Spanish Netherlands

Historical region of the Low Countries (1556–1714)

Spanish Netherlands

Spaanse Nederlanden (Dutch)
Países Bajos Españoles (Spanish)
Spanische Niederlande (German)
Spuenesch Nidderlanden (Luxembourgish)
Pays-Bas Espagnols (French)
Belgica Regia (Latin)
Bos-Poéyis Espaingnols (Picard)

1556–1714

Top: Cross of Burgundy[1][2]
Bottom: Civil ensign

Coat of arms
(Albert VII)

Motto: Plus Ultra
"Further Beyond"
Burgundian Cross

Spanish Netherlands (grey) in 1700

Status| Personal union of Imperial fiefs within Empire
Capital| Brussels
Common languages|

* Dutch
* French
* German
* Latin
* Spanish
* Low Saxon
* West Frisian
* Walloon
* Luxembourgish
* Picard

Religion

| Roman Catholicism (State religion)
Protestantism (popular)
Government| Governorate
Governor|

• 1556–1559

| Emmanuel Philibert (first)

• 1692–1706

| Maximilian Emanuel (last)
Historical era| Early Modern period

• Habsburg Spain gained Habsburg Netherlands

| 1556

• Eighty Years' War

| 1568–1648

• Peace of Münster

| 30 January 1648

• War of the Reunions

| 1683–1684

• Truce of Ratisbon

| 15 August 1684

• Nine Years' War

| 1688–1697

• War of the Spanish Succession

| 1701–1714

• Treaty of Rastatt

| 7 March 1714
Area
1560| 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi)
1600| 46,000 km2 (18,000 sq mi)
Population

• 1560

| 1,794,000[3]
Currency| Gulden, Spanish reales

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Habsburg Netherlands

|

| Dutch Republic |

|

Austrian Netherlands |
Today part of|

* Belgium
* France
* Germany
* Netherlands
* Luxembourg

The Spanish Netherlands (Spanish: Países Bajos Españoles; Dutch: Spaanse Nederlanden; French: Pays-Bas espagnols; German: Spanische Niederlande; historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto)[4] were a collection of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Habsburgs, but not annexed to the Spanish Crown, thus encompassing the second period in history of the Habsburg Netherlands, that lasted from 1556 to 1714. This region comprised most of the modern states of Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as parts of northern France, the southern Netherlands, and western Germany, with the capital being Brussels. The Army of Flanders was given the task of defending the territory.

The Imperial fiefs in the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482. The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands, which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556. When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581, the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession.

## History

[edit]

Habsburg domains in the Low Countries, and the Free County of Burgundy, in the middle of the 16th century (in light orange)

### Background

[edit]

See also: Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries

A common administration of fiefs in the Low Countries, centered in the Duchy of Brabant, already existed under the rule of the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good with the implementation of a stadtholder and the first convocation of the States General of the Netherlands in 1464.[5] His granddaughter Mary had confirmed a number of privileges to the States by the Great Privilege signed in 1477.[6] After the government takeover by her husband Archduke Maximilian I of Austria, the States insisted on their privileges, culminating in a Hook rebellion in Holland and Flemish revolts. Maximilian prevailed with the support of Duke Albert III of Saxony and his son Philip the Handsome, husband of Joanna of Castile, could assume the rule over the Habsburg Netherlands in 1493.[7][8]

Philip as well as his son and successor Charles V retained the title of a "Duke of Burgundy" referring to their Burgundian inheritance, but not having the Duchy of Burgundy in their possession, since it was taken by the French already in 1477. Only the Free County of Burgundy, in the Holy Roman Empire, remained in Habsburg rule, since 1493. The Habsburgs often used the term Burgundy to refer to their hereditary lands both in historical Burgundy and the Low Countries (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Burgundian Circle established in 1512), actually until 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic. The Governor-general of the Netherlands was responsible for the administration of the Habsburg lands in the Low Countries. Charles V was born and raised in the Low Countries and often stayed at the Palace of Coudenberg in Brussels.

By the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, Charles V declared the Seventeen Provinces a united and indivisible Habsburg dominion. Between 1555 and 1556, the House of Habsburg split into an Austrian and a Spanish branch as a consequence of Charles's abdications: the Netherlands were left to his son Philip II of Spain, while his brother King Ferdinand I succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces, de jure still fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, from that time on de facto were ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs.

