October 1969). "Dissent in the Russian Orthodox Church". The Russian Review. 28 (4): 416–427\. doi:10.2307/127161. JSTOR 127161.
* Brahm, Heinz (1978). Die sowjetischen Dissidenten: Strömungen und Ziele [The Soviet dissidents: trends and goals] (in German). Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien.
* Breuillard, Sabine (1 January 1993). "La dissidence en U.R.S.S. : les années 1950–1980 – objet d'étude, sources, problèmes de méthode (Colloque de Moscou, 24–26 août 1992)" [Dissent in the U.S.S.R.: The 1950–1980s – object of study, sources, methodological problems (Moscow symposium, 24–26 August 1992)]. Revue des Études Slaves (in French). 65 (2): 423–428.
* Brumberg, Abraham (1970). In quest of justice: protest and dissent in the Soviet Union today. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-269-67176-0.
* Brumberg, Abraham (July 1974). "Dissent in Russia". Foreign Affairs. 52 (4): 781–798\. doi:10.2307/20038087. JSTOR 20038087.
* Brunsdale, Mitzi (1 October 1982). "Chronicling Soviet dissidence". Current History. 81 (477): 333–334\. doi:10.1525/curh.1982.81.477.333. S2CID 251523677.
* Campa, Riccardo (1 July 1979). "El fenómeno de la disidencia en la U.R.S.S." [The phenomenon of dissent in the U.S.S.R.]. Arbor (in Spanish). 103 (403): 345.
* Cattle, David (October 1970). "Dissent and stability in the Soviet Union". Current History. 59 (350): 220–225\. doi:10.1525/curh.1970.59.350.220. S2CID 249698921.
* Chapple, Richard (February 1976). "Criminals and criminality according to the Soviet dissidents–works of Andrey Sinyavsky and Yuly Daniel". In Fox, Vernon (ed.). Proceedings of the 21st annual Southern conference on corrections. Vol. 21\. Tallahassee: Florida State University. pp. 149–158.
* Cherkasov, Petr (March 2005). "Dissidence at IMEMO". Russian Politics & Law. 43 (2): 31–69\. doi:10.1080/10611940.2005.11066946. S2CID 146632891.
* Chiama, Jean; Soulet, Jean-François (1982). Histoire de la dissidence: oppositions et révoltes en URSS et dans les démocraties populaires, de la mort de Staline à nos jours [History of dissent: oppositions and revolts in the USSR and the people's democracies, from the death of Stalin to the present day] (in French). Paris: Seuil. ISBN 9782020062572.
* Chiampana, Andrea (July 2014). "Tra diritti umani e distensione: L'amministrazione Carter e il dissenso in Urss" [Between human rights and détente: the Carter administration and dissent in the USSR]. Cold War History (in Italian). 14 (3): 452–453\. doi:10.1080/14682745.2014.917800. S2CID 154618162.
* Chodoff, Paul (February 1974). "Involuntary hospitalization of political dissenters in the Soviet Union". Psychiatric Opinion. 11 (1): 5–19.
* Chodoff, Paul (7 June 1974). "Soviet dissidents". Science. 184 (4141): 1030. Bibcode:1974Sci...184.1030C. doi:10.1126/science.184.4141.1030-a. JSTOR 1738392. PMID 17736179. S2CID 12983298.
* Chodoff, Paul (May 1978). "Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent". American Journal of Psychiatry. 135 (5): 629. doi:10.1176/ajp.135.5.629.
* Chomsky, Noam (21 August 1969). "A reply to Joseph Alsop". The New York Review of Books. 13 (3).
* Chomsky, Noam; Barsamian, David (1992). Chronicles of dissent: interviews with David Barsamian. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press. ISBN 978-1-873176-90-0.
* Chung, Pham (March 1978). "On the behavior of a totalitarian regime toward dissidents: an economic analysis". Public Choice. 33 (1): 75–84\. doi:10.1007/BF00123945. S2CID 189826006.
* Ciuciura, Theodore (January 1979). "Dissent, law and psychiatry in the Soviet Union". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 21 (1): 98–108\. doi:10.1080/00085006.1979.11091571. JSTOR 40867419. PMID 11614322.
* Clark, Ernest (April 1975). "Russian dissidents debate détente". Dissent. 22 (2): 116–117.
* Clementi, Marco (2002). Il diritto al dissenso: il progetto costituzionale di Andrej Sacharov [The right to dissent: Andrei Sakharov's constitutional project] (in Italian). Rome: Odradek Edizioni. ISBN 978-8886973441.
* Clementi, Marco (2007). Storia del dissenso sovietico (1953–1991) [History of the Soviet dissent (1953–1991)] (in Italian). Rome: Odradek Edizioni. ISBN 978-8886973854.
* Cline, Francis (28 March 1991). "Soviet opposition defies ban on rally". The New York Times.
* Cline, Ray (1974). Understanding the Solzhenitsyn affair: dissent and its control in the USSR. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University. OCLC 02090746.
* Contessi, Pier Luigi (January–February 1980). "URSS: il clamore del dissenso e il silenzio dell' opposizione" [USSR: the cry of dissent and the silence of the opposition]. Il Mulino (in Italian) (267): 149–158\. doi:10.1402/14404.
* Coogan, Kevin; Vanden Heuvel, Katrina (19 March 1988). "An internation story: U.S. fund for Soviet dissidents". The Nation. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016.
* Crowfoot, John (October 2015). "The USSR's voice of opposition" (PDF). The World Today. 71 (5): 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2016.
* Cox, Michael (January 1976). "The politics of the dissenting intellectual". Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory. 5 (1): 5–34\. doi:10.1080/03017607508413163.
* Cutler, Robert (October 1980). "Soviet dissent under Khrushchev: an analytical study". Comparative Politics. 13 (1): 15–35\. doi:10.2307/421761. JSTOR 421761.
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* Poggio, Pier (2009). Il dissenso: critica e fine del comunismo [Dissent: criticism and the end of communism] (in Italian). Venezia: Marsilio. ISBN 978-8831799096.
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* Prokop, Myroslav (1984). "Dissident movement". In Kubiĭovych, Volodymyr; Struk, Danylo (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 1\. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3362-8.
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* Reddaway, Peter (1972). Uncensored Russia – protest and dissent in the Soviet Union. The unofficial Moscow journal, A Chronicle of Current Events. New York: American Heritage Press. ISBN 978-0-07-051354-9.
* Reddaway, Peter (1973). "The Soviet dissenters, the regime and the outside world". Proceedings and papers of the international symposium on the 50th anniversary of the U.S.S.R. International Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the U.S.S.R. pp. 92–96.
* Reddaway, Peter (Spring 1976). "Dissent in the Soviet Union". Dissent: 136–154.
* Reddaway, Peter (December 1977). "International protests fail to halt imprisonment of Soviet dissidents in mental hospitals". The Times (23): 6. PMID 11648754.
* Reddaway, Peter (1978) [1975]. "The Development of Dissent and Opposition". In Brown, Archie; Kaser, Michael (eds.). The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev (2 ed.). Macmillan. pp. 121–156. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-15847-8_6. ISBN 978-0-333-23337-5.
