Spanish language in the Americas

Spanish language

A manuscript of the Cantar de mio Cid, 13th century

Overview

* Pronunciation
* stress
* Orthography
* Names

History

* Old
* Middle
* Influences

Grammar

* Determiners
* Nouns
* gender
* Pronouns
* personal
* object
* Adjectives
* Prepositions
* Verbs
* conjugation
* irregular verbs

Dialects

* Andalusian
* Andean
* Argentine
* Belizean
* Bolivian
* Canarian
* Caribbean
* Central American
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Costa Rican
* Cuban
* Dominican
* Ecuadorian
* Equatoguinean
* Guatemalan
* Honduran
* Mexican
* Murcian
* New Mexican
* Nicaraguan
* Paraguay
* Panamanian
* Peninsular
* Peruvian
* Philippine
* status
* Puerto Rican
* Rioplatense
* Saharan
* Salvadoran
* Standard
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

Dialectology

* Seseo
* Yeísmo
* Voseo
* Leísmo
* Loísmo

Interlanguages

* Llanito
* Jopara
* Judaeo-Spanish
* Portuñol
* Spanglish
* Castrapo
* Creoles
* Roquetas Pidgin
* Chavacano or Chabacano
* Palenquero or Palenque
* Aljamiado

Teaching

* Hispanism
* RAE
* Instituto Cervantes

* v
* t
* e

The different dialects of the Spanish language spoken in the Americas are distinct from each other, as well as from those varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula —collectively known as Peninsular Spanish— and Spanish spoken elsewhere, such as in Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara, or in the Philippines. There is great diversity among the various Hispanic American vernaculars, as there are no common traits shared by all of them which are not also in existence in one or more of the variants of Iberian Spanish. A general Hispanic American "standard" does, however, vary from the Castilian "standard" register used in television, music and, notably, in the dubbing industry.[1] Of the more than 498 million people who speak Spanish as their native language, more than 455 million are in Latin America, the United States and Canada, as of 2022.[2] The total amount of native and non-native speakers of Spanish as of October 2022 well-exceeds 595 million.[2]

There are numerous regional particularities and idiomatic expressions within Spanish. In Latin American Spanish, for instance (such as in Mexico or Puerto Rico, or areas of the contiguous U.S.), loanwords directly from English are used with some frequency, with English or non-Spanish spellings left intact. For example, the Hispanic American Spanish word for "computer" is computadora, whereas the word used in Spain is ordenador, and each word sounds "foreign" in the region where it is not used. Some differences are due to Iberian Spanish having a stronger French and Mediterranean influence than Hispanic America, where, for geopolitical and social reasons, the United States' English-language influence has been predominant throughout the twentieth century. Another common loanword, used often in different Latin American Spanish dialects, is a simple affirmative "O.K." or "okay", instead of "sí" or "está bien" ("yes", or "it's good/okay").

## Main features

[edit]

Pronunciation varies from country to country and from region to region, just as English pronunciation varies from one place to another. In general terms, the speech of the Americas shows many common features akin to southern Spanish variants, especially to western Andalusia (Seville, Cádiz) and the Canary Islands. Coastal language vernaculars throughout Hispanic America show particularly strong similarities to Atlantic-Andalusian speech patterns while inland regions in Mexico and Andean countries are not similar to any particular dialect in Spain.