### Eighty Years' War

[edit]

Jeton with portraits of the Archdukes Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Infanta Isabella of Spain, struck in Antwerp 1612.
Obv: Portraits of Albert and Isabella.
Rev: Eagle holding balance, date 1612.

Main article: Eighty Years' War

See also: Army of Flanders

Philip's stern Counter-Reformation measures sparked the Dutch Revolt in the mainly Calvinist Netherlandish provinces, which led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War in 1568. In January 1579 the seven northern provinces formed the Protestant Union of Utrecht, which declared independence from the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands by the 1581 Act of Abjuration. The Spanish branch of the Habsburgs could retain the rule only over the partly Catholic Southern Netherlands, completed after the Fall of Antwerp in 1585.

Better times came, when in 1598 the Spanish Netherlands passed to Philip's daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband Archduke Albert VII of Austria. The couple's rule brought a period of much-needed peace and stability to the economy, which stimulated the growth of a separate South Netherlandish identity and consolidated the authority of the House of Habsburg reconciling previous anti-Spanish sentiments. In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under Isabella and Albert, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence. With Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as governor until her death in 1633.

The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia, and given the peculiar inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): Zeelandic Flanders (south of the River Scheldt), the present Dutch province of North Brabant and Maastricht (in the present-day Dutch province of Limburg).

### French conquests

[edit]

As the power of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Netherlands under Habsburg rule was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed most of Artois, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Cambrai, Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the County of Hainaut (including Valenciennes), and further to the south Spanish Habsburgs also lost the Free County of Burgundy.[9] Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region that were restored to Spain by the Treaty of Rijswijk 1697\.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1706 the Habsburg Netherlands became an Anglo-Dutch condominium for the remainder of the conflict.[10] By the peace treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt in 1713/14 ending the war, the Southern Netherlands returned to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy forming the Austrian Netherlands.

History of the Low Countries

Frisii |  | Belgae
| Cana–
nefates | Chamavi,
Tubantes | Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD)
Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th)
| Salian Franks |  | Batavi |  |  |
unpopulated
(4th–c. 5th) | Saxons | Salian Franks
(4th–c. 5th) |  |
Frisian Kingdom
(c. 6th–734) |  | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843)
Austrasia (511–687)
|  |
Middle Francia (843–855) | West
Francia
(843–) |
Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959)
Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) |
Frisia |  |  |

Frisian
Freedom
(11–16th
century) |
County of
Holland
(880–1432) |
Bishopric of
Utrecht
(695–1456) |
Duchy of
Brabant
(1183–1430)

Duchy of
Guelders
(1046–1543) |
County of
Flanders
(862–1384) |
County of
Hainaut
(1071–1432)

County of
Namur
(981–1421) |
P.-Bish.
of Liège

(980–1794) |
Duchy of
Luxem-
bourg
(1059–1443)

Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) |  |

Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795)
(Seventeen Provinces after 1543)  |   |

Dutch Republic
(1581–1795) |
Spanish Netherlands
(1556–1714) |   |

Austrian Netherlands
(1714–1795) |  |

United States of Belgium
(1790) |
R. Liège
(1789–'91) |
|  |   |

Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) |
associated with French First Republic (1795–1804)
part of First French Empire (1804–1815)

Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) |
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) |
Gr D. L.
(1815–)

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) |
Kingdom of Belgium (1830–)
|  |
Gr D. of
Luxem-
bourg
(1890–)

## Provinces

[edit]

From 1581 the Habsburg Netherlands consisted of the following territories, all part of modern Belgium unless otherwise stated:

1. the Duchy of Brabant, except for North Brabant part of the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic in 1648, including the former Margraviate of Antwerp (now mostly Belgium, some in Netherlands)
2. the Duchy of Limburg, except for Limburg of the States part of the Dutch Generality Lands from 1648
3. the Duchy of Luxembourg, a sovereign state from 1815 (parts in modern Belgium, France and Germany)
4. the Upper Quarter (Bovenkwartier) of the Duchy of Guelders (Now Netherlands and Germany: the area around Venlo and Roermond, in the present Dutch province of Limburg, and the town of Geldern in the present German district of Kleve)
5. the County of Artois, ceded to France by the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees (now in France)
6. the County of Flanders, except for Zeelandic Flanders part of the Dutch Generality Lands from 1648, Walloon Flanders ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in Belgium and France French Flanders)
7. the County of Namur
8. the County of Hainaut, southern part with Valenciennes ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in Belgium and France)
9. the Lordship of Mechelen[note 1]
10. the Tournaisis
11. the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai (the Cambrésis), not part of the Seventeen Provinces, incorporated by King Philip II in 1559, ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in France: roughly the central part of the département Nord)