* Reddaway, Peter (1983) [1980]. "Policy towards Dissent since Khrushchev". In Schapiro, Leonard; Rigby, Thomas; Brown, Archie; Reddaway, Peter (eds.). Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR (2 ed.). Macmillan. pp. 158–192. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-06655-1_9. ISBN 978-0-333-25702-9.
* Reddaway, Peter (2010). "How much did popular disaffection contribute to the collapse of the USSR?". In Fortescue, S. (ed.). Russian politics from Lenin to Putin. London: Macmillan. pp. 152–184. doi:10.1057/9780230293144_7. ISBN 978-0-230-57587-5.
* Reddaway, Peter (1984) [1976]. "The development of dissent in the USSR". In Griffith, William (ed.). The Soviet empire: expansion and détente (2 ed.). Lexington books. pp. 57–84. ISBN 978-0-669-00421-2.
* Reddaway, Peter (September 2012). "Soviet policies toward dissent, 1953–1986". Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 24 (1/2): 57–82\. doi:10.5840/jis2012241/22.
* Reich, Rebecca (2010). Thinking differently: psychiatry, literature and dissent in the late Soviet period. Harvard University.
* Renom, Jaime Olives (January–April 1986). "Unión Soviética: la cuestión de los disidentes" [Soviet Union: the issue of dissidents] (PDF). Cuenta y Razón (in Spanish) (22): 85–93\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016.
* Rial, Horacio (2006). "Todos somos disidentes soviéticos. Pentimento" [We are all Soviet dissidents. Repentance]. La Ilustración Liberal: Revista Española y Americana (in Spanish) (17–21): 17–21.17–21&rft.pages=17-21&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Rial,+Horacio&rft_id=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1464721&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Rich, Vera (30 September 1976). "Soviet dissidents: he who would dissident be". Nature. 263 (5576): 361–362\. Bibcode:1976Natur.263..361R. doi:10.1038/263361a0. S2CID 4169615.
* Rich, Vera (9 December 1976). "USSR: bottling up dissent. Reports on recent developments concerning dissidents in the USSR and Eastern Europe". Nature. 264 (5586): 501–502\. Bibcode:1976Natur.264..501R. doi:10.1038/264501a0. S2CID 40739064.
* Rich, Vera (8 September 1977). "USSR: discrediting the dissidents". Nature. 269 (5624): 100. Bibcode:1977Natur.269..100R. doi:10.1038/269100a0. S2CID 4249431.
* Rich, Vera (24 November 1977). "Leading Soviet dissidents in London". Nature. 270 (5635): 290. Bibcode:1977Natur.270R.290R. doi:10.1038/270290b0. S2CID 41091196.
* Rich, Vera (15 December 1977). "Stalin's scientific deputy addresses dissident meeting". Nature. 270 (5638): 550. Bibcode:1977Natur.270..550R. doi:10.1038/270550a0. S2CID 36455000.
* Rich, Vera (17 May 1979). "Soviet dissident charged". Nature. 279 (5710): 178. Bibcode:1979Natur.279..178R. doi:10.1038/279178b0. S2CID 4282922.
* Rich, Vera (11 February 1982). "Soviet dissidents: helpers divided". Nature. 295 (5849): 450. Bibcode:1982Natur.295R.450R. doi:10.1038/295450c0. S2CID 41822324.
* Rich, Vera (16 January 1986). "Refusnik scientists: dissenting dissidents agree". Nature. 319 (6050): 169. Bibcode:1986Natur.319..169R. doi:10.1038/319169b0. S2CID 4260729.
* Richter, Derek (August 1971). "Political dissenters in mental hospitals". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 119 (549): 225–226\. doi:10.1192/bjp.119.549.225. S2CID 145461136.
* Rinzler, Michael (Spring 1994). "Battling authoritarianism through treaty: Soviet dissent and international human rights regimes". Harvard International Law Journal. 35 (2): 461–498.
* Ripa di Meana, Carlo; Mecucci, Gabriella (2007). L'ordine di Mosca: fermate la biennale del dissenso [The order of Moscow: to stop the biennial of dissent] (in Italian). Rome: Liberal. ISBN 978-8888835372.
* Robert, Horvath (October 2015). ""Sakharov would be with us": Limonov, Strategy-31, and the dissident legacy". The Russian Review. 74 (4): 581–598\. doi:10.1111/russ.12049.
* Roberts, Steven (19 March 1963). "The politics of dissent: turmoil in Soviet literature". The Harvard Crimson.
* Robinson, Harlow (3 December 1980). "Soviet dissent seen form outside and from inside the USSR; On Soviet Dissent: Interviews with Piero Ostellino, by Roy Medvedev". The Christian Science Monitor.
* Robinson, Paul (21 January 1989). "Psychiatric imprisonment of Soviet dissidents". British Medical Journal. 298 (6667): 195. doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6667.195. JSTOR 29703310. S2CID 220170478.
* Ronza, R (1970). Samizdat: dissenso e contestazione nell'Unione Sovietica [Samizdat: dissent and protest in the Soviet Union] (in Italian). Milan: IPL. ISBN 978-8878362031.
* Rothberg, Abraham (1972). The heirs of Stalin: dissidence and the Soviet regime, 1953–1970. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0667-6.
* Rubenstein, Joshua (1 September 1978). "The enduring voice of the Soviet dissidents". Columbia Journalism Review. 17 (3): 32–39.
* Rubenstein, Joshua (1980). Soviet dissidents: their struggle for human rights. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-3213-8.
* Rudnytsky, Ivan (Fall 1981). "The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissidents". Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 6 (2): 3.
* Reprinted in Rudnytsky, Ivan L. (1988). "The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissidents". Essays in Modern Ukrainian History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 477\. ISBN 978-0-916458-19-5.
* Rutman, Roman (January 1973). "Jews and dissenters: connections and divergences". Soviet Jewish Affairs. 3 (2): 26–37\. doi:10.1080/13501677308577163.
* Rywkin, Michael (March 1981). "Dissent in Soviet Central Asia". Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. 9 (1): 27–34\. doi:10.1080/00905998108407900. S2CID 153757604.
* Salter, Leonard (Fall 1978). "American lawyers and Russian dissidents: the lawyer as social engineer". The International Lawyer. 12 (12): 869–875\. JSTOR 40706698.
* Samatan, Marie (1980). Droits de l'homme et répression en URSS: l'appareil et les victimes [Human rights and repression in the USSR: mechanism and victims] (in French). Paris: Seuil. ISBN 978-2020057059.
* Satter, David (12 February 1987). "A test case". The New York Review of Books. 34 (2).
* Satter, David (30 April 2003). "Soviet dissent and the Cold War". Hoover Digest (2).
* Saunders, George (1974). Samizdat: voices of the Soviet opposition. Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-914-0.
* Savranskaya, Svetlana (2009). "Human rights movement in the USSR after the signing of the Helsinki Final Act, and the reaction of Soviet authorities". In Nuti, Leopoldo (ed.). The crisis of détente in Europe: from Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 26–40\. ISBN 978-1-134-04498-6.
* Schweitzer, Glenn (2013) [1989]. "Refuseniks, dissidents, and scientific exchanges". Techno-diplomacy: US-Soviet confrontations in science and technology (2 ed.). Springer. pp. 230–252\. ISBN 978-1-4899-6046-7.
