Soyuz (rocket family)

Russian and Soviet rocket family

For the spacecraft of the same name, see Soyuz (spacecraft).

Soyuz

A Soyuz-FG rocket carrying the Soyuz TMA-9 spacecraft launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on 18 September 2006.

Function| Medium-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer| RKT Progress
Country of origin| Soviet Union * Russia
Size
Stages| 3
Associated rockets
Family| R-7
Launch history
Status| Active
Launch sites|

* Baikonur, Sites 1/5 and 31/6
* Guiana, ELS
* Plesetsk, Sites 16, 41 and 43
* Vostochny, Site 1S

First flight| 28 November 1966
Carries passengers or cargo| Soyuz
Progress

[edit on Wikidata]

Soyuz (Russian: Союз, lit. 'union', GRAU index: 11A511) is a family of Soviet and later Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicles initially developed by the OKB-1 design bureau and manufactured by the Progress Rocket Space Centre factory in Samara, Russia. It holds the record for the most launches in the history of spaceflight. Soyuz rockets are part of the R-7 rocket family, which evolved from the R-7 Semyorka, the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.

As with many Soviet rockets, the names of recurring payloads became associated with the launch vehicle itself. Consequently, the Soyuz rockets are best known as the launch vehicles for crewed Soyuz spacecraft under the Soyuz programme, as well as for uncrewed Progress cargo spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS). Despite this recognition, the majority of Soyuz launches have been dedicated to deploying satellites for both governmental and commercial purposes.

All variants of the Soyuz rocket use kerosene (RP-1) fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX), with the exception of the Soyuz-U2, which used Syntin (a variant of RP-1) with LOX.

From the final flight of the Space Shuttle program in 2011 until SpaceX's first crewed mission in 2020, Soyuz rockets were the only approved launch vehicles for transporting astronauts to the ISS.

## History

[edit]

Soyuz rocket engines

### Development

[edit]

Main articles: Soyuz (rocket), Soyuz-U, and Soyuz-FG

The Soyuz launcher was introduced in 1966, deriving from the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7a intercontinental ballistic missile. It was initially a three-stage rocket with a Block I upper stage. The first four test launches were all failures, but eventually it worked.[1] Later a Molniya variant was produced by adding a fourth stage, allowing it to reach the highly elliptical Molniya orbit. A later variant was the Soyuz-U.[2] While the exact model and variant designations were kept secret from the west, the Soyuz launcher was referred to by either the United States Department of Defense designation of SL-4, or the Sheldon designation of A-2 (developed by Charles S. Sheldon, an analyst with the Library of Congress). Both systems for naming Soviet rockets stopped being used as more accurate information became available.[3]

The production of Soyuz launchers reached a peak of 60 per year in the early 1980s. It has become the world's most used space launcher, flying over 1700 times, far more than any other rocket. Despite its age and perhaps thanks to its simplicity, this rocket family has been notable for its low cost and high reliability.[4]

### Soyuz / Fregat

[edit]

Main article: Fregat

Soyuz-FG erected at the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch pad 1/5 (nicknamed Gagarin's Start) ahead of Soyuz TMA-13 in October 2008.

In the early 1990s plans were made for a redesigned Soyuz with a Fregat upper stage. The Fregat engine was developed by NPO Lavochkin from the propulsion module of its Phobos interplanetary probes. Although endorsed by the Roscosmos and the Russian Ministry of Defence in 1993 and designated "Rus" as a Russification and modernisation of Soyuz, and later renamed Soyuz-2, a funding shortage prevented implementation of the plan. The creation of Starsem in July 1996 provided new funding for the creation of a less ambitious variant, the Soyuz-Fregat or Soyuz-U/Fregat. This consisted of a slightly modified Soyuz-U combined with the Fregat upper stage, with a capacity of up to 1350 kg to geostationary transfer orbit. In April 1997, Starsem obtained a contract from the European Space Agency (ESA) to launch two pairs of Cluster II plasma science satellites using the Soyuz-Fregat. Before the introduction of this new model, Starsem launched 24 satellites of the Globalstar constellation in 6 launches with a restartable Ikar upper stage, between 22 September 1999 and 22 November 1999. After successful test flights of Soyuz-Fregat on 9 February 2000 and 20 March 2000, the Cluster II satellites were launched on 16 July 2000 and 9 August 2000. Another Soyuz-Fregat launched the ESA's Mars Express probe from Baikonur in June 2003. Now the Soyuz-Fregat launcher is used by Starsem for commercial payloads.