## See also

[edit]

* History of Spain
* History of Netherlands
* History of Belgium
* Alternate flag
* Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ A seignory comes closest to the concept of a heerlijkheid; there is no equivalent in English for the Dutch-language term. In its earliest history, Mechelen was a heerlijkheid of the Bishopric (later Prince-Bishopric) of Liège that exercised its rights through the Chapter of Saint Rumbold though at the same time the Lords of Berthout and later the Dukes of Brabant also exercised or claimed separate feudal rights.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bander, James (1 December 2014). Dutch Warships in the Age of Sail 1600-1714: Design, Construction, Careers & fates. Seaforth Publishing. p. 51\. ISBN 978-1-84832-157-1. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
2. ^ Preston, Rupert (1974). The Seventeenth Century Marine Painters of the Netherlands. F. Lewis. p. 88\. ISBN 978-0-85317-025-9. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
3. ^ Demographics of the Netherlands Archived 2011-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, Jan Lahmeyer. Retrieved on 20 February 2014.
4. ^ Pérez, Yolanda Robríguez (2008). The Dutch Revolt through Spanish eyes: self and other in historical and literary texts of Spanish Golden Age (c. 1548–1673) (Transl. and rev. ed.). Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 18\. ISBN 978-3-03911-136-7. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
5. ^ “The States General.” Staten Generaal, www.staten-generaal.nl/begrip/the_states_general.
6. ^ Koenigsberger, H. G. (2001). Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521803304.
7. ^ Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 206-234.
8. ^ Haemers 2009.
9. ^ Dee 2009, p. 64-65.
10. ^ Bromley, J.S. (editor) 1970, The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 6: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521075244 (p. 428)

## Sources

[edit]

* Blockmans, Wim; Prevenier, Walter (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Dee, Darryl (2009). Expansion and Crisis in Louis XIV's France: Franche-Comté and Absolute Monarchy, 1674-1715. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
* Haemers, Jelle (2009). For the Common Good: State Power and Urban Revolts in the Reign of Mary of Burgundy (1477-1482). Turnhout: Brepols.
* Parker, Geoffrey (2019). Emperor: A New Life of Charles V. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
* Potter, David L. (1995). A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
* Prevenier, Walter; Blockmans, Wim (1986). The Burgundian Netherlands. New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Stein, Robert (2017). Magnanimous Dukes and Rising States: The Unification of the Burgundian Netherlands, 1380–1480. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Spanish Empire

Timeline–immersed

* Catholic Monarchs
* Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Italian Wars
* Habsburgs
* Golden Age
* War of the League of Cognac
* Encomiendas
* New Laws in favour of the indigenous
* Expulsion of the Moriscos
* Ottoman–Habsburg wars
* French Wars of Religion
* Bruneian–Spanish conflict
* Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
* Piracy in the Caribbean
* Eighty Years' War
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Thirty Years' War
* Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
* Portuguese Restoration War
* War of the Spanish Succession
* Queen Anne's War
* Bourbons
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* War of Jenkins' Ear
* Treaty of Madrid (1750)
* Seven Years' War
* Nootka Convention
* Napoleonic invasion
* Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
* Independence of Spanish continental Americas
* Adams–Onís Treaty
* Liberal constitution
* Carlist Wars
* Spanish–American War
* German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
* Spanish Civil War
* Independence of Morocco
* Independence of Equatorial Guinea
* Western Sahara conflict

Territories

| Europe|

* Spain
* Crown of Castille
* Crown of Aragon
* Union with Portugal
* Gibraltar
* Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia)
* Milan
* Union with Holy Roman Empire
* Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
* Franche-Comté
* Pyrénées-Orientales

|

Americas (Spanish America)|

| North America|

* New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico, Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean)

|

Central America|

* Captaincy General of Guatemala
* Spanish West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico)
* Trinidad
* Jamaica
* Haiti
* Aruba
* Curazao
* Bonaire
* Belize

South America|

* New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
* Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile)
* Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas)

Asia and Oceania (Spanish East Indies)|

* Philippines
* Micronesia (Caroline, Guam, Mariana, Micronesia, Palau)
* Northern Taiwan
* Tidore