* Seleznev, Viktor (2009). Кто выбирает свободу. Саратов: Хроника инакомыслия. 1920–1980-е годы [Who chooses freedom. Saratov: Chronicle of dissent. The 1920s–1980s] (PDF) (in Russian). Saratov.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Serebryakova, Elena (2012). Мир глазами диссидента (по книге В. Буковского "И возвращается ветер…") [World through the eyes of a dissident (about the book of V. Bukovsky «The wind returns…»)] (PDF). Управленческое консультирование (in Russian) (4): 132–138\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2016.
* Shanker, Thom (25 December 1986). "Free political dissidents, Sakharov tells Gorbachev". The Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
* Shanker, Thom; Moseley, Ray (31 May 1988). "Reagan keeps focus on rights. President holds talks with Soviet dissidents". The Chicago Tribune.
* Sharlet, Robert (Autumn 1978). "Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev". International Journal. 33 (4): 763–795\. doi:10.2307/40201689. JSTOR 40201689.
* Sharlet, Robert (1 October 1980). "Growing Soviet dissidence". Current History. 79 (459): 96–100\. doi:10.1525/curh.1980.79.459.96. S2CID 249073839.
* Sharlet, Robert (1984). "Dissent and the "Contra-System" in the Soviet Union". Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science. 35 (3): 135–146\. doi:10.2307/1174123. JSTOR 1174123.
* Sharlet, Robert (October 1986). "Soviet dissent since Brezhnev". Current History. 85 (513): 321–324, 340. doi:10.1525/curh.1986.85.513.321. S2CID 251522055.
* Shatz, Marshall (1980). Soviet dissent in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23172-5.
* Shlapentokh, Dmitry (August 2005). "President Bush, Shcharansky and the tradition of Russian dissent". Contemporary Review. 287 (1675): 71–81.
* Shirokorad, Alexander (2014). Диссиденты 1956–1990 гг. [Dissidents of 1956–1990] (in Russian). Moscow: Алгоритм. ISBN 978-5443807324.
* Siegel, George (Spring 1964). "Voices in dissonance". The Slavic and East European Journal. 8 (1): 66–71\. doi:10.2307/303978. JSTOR 303978.
* Simirenko, Alex (November 1975). "A new type of Soviet resistance?". Society. 13 (1): 35–37\. doi:10.1007/BF02699992. S2CID 144092795.
* Simon, Gerhard (1974). Church, state, and opposition in the U.S.S.R. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02612-4.
* Sinatti, Piero (1974). Il dissenso in URSS [Dissent in the USSR] (in Italian). Rome: La nuova sinistra; Savelli.
* Sinatti, Piero (1978). Il dissenso in Urss nell'epoca di Breznev: antologia della Cronaca degli avvenimenti correnti (documenti e interventi) [Dissent in the USSR in the era of Brezhnev: anthology of A Chronicle of Current Events (documents and interviews)] (in Italian). Firenze: Vallecchi.
* Smith, Fred (Winter 1991). "Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn: dissidents with a different world view". The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies. 16 (4): 469–476.
* Smith, Gordon (1988). "Dissent: Political, Ethnic, and Religious". Soviet Politics. Macmillan Education. pp. 294–320\. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19172-7_13. ISBN 978-0-333-45919-5.
* Solovyov, Vladimir; Klepikova, Elena (17 August 1987). "The Kremlin and dissidents: time for compromise". Chicago Tribune.
* Spechler, Dina (1982). Permitted dissent in the USSR: Novy mir and the Soviet regime. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-03-060621-2.
* Spechler, Dina (1982). "Permitted dissent and Soviet politics: the case of Novyi Mir". The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. 9 (1): 1–39\. doi:10.1163/187633282X00028.
* Spiegel, Philip (2008). Triumph over tyranny: the heroic campaigns that saved 2,000,000 Soviet Jews. Devora Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61584-938-3.
* Sun, Marjorie (8 October 1982). "Soviets clamp down on dissident groups". Science. 218 (4568): 139. Bibcode:1982Sci...218..139S. doi:10.1126/science.218.4568.139. PMID 17753431.
* Surovtseva, Ekaterina (2014). А.И. Солженицын и А.Д. Сахаров: дискуссия вокруг "Письма вождям Советского Союза" и её восприятие в эмигрантской печати (М. Агурский) [A.I. Solzhenitsyn and A.D. Sakharov: the debate around "Letter to the Soviet leaders" and its perception in the emigre press (M. Agursky)] (PDF). Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики (in Russian). 9 (39, part 2): 159–161\. Archived from the original (PDF, immediate download) on 6 March 2016.
* Surovtseva, Ekaterina (2015). А.И. Солженицын, А.Д. Сахаров и Р. Медведев: дискуссия вокруг "Письма вождям Советского Союза" и её восприятие в эмигрантской печати (М. Агурский) [A.I. Solzhenitsyn, A.D. Sakharov and R. Medvedev: the debate around "Letter to the Soviet leaders" and its perception in the emigre press (M. Agursky)]. Молодой ученый (in Russian) (2): 608–613\. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.
* Surrett, William (1987). Formalization and contemporary patterns and conditions of modern Soviet dissidence.
* Suslensky, Yakov (September 1983). "The treatment of activities of Russian and non-Russian dissidents by the Soviet regime: a comparative analysis". Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. 11 (2): 232–243\. doi:10.1080/00905998308407969. S2CID 177888152.
* Sweeting, Stephen (Spring 2010). "Postmodern strategies of resistance: Solzhenitsyn and Havel". Journal of Integrated Studies. 1 (1): 1–10.
* Szulc, Tad (Summer 1978). "Living with dissent". Foreign Policy (31): 180–191\. doi:10.2307/1148152. JSTOR 1148152.
* Tarnawsky, Ostap (Fall 1981). "Dissident poets in Ukraine". Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 6 (2): 17–27.
* Tarnow, Alexander von (1976). La Russia del dissenso [Russia of dissent] (in Italian). Rome: Ciarrapico. ASIN B00RW46CO0.
* Tikos, Laszlo (June 1973). "Dissent among non-Russian writers of the U.S.S.R. — A philologist's analysis". Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. 1 (2): 10–16\. doi:10.1080/00905997308407741. S2CID 159519955.
* Tökés, Rudolf (1975). Dissent in the USSR: politics, ideology, and people. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1661-1.
* Tonge, William (20 July 1974). "Psychiatry and political dissent". The Lancet. 304 (7873): 150–152\. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91569-4. PMID 4135437.
* Tria, Massimo (2011). "L'invasione vista dai sovietici, fra approvazione e dissenso" [The imaginative invasion of the Soviets, from approval to dissent]. In Caccamo, Francesco; Helan, Pavel; Tria, Massimo (eds.). Primavera di Praga, risveglio europeo [Prague Spring, European awakening] (in Italian). Firenze University Press. pp. 97–126\. ISBN 978-8864532691.
* Trigos, Ludmilla (2009). "The decembrists and dissidence: myth and anti-myth from the 1960s–1980s". The decembrist myth in Russian culture. Macmillan. pp. 141–160. doi:10.1057/9780230104716_7. ISBN 978-0-230-61916-6.
* Ulam, Adam (1981). Russia's failed revolutions: from the decembrists to the dissidents. Littlehampton Book Services. ISBN 978-0-297-77940-7.