### ISS crew transport

[edit]

Between 1 February 2003 and 26 July 2005 with the grounding of the United States Space Shuttle fleet, Soyuz was the only means of transportation to and from the International Space Station. This included the transfer of supplies, via Progress spacecraft, and crew changeovers. After the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011, the United States space program was without any means to take astronauts into orbit, and NASA was dependent on the Soyuz to send crew into space until 2020.[5] NASA resumed crewed flights from the United States in 2020 through the Commercial Crew Development program.

### Recent incidents

[edit]

A long streak of successful Soyuz launches was broken on 15 October 2002 when the uncrewed Soyuz-U launch of the Photon-M satellite from Plesetsk fell back near the launch pad and exploded 29 seconds after lift-off. One person from the ground crew was killed and eight were injured.

Another failure occurred on 21 June 2005, during a Molniya military communications satellite launch from the Plesetsk launch site, which used a four-stage version of the rocket called Molniya-M. The flight ended six minutes after the launch because of a failure of the third stage engine or an unfulfilled order to separate the second and third stages. The rocket's second and third stages, which are identical to the Soyuz, and its payload (a Molniya-3K satellite) crashed in the Uvatsky region of Tyumen (Siberia).[citation needed]

On 24 August 2011, an uncrewed Soyuz-U carrying cargo to the International Space Station crashed, failing to reach orbit. On December 23, 2011, a Soyuz-2.1b launching a Meridian 5 military communications satellite failed in the 7th minute of launch because of an anomaly in the third stage.[6]

On 11 October 2018, the Soyuz MS-10 mission to the International Space Station failed to reach orbit after an issue with the main booster. The launch escape system was used to pull the Soyuz spacecraft away from the malfunctioning rocket. The two crew, Aleksey Ovchinin and Nick Hague, followed a ballistic trajectory and landed safely over 400 km downrange from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

### Soyuz 2

[edit]

Main articles: Soyuz-2 and Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre

Soyuz 2 ready to launch (2007)

The venerable Soyuz launcher was gradually replaced by a new version, named Soyuz 2, which has a new digital guidance system and a highly modified third stage with a new engine. The first development version of Soyuz 2 called Soyuz 2.1a, which is equipped with the digital guidance system, but is still propelled by an old third stage engine, started on 4 November 2004 from Plesetsk on a suborbital test flight, followed by an orbital flight on 23 October 2006 from Baikonur. The fully modified launcher (version Soyuz 2.1b) flew first on 27 December 2006 with the CoRoT satellite from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

On 19 January 2005, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Roscosmos agreed to launch Soyuz ST rockets from the Guiana Space Centre.[7] The equatorial launch site allows the Soyuz to deliver 2.7 to 4.9 tonnes into Sun-synchronous orbit, depending on the third-stage engine used.[8] Construction of a new pad started in 2005 and was completed in April 2011. The pad used vertical loading common at French Guiana, unlike the horizontal loading used at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.[9] A simulated launch was conducted in early May 2011.[10] The first operational launch happened on 21 October 2011, bearing the first two satellites in Galileo global positioning system.

The Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG rockets were gradually replaced by Soyuz 2 from 2014 until 2019. Soyuz-U was retired in 2017,[11] while Soyuz-FG carried astronaut crews to the ISS until September 2019 (final flight, Soyuz MS-15, on 25 September 2019).