* Most Spaniards pronounce ⟨z⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (before /e/ and /i/) as [θ] (called distinción). Conversely, most Hispanic Americans have seseo, lacking a distinction between this phoneme and /s/. However, seseo is also typical of the speech of many Andalusians and all Canary islanders. Andalusia's and the Canary Islands' predominant position in the conquest and subsequent immigration to Hispanic America from Spain is thought to be the reason for the absence of this distinction in most Latin American Spanish dialects.
* Most of Spain, particularly the regions that have a distinctive /θ/ phoneme, realize /s/ with the tip of tongue against the alveolar ridge. Phonetically this is an "apico-alveolar" "grave" sibilant [s̺], with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of retroflex fricatives. To a Hispanic American, Andalusian or Canary Island Spanish speaker, the /s/ in Spanish dialects from northern Spain might sound close to [ʃ] like English ⟨sh⟩ as in she. However, this apico-alveolar realization of /s/ is not uncommon in some Latin American Spanish dialects which lack [θ]; some inland Colombian Spanish (particularly Antioquia) and Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia also have an apico-alveolar /s/.
* The second-person familiar plural pronoun vosotros is not generally used in daily speech in Hispanic American dialects of Spanish; the formal ustedes is used at all levels of familiarity. However, vosotros and its conjugations are known and seen occasionally in writing or oratory, especially in formal, ritualized contexts.
* Hispanic America virtually lacks the leísmo found in a good deal of Spain, with this feature only being found commonly in Paraguay and the highlands of Ecuador.
* As mentioned, Anglicisms are far more common in Hispanic America than in Spain, due to the stronger and more direct US influence. Anglicisms in Chile and Argentina are even very common mostly because of the influence of British settlers there.
* Equally, Indigenous languages have left their mark on Latin American Spanish, a fact which is particularly evident in vocabulary to do with flora, fauna and cultural habits. Nevertheless, European Spanish has also absorbed numerous words of Amerindian origin, although for historical reasons, the vast majority of these are taken from Nahuatl and various Caribbean languages.
* Arabic-derived words with Latinate doublets are common in Latin American Spanish, being influenced by Andalusian Spanish, such as alcoba ("bedroom") instead of standard cuarto, recámara, and many others and alhaja ("jewel") instead of standard joya. In this sense Latin American Spanish is closer to the dialects spoken in the south of Spain.[citation needed]
* See List of words having different meanings in Spain and Hispanic America.
* Most Hispanic American Spanish usually features yeísmo: there is no distinction between ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩. However realization varies greatly from region to region. Chileans pronounce these 2 graphemes as [ʝ], for example. However, yeísmo is an expanding and now dominant feature of European Spanish, particularly in urban speech (Madrid, Toledo) and especially in Andalusia and the Canary Islands, though in some rural areas [ʎ] has not completely disappeared. Speakers of Rioplatense Spanish pronounce both ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩ as [ʒ] or [ʃ]. The traditional pronunciation of the digraph ⟨ll⟩ as [ʎ] is preserved in some dialects along the Andes range, especially in inland Peru, the Sierra of Ecuador, and the Colombia highlands (Santander, Boyacá, Nariño), northern Argentina, all Bolivia and Paraguay; the Indigenous languages of these regions (Quechua, Guarani and Aymara) have [ʎ] as a distinct phoneme.
* Most speakers of coastal dialects may debuccalize or aspirate syllable-final /s/ to [h], or drop it entirely, so that está /esˈta/ ("s/he is") sounds like [ehˈta] or [eˈta], as in southern Spain (Andalusia, Extremadura, Murcia, Castile–La Mancha (except the northeast), Madrid, the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla).
* ⟨g⟩ (before /e/ or /i/) and ⟨j⟩ are usually aspirated to [h] in Caribbean and other coastal language vernaculars, as well as in all of Colombia and southern Mexico, as in much of southern Spain. In other Latin American dialects, the sound is closer to [x], and often firmly strong (rough) in Peruvian Spanish dialect. [citation needed] Very often, especially in Argentina and Chile, [x] becomes fronter [ç] when preceding high vowels /e, i/ (these speakers approach [x] to the realization of German ⟨ch⟩ in ich); in other phonological environments it is pronounced either [x] or [h].
* In many Caribbean varieties, the phonemes /l/ and /r/ at the end of a syllable sound alike or can be exchanged: caldo > ca[r]do, cardo > ca[l]do; in the situation of /r/ in word-final position, it becomes silent, giving Caribbean dialects of Spanish a partial non-rhoticity. This happens at a reduced level in Ecuador and Chile[citation needed] as well. It is a feature brought from Extremadura and westernmost Andalusia.
* In many Andean regions, the alveolar trill of rata and carro is realized as an retroflex fricative [ʐ] or [ɹ] or even as a voiced apico-alveolar [z]. The alveolar approximant realization is particularly associated with an Indigenous substrate and it is quite common in Andean regions, especially in inland Ecuador, Peru, most of Bolivia and in parts of northern Argentina and Paraguay. That phonetic is also heard in Costa Rica, except pronounced as [z].
* In Belize, Puerto Rico, and Colombian islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, aside from [ɾ], [r], and [l], syllable-final /r/ can be realized as [ɹ], an influence of American English to Puerto Rican dialect and British English to Belizean dialect and Colombian dialect of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (in the case of the latter three, it is not exclusive to Colombians whose ancestors traced back to Spanish period before British invasion, under British territorial rule, and recovery of Spanish control, but is also used by Raizals, whites of British descent, and descendants of mainland Colombians); "verso"' (verse) becomes [ˈbeɹso], aside from [ˈbeɾso], [ˈberso], or [ˈbelso], "invierno" (winter) becomes [imˈbjeɹno], aside from [imˈbjeɾno], [imˈbjerno], or [imˈbjelno], and "escarlata" (scarlet) becomes [ehkaɹˈlata], aside from [ehkaɾˈlata], [ehkarˈlata], or [ehkaˈlata]. In word-final position, /r/ will usually be one of the following:
* a trill, a tap, an approximant, [l], or elided when followed by a consonant or a pause, as in amo[r ~ ɾ ~ ɹ ~ l ~ ∅] paterno ('paternal love');
* a tap, an approximant, or [l] when followed by a vowel-initial word, as in amo[ɾ ~ ɹ ~ l] eterno ('eternal love').
* In Chile and Costa Rica, consonant cluster [tɾ] can be pronounced [tɹ̝̥], [tɻ], or [tʂ], making cuatro 'four' and trabajo 'work' pronounced as [ˈkwatɹ̝̥o ~ˈkwatɻo ~ ˈkwatʂo] and [tɹ̝̥aˈβaxo ~ tɻaˈβaxo ~ tʂaˈβaxo] respectively. This is an influence of Mapudungun in Chile[3] and native languages of Costa Rica.
* The voiced consonants /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are pronounced as plosives after and sometimes before any consonant in most of Colombian Spanish dialects (rather than the fricative or approximant that is characteristic of most other dialects): pardo [ˈpaɾdo], barba [ˈbaɾba], algo [ˈalɡo], peligro [peˈliɡɾo], desde [ˈdezde/ˈdehde]—rather than the [ˈpaɾðo], [ˈbaɾβa], [ˈalɣo], [peˈliɣɾo], [ˈdezðe/ˈdehðe] of Spain and the rest of Spanish America. A notable exception is the Department of Nariño and most Costeño speech (Atlantic coastal dialects) which feature the soft, fricative realizations common to all other Hispanic American and European dialects.
* Word-final /n/ is velar [ŋ] in much Latin American Spanish speech; this means a word like pan (bread) is often articulated ['paŋ]. To an English-speaker, those speakers that have a velar nasal for word-final /ŋ/ make pan sound like pang. Velarization of word-final /n/ is so widespread in the Americas that it is easier to mention those regions that maintain an alveolar [n]: most of Mexico, Colombia (except for coastal dialects) and Argentina (except for some northern regions). Elsewhere, velarization is common, although alveolar word-final [n] can appear among some educated speakers, especially in the media or in singing. Velar word-final [ŋ] is also frequent in Spain, especially in southern Spanish dialects (Andalusia and the Canary Islands) and in the Northwest: Galicia, Asturias and León.