* Vaissié, Cécile (1999). Pour votre liberté et pour la nôtre: le combat des dissidents de Russie [For your and our freedom: the struggle of Russian dissidents] (in French). Laffont. ISBN 978-2221090473.
* Vaissié, Cécile (July–September 1999). ""La Chronique des évenements en cours". Une revue de la dissidence dans l'URSS brejnévienne" [A Chronicle of Current Events. A review of dissidence in the Brezhnev USSR]. Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'Histoire (in French) (63): 107–118\. doi:10.2307/3770704. JSTOR 3770704.
* Vaissié, Cécile (2000). Russie, une femme en dissidence : Larissa Bogoraz [Russia, a woman in dissent: Larisa Bogoraz] (in French). Plon. ISBN 978-2259191555.
* Vaissié, Cécile (2011). "Le combat des dissidents de Russie en Occident" [The struggle of Russian dissidents in the West]. In Falkowski, Wojciech; Marès, Antoine (eds.). Les intellectuels en exil face aux régimes totalitaires [Intellectuals in exile deal with totalitarian regimes] (in French). Paris: Institut d'études slaves. pp. 143–155.
* Vaissié, Cécile (2014). "Archiver les samizdats de la dissidence russe" [Archive of samizdat by the Russian dissent]. Écrire l'Histoire (in French). 13–14 (13–14): 129–135\. doi:10.4000/elh.487.13–14&rft.pages=129-135&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.4000/elh.487&rft.au=Vaissié,+Cécile&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.4000%2Felh.487&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Vaissié, Cécile (2014). "'Black robe, golden epaulettes': from the Russian dissidents to Pussy Riot". Religion and Gender. 4 (2): 166–183\. doi:10.18352/rg.9255. S2CID 146720743.
* Vardys, Stanley (September 1982). "The nature and philosophy of Baltic dissent: a comparative perspective". Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. 10 (2): 121–136\. doi:10.1080/00905998208407936. S2CID 145423676.
* Vigdorova, Frida; Katz, Michael (2014). "The trial of Joseph Brodsky". New England Review. 34 (3–4): 183–207\. doi:10.1353/ner.2014.0022. S2CID 153474011.3–4&rft.pages=183-207&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/ner.2014.0022&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153474011#id-name=S2CID&rft.au=Vigdorova,+Frida&rft.au=Katz,+Michael&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Voren, Robert van (2009). On dissidents and madness: from the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin. Amsterdam—New York: Rodopi Publishers. ISBN 978-90-420-2585-1.
* Walsh, John (6 April 1973). "Soviet-American science accord: could dissent deter detente?". Science. 180 (4081): 40–43\. Bibcode:1973Sci...180...40W. doi:10.1126/science.180.4081.40. JSTOR 1735290. PMID 17757967.
* Weeks, Albert (1975). Andrei Sakharov and the Soviet dissidents: a critical commentary. Monarch Press. ISBN 978-0-671-00963-2.
* Westrate, Mike (2012). "The self against the state: Valery Abramkin and the destruction of dissident identity" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 31: 105‒121. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2016.
* White, Sarah (25 June 1981). "New crackdown on Russian dissidents and refusniks". New Scientist. 90 (1259): 816.
* White, Sarah (11 February 1982). "Science keeps the dissidents hoping". New Scientist. 93 (1292): 359.
* Wilke, Manfred (2007). "Solschenizyn und der Westen" [Solzhenitsyn and the West]. In Veen, Hans-Joachim; Mählert, Ulrich; März, Peter (eds.). Wechselwirkungen Ost-West: Dissidenz, Opposition und Zivilgesellschaft 1975–1989 [East-West interactions: dissidence, opposition and civil society 1975–1989] (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 149–172\. ISBN 978-3-412-23306-8.
* Willis, David (15 January 1981). "Currents of nationalism, dissent beneath crust of communist conformity". The Christian Science Monitor.
* Windholz, George (November 1985). "Psychiatric commitments of religious dissenters in Tsarist and Soviet Russia: two case studies". Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 48 (4): 329–340\. doi:10.1080/00332747.1985.11024294. PMID 3906732.
* Woll, Josephine; Treml, Vladimir (1983). Soviet dissident literature: a critical guide. G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-8161-8626-6.
* Woychyshyn, Nestor (1986). Soviet Ukrainian political dissidents in the West: their politics, interaction, and impact after exile to the West, 1965–1983 (M.A.). Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University. doi:10.22215/etd/1986-01175.
* Wynn, Allan (1987). Notes of a non-conspirator: working with Russian dissidents. London: Andre Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-98149-9.
* Wynn, Allan; Dewhirst, Martin; Stone, Harold (1986). Fifth International Sakharov Hearing: Proceedings, April, 1985. Andre Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-98050-8.
* Wyszomirskia, Margaret; Oleszczukb, Thomas; Smith, Theresa (March 1988). "Cultural dissent and defection: the case of Soviet nonconformist artists". Journal of Arts Management and Law. 18 (1): 44–62\. doi:10.1080/07335113.1988.9942181.
* Yakobson, Sergius; Allen, Robert (1968). Aspects of intellectual ferment and dissent in the Soviet Union prepared at the request of Senator Thomas J. Dodd for the Subcommittee to investigate the administration of the Internal Security Act and other internal security laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. OCLC 3330.
* Yeo, Clayton (June 1975). "Psychiatry, the law and dissent in the Soviet Union". Review of the International Commission of Jurists (14): 34–41\. PMID 11662196.
* Zanchetta, Barbara (February 2012). "L'appuntamento mancato: la sinistra italiana e il dissenso nei regimi comunisti (1968–1989)" [The missed appointment: the Italian left and the dissent in the communist regimes (1968–1989)]. Cold War History (in Italian). 12 (1): 178–179\. doi:10.1080/14682745.2012.655450. S2CID 153737719.
* Zdravomyslov, Andrei (1995). "Диссидентское движение в свете социологии конфликта. А.Д. Сахаров" [Dissident movement in the light of sociology of conflict. A.D. Sakharov]. Социология конфликта. Россия на путях преодоления кризиса. Учебное пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений [Sociology of conflict. Russia on ways to overcome crisis. Textbook for students of higher educational institutions] (in Russian). Moscow: Аспект-пресс. pp. 264–267\. ISBN 978-5756700091.
* Zukerman, William (1964). Voice of dissent: Jewish problems, 1948–1961. Brookman Associates.
* Zuzowski, Robert (December 1985). "The significance of dissent in the Soviet Union". Australian Outlook. 39 (3): 165–170\. doi:10.1080/10357718508444890.
* Zveteremich, Pietro (1983). Dissenso e no: esiste una letteratura "sovietica"?: estratto da Nuovi Annali della Facoltà di Magistero dell'Università di Messina [Dissent and no: does "Soviet" literature exist?: extract from New Annals of the Faculty of Education at the University of Messina] (in Italian). Editrice Herder.