* Soyuz-2.1b (2018)

* From left: Soyuz-2.1v, Soyuz-2.1a, Soyuz-2.1b and Soyuz-5)

## Variants

[edit]

Soyuz-FG launch

See also: R-7 (rocket family)

* Soyuz (1966–1975)
* Soyuz-L (1970–1971)
* Soyuz-M (1971–1976)
* Soyuz-U (1973–2017)
* Soyuz-U2 (1982–1995)
* Soyuz-FG (2001–2019)
* Soyuz-2 (2006–present)
* Soyuz-ST (2011–2022)

The Molniya-M (1964–2010) was also derived from the Soyuz family.

## Assembly

[edit]

Soyuz rocket assembly: the first and second stages are in the background, already joined; the third stage is in the lower left corner of the image. The Soyuz spacecraft, covered by its launch shroud, is in the lower right corner.

The rocket is assembled horizontally in the Assembly and Testing Building. The assembled rocket is transported to the launch site in its horizontal state and then raised. This is different from the vertical assembly of, for example, the Saturn V, and is one of the features that makes Soyuz cheaper to prepare for launch. Assembling a horizontally positioned rocket is relatively simple as all modules are easily accessible. Assembling the rocket in vertical position would require a windproof high-rise hangar, which was not considered financially feasible at the time the rocket was designed, due to the failing economy of the Soviet Union.

## Prelaunch

[edit]

Soyuz TMA-13 being erected at the Gagarin's Start launch pad, 10 October 2008.

The entire rocket is suspended in the launch system by the load-bearing mechanisms on the strap-on boosters where they are attached to the central core. The latter rests on the nose sections of the strap-on boosters. This scheme resembles flight conditions when the strap-on boosters push the central core forward. The concept of suspending the rocket was one of the novelties introduced with the R-7/Soyuz.

Since the launch pad has been eliminated, the bottom portion of the rocket is lowered. The launch system trusses bear the wind loads. Resistance to high wind is an important feature of the launch system, as the Kazakhstan steppes, where the Baikonur launch site is located, are known for windstorms.

## Launch

[edit]

A Soyuz-U on the launch pad, ahead of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) launch on 15 July 1975.

The engines are ignited by electrically initiated pyrotechnic flares, mounted on birch poles, which are ignited at approximately T-20 seconds, a few seconds before fuel components are introduced into the combustion chamber.[12] This sequence rarely fails due to its simplicity.[13] During launch, the support booms track the movement of the rocket. After the support boom heads emerge from the special support recess in the nose sections of the strapons, the support booms and trusses disconnect from the rocket airframe, swiveling on the support axes and freeing the way for the rocket to lift off. During launch, the rocket and the launch facility form a single dynamic system.[clarification needed]

When the strap-on booster engines stop, the boosters fall away, providing nonimpact separation. If the skies are clear, ground observers can see a Korolev cross formed by the falling boosters.

## Fairings used for uncrewed missions

[edit]

The Soyuz launch vehicle is used for various Russian uncrewed missions and is also marketed by Starsem for commercial satellite launches. Presently the following fairing types are used:

Progress is the cargo spacecraft for uncrewed missions to the ISS and previously to Mir. The spacecraft uses a dedicated platform and fairing and can be launched with either Soyuz-U, Soyuz-FG or Soyuz-2.

A-type fairing is used for commercial launches.

S-type fairing is used for commercial launches by Starsem. The fairing has external diameter of 3.7 m and a length of 7.7 m. The Fregat upper stage is encapsulated in the fairing with the payload and a payload adapter/dispenser.[14] S-type fairing along with Fregat upper stage were used to launch the following spacecraft: Galaxy 14, GIOVE A, Mars Express, AMOS-2, Venus Express, Cluster.[15]

SL-type fairing is used for commercial launches by Starsem. The fairing has external diameter of 3.7 m and a length of 8.45 m. The Fregat upper stage is encapsulated in the fairing with the payload and a payload adapter/dispenser.[16] SL-type fairing along with Fregat upper stage were used to launch the following spacecraft: CoRoT.