Africa|

* Equatorial Guinea
* Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)

Antarctica|

* Terra Australis

Administration

| Organization|

* Ayuntamiento
* Cabildo
* Council of the Indies
* Germania
* Santa Hermandad

|

Law|

* Exequatur
* Laws of the Indies
* Papal bull
* Royal Decree of Graces
* School of Salamanca
* Trial of residence

Titles and positions|

* Alcalde
* Corregidor
* Municipal president
* Regidor
* Syndic
* Vecino

Administrative subdivisions

| Viceroyalties|

* Columbian
* New Spain
* New Granada
* Perú
* Río de la Plata

|

Captaincies General|

* Chile
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Philippines
* Provincias Internas
* Puerto Rico
* Santo Domingo
* Venezuela
* Yucatán

Governorates|

* Castilla de Oro
* Cuba
* La Florida
* Louisiana
* New Andalusia (1501–1513)
* New Andalusia
* New Castile
* New Navarre
* New Spain
* Tierra Firme
* New Toledo
* New León
* Paraguay
* Río de la Plata
* Terra Australis

Audiencias|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Caracas
* Charcas
* Concepción
* Cusco
* Guadalajara
* Guatemala
* Lima
* Manila
* Mexico
* Panamá
* Quito
* Santiago
* Santo Domingo

Economy

| Currencies|

* Dollar (Peso)
* Real
* Maravedí
* Escudo
* Columnario
* Doubloon

|

Trade|

* Manila galleon
* Spanish treasure fleet
* Casa de Contratación
* Spanish Road
* Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
* Barcelona Trading Company
* Consulate of the Sea
* Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
* Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

| Armies|

* Tercio
* Army of Flanders
* Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
* Indian auxiliaries
* Spanish Armada
* Ships of the line
* Royalists
* Legión
* Army of Africa

|

Strategists|

* Duke of Alba
* Antonio de Leyva
* Martín de Goiti
* Alfonso d'Avalos
* García de Toledo Osorio
* Duke of Savoy
* Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
* John of Austria
* Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
* Pedro de Zubiaur
* Ambrosio Spinola
* Blas de Lezo
* Bernardo de Gálvez

Mariners|

* Christopher Columbus
* Pinzón brothers
* Ferdinand Magellan
* Juan Sebastián Elcano
* Juan de la Cosa
* Juan Ponce de León
* Miguel López de Legazpi
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Sebastián de Ocampo
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
* Alonso de Ojeda
* Vasco Núñez de Balboa
* Alonso de Salazar
* Andrés de Urdaneta
* Antonio de Ulloa
* Ruy López de Villalobos
* Diego Columbus
* Alonso de Ercilla
* Nicolás de Ovando
* Juan de Ayala
* Sebastián Vizcaíno
* Juan Fernández
* Luis Fajardo
* Felipe González de Ahedo
* Francisco de Camargo
* Alonso de Camargo

Conquistadors|

* Hernán Cortés
* Francisco Pizarro
* Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
* Hernán Pérez de Quesada
* Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
* Pedro de Valdivia
* Gaspar de Portolà
* Pere Fages i Beleta
* Joan Orpí
* Pedro de Alvarado
* Martín de Ursúa
* Diego de Almagro
* Pánfilo de Narváez
* Diego de Mazariegos
* Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
* Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
* García López de Cárdenas

Notable battles|

| Old World|

| Won|

* Comuneros
* Bicocca
* Rome (1527)
* Landriano
* Pavia
* Tunis
* Mühlberg
* St. Quentin
* Gravelines
* Malta
* Lepanto
* Antwerp
* Azores
* Mons
* Gembloux
* Ostend
* English Armada
* Cape Celidonia
* White Mountain
* Breda
* Nördlingen
* Valenciennes
* Ceuta
* Bitonto
* Bailén
* Vitoria
* Tetouan
* Alhucemas

|

Lost|

* Capo d'Orso
* Vienna (1529)
* Preveza
* Siege of Castelnuovo
* Algiers
* Ceresole
* Balearic Islands (1558)
* Djerba
* Tunis
* Spanish Armada
* Leiden
* Rocroi
* Downs
* Montes Claros
* Passaro
* Manila Bay
* Trafalgar
* Somosierra
* Annual
* Mactan