### Insiders' works

[edit]

* Alexeyeva, Ludmilla (1977–1978). "The human rights movement in the USSR". Survey. 23 (4): 72–85.
* Alekseeva, Liudmila (1980). The diversity of Soviet dissent: ideologies, goals and direction, 1965–1980.
* Alexeyeva, Ludmilla (1987) [1985]. Soviet dissent: contemporary movements for national, religious, and human rights (2 ed.). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6176-3.
* Amalrik, Andrei (1982). Записки диссидента [Dissident's Notes] (in Russian). Ann Arbor: Ардис.
* Amalrik, Andrei (1 March 1978). "Soviet dissidents and the American press: a reply". Columbia Journalism Review. 16 (6): 63.
* Boukovsky, Vladimir (1995). Jugement à Moscou – un dissident dans les archives du Kremlin [Judgement in Moscow – a dissident in the Kremlin archives] (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-07460-2.
* Brodsky, Joseph (19 September 1974). "An appeal for Vladimir Maramzin". The New York Review of Books. 21 (14).
* Brodsky, Joseph (23 January 1975). "Victims". The New York Review of Books. 21 (21).
* Brodsky, Joseph (5 March 1981). "Nadezhda Mandelstam (1899–1980)". The New York Review of Books. 28 (3).
* Brodsky, Joseph (March 1992). "Poetry as a form of resistance to reality". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 107 (2): 220–225\. doi:10.2307/462635. JSTOR 462635. S2CID 164173456.
* Bukovsky, Vladimir (1978). To build a castle: my life as a dissenter (PDF). London: Andrei Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-97023-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
* Boukovsky, Vladimir (1971). Une nouvelle maladie mentale en URSS: l'opposition [A new mental illness in the USSR: the opposition] (in French). Paris: Le Seuil. ISBN 2020025272.
* Bukowski, Wladimir (1971). UdSSR. Opposition. Eine neue Geisteskrankheit in der Sowjetunion? Eine Dokumentation von W. Bukowskij [The USSR. Opposition. A new mental illness in the Soviet Union? Documentation by V. Bukovsky] (in German). München: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 3-446-11571-4.
* Bukovskij, Vladimir (1972). Una nuova malattia mentale in Urss: l'opposizione [A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition] (in Italian). Milan: Etas Kompass.
* Bukovsky, Vladimir (1972). Una nueva enfermedad mental en la U.R.S.S.: la oposición [A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition] (in Spanish). México: Lasser Press.
* Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (January–February 1975a). "Пособие по психиатрии для инакомыслящих" [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents] (PDF). Хроника защиты прав в СССР [Chronicle of defense of rights in the USSR] (in Russian) (13): 36–61. The work in Russian was also published in: Коротенко, Ада; Аликина, Наталия (2002). Советская психиатрия: Заблуждения и умысел. Киев: Издательство «Сфера». pp. 197–218\. ISBN 978-966-7841-36-2. The work in English was published in: Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1977). Russia's political hospitals: the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Victor Gollancz Ltd. pp. 419–440\. ISBN 978-0-575-02318-5.
* Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (Winter–Spring 1975b). "A manual on psychiatry for dissidents". Survey: A Journal of East and West Studies. 21 (1): 180–199.
* Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975c). A manual of psychiatry for political dissidents. London: Amnesty International. OCLC 872337790.
* Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975d). "A dissident's guide to psychiatry". A Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR (13). New York: Kronika Press: 31–57.
* Bukovskiĭ, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975e). Håndbog i psykiatri for afvigere [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents] (in Danish). Göteborg: Samarbetsdynamik AB. ISBN 9185396001. OCLC 7551381.
* Boukovsky, Vladimir; Glouzmann, Semion (September 1975). "Guide de psychiatrie pour les dissidents soviétiques: dédié à Lonia Pliouchtch, victime de la terreur psychiatrique" [Guide on psychiatry for Soviet dissidents: dedicated to Lyonya Plyushch, a victim of psychiatric terror]. Esprit (in French). 449 (9): 307–332\. JSTOR 24263203.
* Bukovskij, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semen; Leva, Marco (1979). Guida psichiatrica per dissidenti. Con esempi pratici e una lettera dal Gulag [Psychiatric guide for dissidents. With practical examples and a letter from the Gulag] (in Italian). Milan: L'erba voglio. ASIN B00E3B4JK4.
* Bukowski, Wladimir; Gluzman, Semen (1976). "Psychiatrie-handbuch für dissidenten" [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents]. Samisdat. Stimmen aus dem "anderen Rußland" (in German) (8). Bern: 29–48.
* Bunyan, Gordon; Hurst, P.D. (April 1977). "Political opposition in the Soviet Union: are the dissidents really important?". Australian Outlook. 31 (1): 61–74\. doi:10.1080/10357717708444592.
* Chalidze, Valery (1976). Литературные дела КГБ: дела Суперфина, Эткинда, Хейфеца, Марамзина: в приложении — документы о советской цензуре [The literary cases of the KGB: the cases of Superfin, Etkind, Heifetz, Maramzin: there are documents about Soviet censorship in the application] (in Russian). New York: Хроника.
* Chalidze, Valery (1 June 1977). "How important is Soviet dissent?". Commentary. 63 (6): 57.
* Daniel, Alexander (2002). Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР [Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR]. Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration] (in Russian). 1 (21).
* Daniel, Aleksander; Gluza, Zbigniew, eds. (2007). Słownik dysydentów. Czołowe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 1 [Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 1] (in Polish). Warszaw: Karta. ISBN 978-8388288890.
* Daniel, Aleksander; Gluza, Zbigniew, eds. (2007). Słownik dysydentów. Czołowe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 2 [Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 2] (in Polish). Warszaw: Karta. ISBN 978-8388288845.
* Etkind, Efim (1978). Notes of a non-conspirator. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-211739-7.
* Etkind, Efim (1982) [1978]. Unblutige Hinrichtung. Warum ich die Sowjetunion verlassen musste [Bloodless execution. Why I had to leave the Soviet Union] (in German) (2 ed.). München: Piper Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-492-02339-9.
* Etkind, Efim (1988). Процесс Иосифа Бродского [The trial of Joseph Brodsky] (in Russian). London: Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd. ISBN 978-1-870128-70-4.
* Galanskov, Youri (1982). Le manifeste humain précédé par les témoignages de Vladimir Boukovsky, Nathalia Gorbanevskaïa, Alexandre Guinzbourg, Edouard Kouznetsov [Human manifesto preceded by testimonies of Vladimir Bukovsky, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Alexander Ginzburg, Eduard Kuznetsov] (in French). Lausanne: Editions L'Age d'Homme. ISBN 978-2825109205.
* Glazov, Yuri (June 1979). "The Soviet intelligentsia, dissidents and the West". Studies in Soviet Thought. 19 (4): 321–344\. doi:10.1007/BF00832020. JSTOR 20098853. S2CID 140301241.
* Gluzman, Semyon (2012). Рисунки по памяти, или воспоминания отсидента [Pictures drawn from memory, or the released dissident's memories] (in Russian). Kiev: Издательский дом Дмитрия Бураго. ISBN 978-9664891216.
* Goricheva, Tatiana (1987). Talking about God is dangerous: the diary of a Russian dissident. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8245-0798-5.