ST-type fairing is used for commercial launches by Starsem. Its external diameter is 4.1 m and its length is 11.4 m. It can be used with the Soyuz-2 only, because older analog control system cannot cope with aerodynamic instability introduced by a fairing this large. This carbon-plastic fairing is based on the proven configuration used for Arianespace's Ariane 4 vehicles, with its length increased by approximately one additional meter.[17] The fairing has been developed and is being manufactured by TsSKB-Progress in accordance with the requirements of a customer (Starsem). This is the only fairing type offered by Starsem/Arianespace for launches from Kourou.[18] Progress M-UM is the only Progress Spacecraft that was launched while being enclosed in a ST fairing.

## Stages

[edit]

Exploded plan of Soyuz FG rocket

### First stage

[edit]

The first stage hauling the Soyuz TMA-9 crew up to the ISS, 2006.

The first stage of Soyuz rockets consists of four identical conical liquid booster rockets strapped to the second stage core. These boosters are also called Blok-B, V, G, and D.[a] Each engine has four main combustion chambers and two vernier thruster combustion chambers for attitude control. The engine is pump-fed by a hydrogen peroxide gas generator. Propellant tanks are pressurized using liquid nitrogen vaporization.[19]

Statistics (each of 4 boosters):

* Height: 19.6 metres (64 feet 4 inches)
* Diameter: 2.68 metres (8 feet 10 inches)
* Empty mass: 3,784 kilograms (8,342 lb)
* Gross mass: 43,400 kilograms (95,700 lb)
* Propellant mass: 39,160 kilograms (86,330 lb)
* Oxidizer load (liquid oxygen): 27,900 kilograms (61,500 lb)
* Fuel load (RP-1): 11,260 kilograms (24,820 lb)
* Powered by: 1 × RD-107A
* Maximum thrust:
* At sea level: 838.5 kilonewtons (188,500 lbf)
* In vacuum: 1,021.3 kilonewtons (229,600 lbf)
* Specific impulse:
* At sea level: 262 seconds (2.57 km/s)
* In vacuum: 319 seconds (3.13 km/s)
* Burn time: 118 seconds
* Throttling: two-level
* Stage separation: Pyrotechnic fastener/springs/reaction nozzle

### Second stage

[edit]

Here the four first-stage boosters fall away (Soyuz TMA-12), creating a cross smoke pattern in the sky, also known as a Korolev cross.

The Soyuz booster's second stage, also called Blok-A, is a single, generally cylindrical stage with one motor at the base, activated alongside the first-stage boosters. Like each first-stage booster, it also has four combustion chambers but with four (instead of two) vernier thruster combustion chambers for attitude control. The engine is pump-fed by a hydrogen peroxide gas generator. Propellant tanks are pressurized using liquid nitrogen vaporization. The second stage tapers toward the bottom, allowing the four first-stage rockets to fit more closely together.

Statistics:

* Height: 27.1 metres (88 feet 11 inches)
* Diameter: 2.95 metres (9 feet 8 inches)
* Empty mass: 6,545 kilograms (14,429 lb)
* Gross mass: 99,765 kilograms (219,944 lb)
* Propellant mass: 90,100 kilograms (198,600 lb)
* Oxidizer load (liquid oxygen): 63,800 kilograms (140,700 lb)
* Fuel load (RP-1): 26,300 kilograms (58,000 lb)
* Powered by: 1 × RD-108A
* Maximum thrust:
* At sea level: 792.5 kilonewtons (178,200 lbf)
* In vacuum: 990.2 kilonewtons (222,600 lbf)
* Specific impulse:
* At sea level: 255 seconds (2.50 km/s)
* In vacuum: 319 seconds (3.13 km/s)
* Burn time: 286 seconds
* Throttling: one-level
* Stage separation: Pyrotechnic fastener/hot staging

### Third stage

[edit]

One of the common payloads of the Soyuz rocket family, a Soyuz spacecraft. This one is for Apollo Soyuz Test Project, an international docking mission with Apollo spacecraft of the United States.