New World|

| Won|

* Tenochtitlan
* Cajamarca
* Cusco
* Bogotá savanna
* Penco
* Mataquito
* Guadalupe Island
* Recife
* San Juan (1595)
* Bahia
* Colonia del Sacramento
* Comuneros (Paraguay)
* Cartagena de Indias
* Cuerno Verde
* Túpac Amaru II
* Túpac Katari
* Pensacola
* Newfoundland
* San Juan (1797)

|

Lost|

* La Noche Triste
* Iguape
* Tucapel
* Guiana
* Curalaba
* Comuneros (New Granada)
* Trinidad (1797)
* Chacabuco
* Boyacá
* Carabobo
* Pichincha
* Ayacucho
* Guam
* Santiago de Cuba
* Asomante

Spanish conquests

* Canary Islands
* The Americas
* Aztec
* Maya
* Chiapas
* Yucatán
* Guatemala
* Petén
* El Salvador
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Chibchan Nations
* Colombia
* Chile
* Inca
* Philippines

Other civil topics

* Spanish missions in the Americas
* Architecture
* Mesoamerican Codices
* Cusco painting tradition
* Indochristian painting in New Spain
* Quito painting tradition
* Africanist
* Tapada limeña
* Academia Antártica
* Colonial universities in Hispanic America
* Colonial universities in the Philippines
* General Archive of the Indies
* Colonial Spanish Horse
* Mustang
* Castas
* Criollos in the colonial society
* Old inquisition
* Slavery in Spanish Empire
* Asiento
* Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
* Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649

Cartography

| Cartographers|

* Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla
* Agustín Ibáñez y Bojons

|

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Belgium articles

History|

* Gallia Belgica
* Prince-Bishopric of Liège
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* Long nineteenth century
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* Crisis of 1870
* Empire
* World War I
* invasion
* occupation
* World War II
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* Royal Question
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Geography|

* Climate
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Politics|

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History|

* Celtic Luxembourg
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* Forêts
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* 1848 Revolution
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* First World War
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* Occupation
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* Recent history
* Partitions
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* Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg
* Jewish history
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Geography|

* Administrative divisions
* Districts
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* Communes
* Towns
* Luxembourg City
* quarters
* Extreme points
* Guttland
* Little Switzerland
* Luxembourg plateau
* Moselle Valley
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* Éislek
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Politics|

* Chamber of Deputies
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Economy|

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Society|

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Culture|

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* Sport
* World Heritage Sites

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Netherlands articles

Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

History|

* Germanic tribes
* Roman Era
* Frisii, Chamavi, Batavi, Cananefates
* Migration Period
* Saxons, Frisians, Franks
* Dorestad, Utrecht
* Development urban centers
* Frisian Kingdom
* Frankish Kingdom
* Middle Francia
* Lower Lorraine
* Flanders, Holland, Frisian Freedom
* Brabant, Guelders
* Holy Roman Empire
* Burgundian Netherlands
* Habsburg Netherlands
* Renaissance
* Seventeen Provinces
* Spanish Netherlands
* Eighty Years' War
* Dutch Republic
* Golden Age
* Batavian Revolution
* Batavian Republic
* Kingdom of Holland
* Incorporation
* Principality
* United Kingdom
* World War II
* Nazi invasion
* Dutch Liberation Day
* Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
* Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* Same-sex marriage
* Great Recession
* European debt crisis
* Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
* Coronavirus pandemic

Geography|

* Birds
* Cities
* Delta Works
* Earthquakes
* Extreme points
* Flood control
* Gas field
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mammals
* Mountains and hills
* Regions
* Rivers
* Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
* Volcanoes
* World Heritage Sites
* Zuiderzee Works

Politics|

* Abortion
* Cabinet
* Climate change
* Constitution
* Corruption
* Demographics
* Drug policy
* Education
* Elections
* Euthanasia
* Health care
* Homelessness
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Immigration
* Law
* Enforcement
* Law Firms
* Monarch
* Municipalities
* Provinces
* Republicanism
* Parliament
* Political parties
* Prime Minister
* Military
* Water boards

Economy|

* AEX index
* Central bank
* Energy
* Euronext
* Polder model
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Trade unions

Transport|

* Cycling
* Public transport
* Rail transport
* Road transport

Culture|

* Architecture
* Art
* Cannabis
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Wine
* Customs and etiquette
* Decorations and medals
* Irreligion
* Languages
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Orders of knighthood
* People
* Pornography
* Prostitution
* Public holidays
* Religion
* Sport
* Symbols
* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag
* Lion
* Terminology

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* Czech Republic

Other|

* IdRef

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