* Grigoryants, Sergei (23 February 1988). "Soviet psychiatric prisoners" (PDF). The New York Times. p. A31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2011.
* Grigoryants, Sergei (January 1989). "Camps with guards in white gowns: thousands of Mengeles, millions of victims". Glasnost (16–18): 34–35.16–18&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=1989-01&rft.au=Grigoryants,+Sergei&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Isajiw, Christina (2013). Negotiating human rights: in defence of dissidents during the Soviet era: a memoir. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 978-1-894865-33-3.
* Kaminskaya, Dina (1982). Final judgment: my life as a Soviet defense attorney. Translated by Michael Glenny. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-24739-3.
* Koryagin, Anatoly (March 1989). "The involvement of Soviet psychiatry in the persecution of dissenters". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 154 (3): 336–340\. doi:10.1192/bjp.154.3.336. PMID 2597834. S2CID 26148412.
* Levich, Yevgeny (1976). "Soviet dissidents: trying to keep in touch". Nature. 263 (5576): 366–367\. Bibcode:1976Natur.263..366L. doi:10.1038/263366a0. S2CID 4220291.
* Lewis, Anthony (20 September 1985). "Soviet crackdown on dissidents shows paranoia, not confidence". Spokane Chronicle. p. 14.
* Litvinov, Pavel (1969). Dear Comrade: Pavel Litvinov and the voices of Soviet citizens in dissent. Pitman Publishing Corporation. ASIN B000O05GKK.
* Litvinov, Pavel (March 1975). "The human rights movement in the USSR". Index on Censorship. 4 (1): 11–15\. doi:10.1080/03064227508532389. S2CID 146906418.
* Litvinov, Pavel (Winter 1980). "Momentary enthusiasms don't help – only persistence will secure human rights gains". Jurimetrics. 21 (2): 135–142\. JSTOR 29761738.
* Lubarsky, Cronid (1979). Soziale Basis und Umfang des sowjetischen Dissidententums [Social basis and scope of Soviet dissidence] (in German). Köln: Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien.
* Lubarsky, Cronid (1979). "Social basis and scope of Soviet dissidence". Osteuropa. 29 (11): 923–935.
* Lubarsky, Cronid (May 1988). "The human rights movement and perestroika". Index on Censorship. 17 (5): 16–20\. doi:10.1080/03064228808534412. S2CID 145697936.
* Mal'cev, Jurij (2015). "I dissidenti sovietici in Italia" [The Soviet dissidents in Italy]. Enthymema (in Italian) (12): 155–159\. doi:10.13130/2037-2426/4951.
* Mal'cev, Jurij (2015). "I dissidenti sovietici in Italia" Советские диссиденты в Италии [The Soviet dissidents in Italy]. Enthymema (in Russian) (12): 156–160\. doi:10.13130/2037-2426/4951.
* Medvedev, Roy (March 1979). "The future of Soviet dissent". Index on Censorship. 8 (2): 25–31\. doi:10.1080/03064227908532898. S2CID 144007468.
* Medvedev, Roy (1 January 1984). "Andropov and the dissidents: the internal atmosphere under the new Soviet leadership". Dissent. 31 (1): 97–102.
* Medvedev, Roy (2 July 1997). "Russia still needs dissidents to defend rights". The Moscow Times.
* Medvedev, Roy; Vladimov, Georgi (May 1979). "Controversy: dissent among dissidents". Index on Censorship. 8 (3): 33–37\. doi:10.1080/03064227908532924. S2CID 147185209.
* Medvedev, Roy; Medvedev, Zhores (1976). "Krushchev's secret speech". Australian Left Review. 1 (52): 34–37.
* Medvedev, Roy; Ostellino, Piero (1980). On Soviet dissent. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04812-5.
* Medvedev, Zhores (21 February 1976). "The defeat of Russian dissent". The Spectator: 8–9.
* Medvedev, Zhores (4 November 1976). "Two decades off dissidence". New Scientist. 72 (1025): 264–267.
* Orlov, Yuri (1988). "The Soviet Union, human rights, and national security". In Corillon, Carol (ed.). Science and human rights. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. pp. 62–67.
* Mihajlov, Mihajlo (September 2006). "Appointment with destiny: a dissident's tale". Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 18 (1/2): 113–120\. doi:10.5840/jis2006181/26.
* Navrozov, Lev (1 November 1973). "On Soviet dissidence". Commentary. 56 (5): 31–36.
* Plyushch, Leonid; Mikhaylov, Mikhaylo; Belotserkovsky, Vadim; Elberfeld, Yan; Andreev, Herman; Vishnevskaya, Yuliya; Yanov, Alexander; Levitin-Krasnov, Anatoly; Etkind, Efim; Kushev, Yevgeny (1976). Democraticeskij Alternativi von Vadim Belocerkovskij – 978-3-88103-070-0 СССР. Демократические альтернативы: сборник статей и документов [USSR. Democratic alternatives: a collection of articles and documents] (in Russian). Achberg. ISBN 978-3-88103-070-0. OCLC 3953394.
* Plyushch, Leonid; Khodorovich, Tatyana (1979). History's carnival: a dissident's autobiography. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-141614-1.
* Podrabinek, Alexander (2014). Диссиденты [Dissidents] (in Russian). Moscow: АСТ. ISBN 978-5170824014.
* Sakharov, Andrei (21 March 1974). "How I came to dissent". The New York Review of Books. 21 (4).
* Sakharov, Andrei (Fall 1978). "The human rights movement in the USSR and Eastern Europe: its goals, significance, and difficulties". Trialogue (19): 4–7, 26–27.
* Sakharov, Andrei; Turchin, Valentin; Medvedev, Roy (6 June 1970). "The need for democratization". The Saturday Review: 26–27.
* Shtromas, Alexander (1979) [1977]. Who are the Soviet dissidents? (2 ed.). University of Bradford. ISBN 978-0-901945-35-8.
* Shtromas, Alexander (Summer–Autumn 1979). "Dissent and political change in the Soviet Union". Studies in Comparative Communism. 12 (2–3): 212–244\. doi:10.1016/0039-3592(79)90010-3.2–3&rft.pages=212-244&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0039-3592(79)90010-3&rft.au=Shtromas,+Alexander&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Shtromas, Alexander (Autumn–Winter 1987). "Dissent, nationalism, and the Soviet future". Studies in Comparative Communism. 20 (3–4): 277–285.3–4&rft.pages=277-285&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Shtromas,+Alexander&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Soviet+dissidents" class="Z3988">
* Sinyavsky, Andrei (April 1979). "Andrei Sinyavsky on dissidence". Encounter. 52 (4): 91–93.
* Sinyavsky, Andrei (Spring 1984). "Dissent as a personal experience". Dissent. 31 (2): 152–161.
* Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (November 1970). "Two from Solzhenitsyn (letters)" (PDF). Dissent. 17 (6): 558–559\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2015.
* Trotsky, Leon (1922). Dictatorship vs. democracy (terrorism and communism): a reply to Karl Kautsky by Leon Trotsky (PDF). New York City: Workers party of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.
* Trotsky, Leon; Rakovsky, Christian; Pyatakov, Georgy; Zinoviev, Grigory; et al. (1973) [1927]. The platform of the joint opposition (the document submitted to the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party in September 1927) (2 ed.). London: New Park Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-0-902030-41-1.
* Trotskij, Lev; Zinov'ev, Grigorij (1969). La piattaforma dell'opposizione nell'URSS [The platform of opposition in the USSR] (in Italian). Rome: Samonà e Savelli Editore. A000091776.
* Venclova, Tomas (Summer 2009). "Lithuanian dissent in the context of Central and Eastern Europe: 1953–1980". Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. 55 (2): 38–50.
* Voinovich, Vladimir (1994). Дело № 34840 [The Case No 34840] (in Russian). Moscow: Text. ISBN 978-5871060957.
* Yakunin, Gleb (January 1994). "First open letter to Patriarch Aleksi II". Religion, State and Society. 22 (3): 311–316\. doi:10.1080/09637499408431652.
* Yakunin, Gleb (January 1994). "Second open letter to Patriarch Aleksi II". Religion, State and Society. 22 (3): 320–321\. doi:10.1080/09637499408431655.