There are two variant upper stages in use, the Blok-I (used on the Soyuz 2.1a) and the Improved Blok-I (used on the Soyuz 2.1b).[20]

Statistics:

* Height: 6.7 metres (22 feet 0 inches)
* Diameter: 2.66 metres (8 feet 9 inches)
* Empty mass: 2,355 kilograms (5,192 lb)
* Gross mass: 27,755 kilograms (61,189 lb)
* Propellant mass: 25,400 kilograms (56,000 lb)
* Oxidizer load (liquid oxygen): 17,800 kilograms (39,200 lb)
* Fuel load (RP-1): 7,600 kilograms (16,800 lb)
* Blok-I powered by: 1 × RD-0110 with four main combustion chambers and four vernier thrusters combustion chambers for attitude control. The engine is pump-fed by using gas pressure generated by the vernier thrusters. The propellant tanks are pressurized with oxygen vaporization and generator gases.
* Maximum thrust: 297.9 kilonewtons (67,000 lbf)
* Specific impulse: 325 seconds (3.19 km/s)
* Chamber pressure 6.8 MPa (986 psi)
* Burn time: 250 seconds
* Improved Blok-I powered by: 1 × RD-0124 with four main combustion chambers, each gimbaling in one axis for attitude control. The engine is pump-fed by using a closed-cycle gas generator. The propellant tanks are pressurized with helium vaporization.
* Maximum thrust: 297.9 kilonewtons (67,000 lbf)
* Specific impulse: 359 seconds (3.52 km/s)
* Chamber pressure 16.2 MPa (2350 psi)
* Burn time: 270 seconds

## See also

[edit]

* Spaceflight portal

* Comparison of orbital launchers families
* List of R-7 launches, including launches of the Soyuz rocket family
* Delta (rocket family)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ This is a transliteration of the second through fifth letters of the Cyrillic alphabet (Б, В, Г, Д). The English translation is Block B, C, D and E.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ The Great Soviet Cosmonaut Conspiracy - Soyuz Conspiracy - Timeline
2. ^ ""Soyuz" - series launch vehicles". Samara Space Centre. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
3. ^ Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (12 March 2013). The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-1-4614-5459-5.
4. ^ "Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel". European Space Agency. 29 March 2013.
5. ^ Clark, Stephen (27 May 2014). "NASA's latest Soyuz seat procurement may be its last". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
6. ^ Amos, Jonathan (23 December 2011). "Another Soyuz rocket launch fails". BBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
7. ^ "Closer ties between ESA and Russia". European Space Agency. 19 January 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
8. ^ "Soyuz at the European Spaceport" (PDF). European Space Agency. November 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
9. ^ "Soyuz launch site ready for first flight". European Space Agency. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
10. ^ "First Soyuz almost ready for launch from French Guiana". European Space Agency. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
11. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (21 February 2017). "Longest-serving rocket in history bids farewell with Progress MS-05 launch". NasaSpaceFlight.com.
12. ^ Zak, Anatoly (17 March 2016). "Russia Actually Lights Rockets With an Oversized Wooden Match". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
13. ^ "Soyuz Rocket suffers rare Abort at Ignition – Soyuz | Resurs-P No.3 |Spaceflight101". spaceflight101.com. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
14. ^ "Soyuz Launch Vehicle". Starsem. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
15. ^ "Carrier rocket Soyuz-FG with RB Frigate". federalspace.ru. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
16. ^ "Arianespace and Starsem to orbit COROT" (PDF). Starsem. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
17. ^ "Soyuz: Overview". Arianespace. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
18. ^ "Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre: User's Manual" (PDF). Arianespace. June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
19. ^ Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre User's Manual Issue 2 (PDF). Arianespace. March 2012. p. 1-6. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
20. ^ Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre User's Manual Issue 1 (PDF). Arianespace. June 2006. p. 1-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* International Reference Guide to Space Launch Systems, Third Edition, Iaskowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins ed., 1999, Reston, Virginia, AIAA Publications. ISBN 1-56347-353-4