## Audiovisual material

[edit]

Collapsed list

* Альфавит инакомыслия [Alphabet of dissent]. Радио Свобода (in Russian). Radio Liberty.
* Natella Boltyanskaya (16 March 2016). "Episode One – Dissidents: Who are they?". Voice of America. Parallels, Events, People.
* Natella Boltyanskaya (16 March 2016). "Episode Two – Dissidents: What did they want?". Voice of America. Parallels, Events, People.
* Лошак, Андрей (3 September 2013). Анатомия процесса [The anatomy of a trial (video of the documentary)] (in Russian). TV Rain.
* Певзнер, Гелия (31 May 2016). Сергей Ковалев: "Голоса мудрецов — ничтожная доля процента" [Sergei Kovalev: Voices of sages is a tiny fraction of percent] (in Russian). Radio France Internationale.
* Подрабинек, Александр (31 May 2014). Военная экспансия и репрессии [Military expansion and repression]. Радио Свобода (in Russian). Radio Liberty.
* Vladimir V. Kara-Murza (22 August 2013). "They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents (The documentary in English available to watch online)". Institute of Modern Russia. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
* The history of the MHG and human rights movement, in Russian, 53 min on YouTube
* Václav Havel and Soviet Dissidents, 8 min on YouTube
* "Nonconformism and Dissent in the Soviet Bloc: Guiding Legacy or Passing Memory?". Harriman Institute, Columbia University. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
* Day 1, Panel 1, 84 min on YouTube
* Day 2, Panel 1, 134 min on YouTube
* Day 2, Panel 2, 119 min on YouTube
* Day 2, Panel 3, 112 min on YouTube
* Day 3, Panel 1, 83 min on YouTube
* Day 3, Panel 2, 106 min on YouTube
* Day 3, Panel 3, 107 min on YouTube

* v
* t
* e

Soviet dissidents

* Human rights movement in the Soviet Union: Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
* Committee on Human Rights in the USSR
* Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund
* Moscow Helsinki Group
* Ukrainian Helsinki Group
* Lithuanian Helsinki Group‎
* Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
* Helsinki-86
* Memorial