## External links

[edit]

* Starsem
* Soyuz launch log at Starsem
* Soyuz-U/Fregat
* Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel
* Soyuz Booster Family
* Soyuz User's Manual - Arianespace

* v
* t
* e

Soyuz programme

* List of Soyuz missions
* List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
* List of Russian human spaceflight missions

Main topics|

* Soyuz (rocket family)
* Soyuz (spacecraft)
* Baikonur Cosmodrome
* Site 1/5
* Site 31/6
* Soyuz abort modes
* Cosmonaut ranks and positions

Past missions
(by spacecraft type)|

| Soyuz 7K-OK (1966–1970)|

* Kosmos 133†
* Soyuz 7K-OK No.1† (uncrewed)
* Kosmos 140
* Soyuz 1†
* Kosmos 186
* 188
* 212
* 213
* 238
* Soyuz 2 (uncrewed)
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

|

Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970)
(Zond lunar programme)|

* Kosmos 146
* 154†
* Zond 1967A†
* 1967B†
* Zond 4
* 1968A†
* 1968B†
* 5
* 6
* 1969A†
* Zond-M 1†
* M 2†
* Zond 7
* 8
* 9
* 10

Soyuz 7K-L1E (1969–1970)|

* Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1†
* Kosmos 382

Soyuz 7K-LOK (1971–1972)|

* Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1†
* No.2†

Soyuz 7K-OKS (1971)|

* Soyuz 10†
* 11†

Soyuz 7K-T (1972–1981)|

* Kosmos 496
* 573
* Soyuz 12
* Kosmos 613
* Soyuz 13
* Kosmos 656
* Soyuz 14
* 15†
* 17
* 18a†
* 18
* 20 (uncrewed)
* 21
* 23†
* 24
* 25†
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31
* 32 (uncrewed landing)
* 33†
* 34 (uncrewed launch)
* 35
* 36
* 37
* 38
* 39
* 40

Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976)|

* Kosmos 638
* 672
* Soyuz 16
* 19 (Apollo–Soyuz)
* 22

Soyuz 7K-S (1974–1976)|

* Kosmos 670
* 772†
* 869†

Soyuz-T (1978–1986)|

* Kosmos 1001†
* 1074
* Soyuz T-1 (uncrewed)
* T-2
* T-3
* T-4
* T-5
* T-6
* T-7
* T-8†
* T-9
* T-10a†
* T-10
* T-11
* T-12
* T-13
* T-14
* T-15

Soyuz-TM (1986–2002)|

* Soyuz TM-1 (uncrewed)
* TM-2
* TM-3
* TM-4
* TM-5
* TM-6
* TM-7
* TM-8
* TM-9
* TM-10
* TM-11
* TM-12
* TM-13
* TM-14
* TM-15
* TM-16
* TM-17
* TM-18
* TM-19
* TM-20
* TM-21
* TM-22
* TM-23
* TM-24
* TM-25
* TM-26
* TM-27
* TM-28
* TM-29
* TM-30
* TM-31
* TM-32
* TM-33
* TM-34

Soyuz-TMA (2002–2012)|

* Soyuz TMA-1
* TMA-2
* TMA-3
* TMA-4
* TMA-5
* TMA-6
* TMA-7
* TMA-8
* TMA-9
* TMA-10
* TMA-11
* TMA-12
* TMA-13
* TMA-14
* TMA-15
* TMA-16
* TMA-17
* TMA-18
* TMA-19
* TMA-20
* TMA-21
* TMA-22

Soyuz-TMA-M (2010–2016)|

* Soyuz TMA-01M
* TMA-02M
* TMA-03M
* TMA-04M
* TMA-05M
* TMA-06M
* TMA-07M
* TMA-08M
* TMA-09M
* TMA-10M
* TMA-11M
* TMA-12M
* TMA-13M
* TMA-14M
* TMA-15M
* TMA-16M
* TMA-17M
* TMA-18M
* TMA-19M
* TMA-20M

Soyuz MS (2016–present)|

* Soyuz MS-01
* MS-02
* MS-03
* MS-04
* MS-05
* MS-06
* MS-07
* MS-08
* MS-09
* MS-10†
* MS-11
* MS-12
* MS-13
* MS-14 (uncrewed)
* MS-15
* MS-16
* MS-17
* MS-18
* MS-19
* MS-20
* MS-21
* MS-22 (uncrewed landing)
* MS-23 (uncrewed launch)
* MS-24
* MS-25
* MS-26

Current missions|

* MS-27

Future missions|

* 2025
* MS-28
* 2026
* MS-29

Uncrewed missions are designated as Kosmos instead of Soyuz; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions.

* v
* t
* e

Soviet and Russian launch vehicles

Active|

* Angara
* 1.2
* A5
* Soyuz-2
* 2.1a
* 2.1b
* UR
* Proton-M

In development|

* Amur
* Irtysh
* Yenisei

Retired|

* Dnepr
* Energia
* Kosmos
* 1
* 2I
* 3
* 3M
* N1
* R-7
* Luna
* Molniya
* M
* L
* Polyot
* Soyuz
* original
* L
* M
* U
* U2
* FG
* 2.1v
* Soyuz/Vostok
* Sputnik
* Voskhod
* Vostok
* L
* K
* 2
* 2M
* R-29
* Shtil'
* Volna
* Start-1
* Tsyklon
* original
* 2
* 3
* UR
* UR-500
* Proton-K
* Rokot
* Strela
* Zenit
* 2
* 2M
* 3SL
* 3SLB
* 3F

Cancelled (no launch attempts)|

* Tsyklon-4
* Proton
* Light
* Medium

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launch systems

* List of orbital launch systems
* Comparison of orbital launch systems

Current|

* Angara
* 1.2
* A5
* Ariane 6
* Atlas V
* Ceres
* 1
* 1S
* Chollima-1
* Electron
* Falcon 9 Block 5
* Falcon Heavy
* Firefly Alpha
* Gravity-1
* GSLV
* H-IIA
* H3
* Hyperbola-1
* Jielong
* 1
* 3
* KAIROS†
* Kaituozhe 2
* Kinetica 1
* Kuaizhou
* 1
* 1A
* 11
* Long March
* 2C
* 2D
* 2F
* 3A
* 3B/E
* 3C
* 4B
* 4C
* 5
* 5B
* 6
* 6A
* 6C
* 7
* 7A
* 8
* 11
* 11H
* 12
* LVM3
* Minotaur
* I
* IV
* V
* C
* New Glenn
* Nuri
* OS-M1†
* Pegasus XL
* Proton-M
* PSLV
* Qaem 100
* Qased
* Shavit 2
* Simorgh
* SLS
* Block 1
* Soyuz-2
* 2.1a / STA
* 2.1b / STB
* Spectrum†
* SSLV
* Starship
* Tianlong-2
* Unha
* Vega
* C
* Vulcan Centaur
* Zhuque
* 2

In development|

* Antares 330
* Bloostar
* Blue Whale 1
* Cyclone-4M
* Deca
* Eclipse
* Epsilon S
* Eris
* Gravity-2
* HANBIT-NANO
* Hyperbola-2
* Irtysh
* KSLV-III
* Kuaizhou
* 21
* 31
* Long March
* 9
* 10
* Miura 5
* Neutron
* New Line 1
* NGLV
* Nova
* OS-M
* 2
* 4
* Orbex Prime
* Pallas-1
* Red Dwarf
* RFA One
* SLS
* Block 1B
* Block 2
* Soyuz-7
* Terran R
* Tianlong-3
* VLM
* Vega E
* Zero
* Zhuque
* 3
* Zuljanah