* Mikhail Agursky
* Vasily Aksyonov
* Lyudmila Alexeyeva
* Andrei Amalrik
* Chabua Amirejibi
* Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko
* Gunārs Astra
* Mykola Bakay
* Anna Barkova
* Vasyl Barladianu
* Vasile Bătrânac
* Arkadiy Belinkov
* Nikolai Berdyaev
* Yuri Bezmenov
* Larisa Bogoraz
* Alexander Bolonkin
* Yelena Bonner
* Leonid Borodin
* Vladimir Bougrine
* Gheorghe Briceag
* Joseph Brodsky
* Vladimir Bukovsky
* Valery Chalidze
* Lev Chernyi
* Boris Chichibabin
* Viacheslav Chornovil
* Lydia Chukovskaya
* Yuli Daniel
* Vadim Delaunay
* Andrey Derevyankin
* David Devdariani
* Ivan Drach
* Yuri Druzhnikov
* Mustafa Dzhemilev
* Ivan Dziuba
* Abulfaz Elchibey
* Alexander Esenin-Volpin
* Eliyahu Essas
* Efim Etkind
* Benjamin Fain
* Viktor Fainberg
* Moysey Fishbein
* Ilya Gabay
* Balys Gajauskas
* Yuri Galanskov
* Alexander Galich
* Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
* Zviad Gamsakhurdia
* Vladimir Gershuni
* Gheorghe Ghimpu
* Alexander Ginzburg
* Yevgenia Ginzburg
* Anatoly Gladilin
* Nikolay Glazkov
* Semyon Gluzman
* Natalya Gorbanevskaya
* Valeriu Graur
* Pyotr Grigorenko
* Sergei Grigoryants
* Vasily Grossman
* Igor Guberman
* Tengiz Gudava
* Paruyr Hayrikyan
* Ivan Hel
* Oleksa Hirnyk
* Mykola Horbal
* Bohdan Horyn
* Mykhailo Horyn
* Grigory Isayev
* Boris Kagarlitsky
* Romas Kalanta
* Sofiya Kalistratova
* Ihor Kalynets
* Iryna Kalynets
* Vitaliy Kalynychenko
* Dina Kaminskaya
* Ivan Kandyba
* Ephraim Kholmyansky
* Yuliy Kim
* Nikolai Klyuev
* Lev Kopelev
* Boris Korczak
* Anatoly Koryagin
* Nahum Korzhavin
* Merab Kostava
* Lina Kostenko
* Sergei Kovalev
* Zoya Krakhmalnikova
* Victor Krasin
* Yuri Kublanovsky
* Jüri Kukk
* Anatoly Kuznetsov
* Eduard Kuznetsov
* Malva Landa
* Alexander Lavut
* Mikhail Leontovich
* Alexander Lerner
* Yaroslav Lesiv
* Eugene Levich
* Veniamin Levich
* Eduard Limonov
* Jüri Lina
* Pavel Litvinov
* Levko Lukyanenko
* Nikolay Lossky
* Kronid Lyubarsky
* Michail J. Makarenko
* Vasyl Makukh
* Guram Mamulia
* Nadezhda Mandelstam
* Anatoly Marchenko
* Valeriy Marchenko
* Boris Marian
* Myroslav Marynovych
* Mikhail Makarenko
* Grigorii Maksimov
* Roy Medvedev
* Zhores Medvedev
* Naum Meiman
* Mykhailo Melnyk
* Alexander Men
* Yosef Mendelevitch
* Vazif Meylanov
* Andrei Mironov
* Ion Moraru
* Viktor Nekipelov
* Viktor Nekrasov
* Alexander Nekrich
* Valeriya Novodvorskaya
* Vasile Odobescu
* Alexander Ogorodnikov
* Yuri Orlov
* Raisa Orlova
* Yulian Panich
* Lagle Parek
* Boris Pasternak
* Konstantin Paustovsky
* Gleb Pavlovsky
* Zianon Pazniak
* Yekaterina Peshkova
* Viktoras Petkus
* Alexander Piatigorsky
* Vadim Pirogan
* Leonid Plyushch
* Alexander Podrabinek
* Grigory Pomerants
* Vladimir Pribylovsky
* Dmitri Prigov
* Anatoly Pristavkin
* Boris Pustyntsev
* Irina Ratushinskaya
* Eliyahu Rips
* Arseny Roginsky
* Maria Rozanova
* Mykola Rudenko
* Yuly Rybakov
* Ain Saar
* Valery Sablin
* Andrei Sakharov
* Dmitri Savitski
* Shmuel Schneurson
* Iryna Senyk
* Victor Serge
* Efraim Sevela
* Igor Shafarevich
* Varlam Shalamov
* Avital Sharansky
* Natan Sharansky
* Alexander Shatravka
* Vladimir Shelkov
* Yurii Shukhevych
* Danylo Shumuk
* Andrei Sinyavsky
* Vladimir Slepak
* Victor Sokolov
* Sergei Soldatov
* Alexandru Șoltoianu
* Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* Pitirim Sorokin
* Galina Starovoytova
* Vladimir Strelnikov
* Aleksandras Štromas
* Vasyl Stus
* Nadiya Svitlychna
* Ivan Svitlichny
* Vasyl Symonenko
* Les Tanyuk
* Alexander Tarasov
* Valery Tarsis
* Enn Tarto
* Lev Timofeev
* Valentin Turchin
* Andrei Tverdokhlebov
* Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgăr
* Tatyana Velikanova
* Tomas Venclova
* Georgi Vins
* Georgi Vladimov
* Vladimir Voinovich
* Michael Voslenski
* Anatoly Yakobson
* Gleb Yakunin
* Venedikt Yerofeyev
* Victor Zâmbrea
* Yevgeny Zamyatin
* Alexander Zinoviev
* Yosyf Zisels

* v
* t
* e

Soviet Union topics

* Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
* Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
* Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union

History|

* Index of Soviet Union–related articles
* Outline
* Russian Revolution
* February
* October
* Russian Civil War
* Russian SFSR
* Creation treaty
* New Economic Policy
* Stalinism
* Great Purge
* Great Patriotic War (World War II)
* Evacuation
* The Holocaust
* Cold War
* Khrushchev thaw
* Sino-Soviet split
* Soviet space program
* Caribbean Crisis
* Stagnation
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Perestroika
* Glasnost
* Chernobyl disaster
* Revolutions of 1989
* August Coup
* Parade of sovereignties
* Dissolution
* Transition period and cessation of the existence
* Succession, continuity and legacy
* Post-Soviet states
* Nostalgia

Geography|

| Subdivisions|

* Republics
* Autonomous
* Krais
* Oblasts
* Autonomous
* Autonomous okrugs
* Closed city

|

Regions|

* Baltic States
* Caspian Sea
* Caucasus Mountains
* Central Asia
* Crimea
* European Russia
* North Caucasus
* Russian Far East
* Siberia
* Transcaucasia
* Ural Mountains
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Politics|

| General|

* Conscription
* Constitution
* 1924
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* Elections
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* Gun control
* Government
* List
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* Soviet anti-Zionism

|

Bodies|

* Communist Party
* organisation
* Congress
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* Secretariat
* General Secretary
* Congress of Soviets (1922–1936)
* Supreme Soviet (1938–1991)
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* Supreme Court
* Military Collegium
* All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions
* Creative unions

Offices|

* Heads of state
* President
* Premier
* Deputy Premier
* First Deputy Premier

Security services|

* Cheka
* GPU
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* Destruction battalions
* MVD
* Militsiya
* MGB
* KGB
* Chairmen
* Soviet Border Troops
* Soviet Armed Forces
* Soviet Army/Spetsnaz GRU • Soviet Navy • Soviet Air Forces/Soviet Airborne Forces

Political repression|

* Red Terror
* Collectivization
* Great Purge
* Population transfer
* Forced labor
* Foreign forced labor
* POW labor
* Gulag
* List
* Holodomor
* Political abuse of psychiatry
* Anti-abuse struggle
* War crimes
* Atrocities against prisoners of war

Ideological repression|

* Persecution of Christians
* Eastern Catholics
* Science
* Censorship
* Censorship of images

Economy|

* Agriculture
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* Central Bank
* State Labor Savings Banks System
* Economic planning
* Energy policy
* Enterprises
* Five-year plans
* Industrialization
* Internet domain
* Inventions
* Net material product
* OGAS
* Economic reforms
* 1956–1962 Wage reform
* 1957
* 1965
* 1973
* 1979
* Rouble (currency)
* Monetary reforms
* 1947
* 1961
* 1991
* Automotive industry
* Construction

Transport|

* Ministry of Railways
* Railway system
* Rail transport
* Railway electrification
* List of metro systems
* Vehicle registration plates

Science|

* Communist Academy
* Cybernetics
* Academy of Sciences
* Academy of Medical Sciences
* Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
* Sharashkas
* Naukograds
* List

Society|

* Antisemitism
* Crime
* Demographics
* Soviet people
* Working class
* 1989 census
* Drug policy
* Ethnic conflicts
* Family
* Languages
* Linguistics
* Cyrillisation
* Prohibition
* Racism

Culture|

* Ballet
* Cinema
* Fashion
* Literature
* Music
* Opera
* Phraseology
* Printed media
* Propaganda
* Publishing houses
* Religion
* Islam
* Sports
* Stalinist architecture
* Broadcasting
* Radio
* Television

Opposition|

* Anti-Soviet agitation
* Soviet dissidents and their groups
* List

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Republics
* Emblem
* Republics
* Flag
* Republics
* Hammer and sickle

* Soviet Union portal
* Category

Authority control databases |

* NARA
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

|

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