Retired|

* Antares
* 110
* 120
* 130†
* 230
* 230+
* Ariane
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* ASLV
* Athena
* I
* II
* Atlas
* B
* D
* E/F
* G
* H
* I
* II
* III
* LV-3B
* SLV-3
* Able†
* Agena
* Centaur
* Black Arrow
* Conestoga†
* Delta
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* G
* J
* L
* M
* N
* 0100
* 1000
* 2000
* 3000
* 4000
* 5000
* II
* III
* IV
* IV Heavy
* Diamant
* Dnepr
* Energia
* Epsilon
* Europa
* I†
* II†
* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* v1.0
* v1.1
* v1.2 "Full Thrust"
* Feng Bao 1
* GSLV
* Mk I
* H-I
* H-II
* H-IIB
* Juno I
* Juno II
* Kaituozhe-1
* Kosmos
* original
* 1
* 2/2I
* 3
* 3M
* Lambda
* 4S
* LauncherOne
* Long March
* 1
* 1D†
* 2A
* 2E
* 3
* 3B
* 4A
* Mu
* 4S
* 3C
* 3H
* 3S
* 3SII
* V
* N1†
* N-I
* N-II
* Naro-1
* Paektusan†
* Pilot-2†
* R-7
* Luna
* Molniya
* M
* L
* Polyot
* Soyuz
* original
* FG
* L
* M
* U
* U2
* 2-1v
* Soyuz/Vostok
* Sputnik
* Voskhod
* Vostok
* L
* K
* 2
* 2M
* R-29
* Shtil'
* Volna†
* Rocket 3
* RS1†
* Safir
* 1
* 1A
* 1B
* Saturn
* I
* IB
* V
* Scout
* X-1
* Blue Scout II†
* X-2†
* X-2M
* X-3
* X-3M
* X-4
* X-2B†
* B
* A
* B-1
* D-1
* A-1
* E-1
* F-1
* G-1
* Shavit
* original
* 1
* SLV
* Space Shuttle
* SPARK†
* Sparta
* SS-520
* Start-1
* Terran 1†
* Thor
* Able
* Ablestar
* 1
* 2
* Agena
* A
* B
* D
* Burner
* 1
* 2
* Delta
* DSV-2U
* Thorad-Agena
* SLV-2G
* SLV-2H
* Titan
* II GLV
* IIIA
* IIIB
* IIIC
* IIID
* IIIE
* 34D
* 23G
* CT-3
* IV
* Tsyklon
* R-36-O
* original
* 2
* 3
* Universal Rocket
* UR-500 Proton
* Proton-K
* Rokot
* Strela
* Vanguard
* Vega
* original
* VLS-1†
* Zenit
* 2
* 2M
* 2FG
* 3SL
* 3SLB
* 3F
* Zhuque
* 1†

Classes|

* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

* This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
* Symbol † indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

* v
* t
* e

R-7 rockets

Missiles|

* R-7 Semyorka
* R-7A Semyorka

Launch systems|

* Sputnik
* Polyot
* Voskhod

Vostok|

* Luna
* Vostok-L
* Vostok-K
* Vostok-2
* Vostok-2M

Molniya|

* Molniya
* Molniya-M

Soyuz|

* Soyuz/Vostok
* Soyuz
* Soyuz-L
* Soyuz-M
* Soyuz-U
* U2
* Soyuz-FG

Soyuz 2|

* Soyuz 2.1a / 2.1b
* ST-A / ST-B
* Soyuz 2.1v

Launch sites|

* Baikonur
* Site 1/5
* Site 31/6
* Plesetsk
* Site 41/1
* Site 16/2
* Site 43/3
* Site 43/4
* Vostochny
* Site 1S
* Guiana
* ELS

Launches|

* 1957–1959
* 1960–1964
* 1965–1969
* 1970–1974
* 1975–1979
* 1980–1984
* 1985–1989
* 1990–1994
* 1995–1999
* 2000–2004
* 2005–2009
* 2010–2014
* 2015–2019
* 2020–2024
* 2025–2029

Engines|

* RD-107/108
* RD-0110
* RD-0124

See also|

* Korolyov Cross
* Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre

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