## Local variations

[edit]

### North America

[edit]

Main article: North American Spanish

* Mexican Spanish
* Spanish language in the United States
* Isleño Spanish
* Sabine River Spanish
* New Mexican Spanish
* Chicano Spanish

#### Central America

[edit]

Main article: Central American Spanish

* Belizean Spanish
* Costa Rican Spanish
* Guatemalan Spanish
* Honduran Spanish
* Nicaraguan Spanish
* Salvadoran Spanish

### The Caribbean

[edit]

Main article: Caribbean Spanish

* Cuban Spanish
* Dominican Spanish
* Panamanian Spanish[4]
* Puerto Rican Spanish
* Trinidadian Spanish

### South America

[edit]

Main article: South American Spanish

* Amazonic Spanish
* Andean Spanish
* Bolivian Spanish
* Chilean Spanish
* Chilote Spanish
* Colombian Spanish
* Ecuadorian Spanish
* Paraguayan Spanish
* Peruvian Spanish
* Peruvian Coast Spanish
* Rioplatense Spanish
* Argentine Spanish
* Uruguayan Spanish
* Venezuelan Spanish
* Maracucho Spanish

## See also

[edit]

* Philippine Spanish
* Equatoguinean Spanish
* Spanish Filipino
* Latin Union
* Spanish-language literature
* Hispanic

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Lipski, John M. (August 6, 2001). "The role of the city in the formation of Spanish American dialect zones" (PDF). Pennsylvania State University. 2. doi:10.14713/arachne.v2i1.21. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2005.
2. ^ a b El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2022 (PDF) (Report). Instituto Cervantes. 31 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2022.
3. ^ Correa Mujica, Miguel. "Influencias de las lenguas indígenas en el español de Chile". Espéculo - Revista de Estudios Literarios. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
4. ^ Lipski, John M. (1994), Latin American Spanish, Essex, U.K.: Longman Group Limited, pp. 294, 299

## External links

[edit]

* Diccionario de americanismos by the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española
* Latin American Dictionary with variants for every country

* v
* t
* e

Dialects and varieties of Spanish by continent

Africa and Asia|

* Canarian
* Equatoguinean
* Philippine
* Saharan

Americas
(Interamerican)|

| Caribbean|

* Cuban
* Dominican
* Panamanian
* Puerto Rican
* Trinidadian

|

Central America|

* Belizean
* Costa Rican
* Guatemalan
* Honduran
* Nicaraguan
* Pachuco
* Salvadoran

North America|

* United States
* Caló (Chicano)
* Californian
* Isleño
* New Mexican
* Sabine River
* Mexican

South America|

* Amazonic
* Andean
* Bolivian
* Chilean
* Chilote
* Chiloé Archipelago
* Colombian
* Cordobés
* Central Argentina
* Cuyano
* Central western Argentina
* Ecuadorian
* Equatorial
* Coastal Ecuador
* Llanero
* Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela
* Maracucho
* Zulia State
* Paisa
* Paisa Region
* Paraguayan
* Pastuso
* Colombia-Ecuador border
* Peruvian
* Ribereño
* Coastal Peru
* Rioplatense
* Coastal Argentina
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

Europe
(Peninsular)|

* Andalusian
* Canarian
* Castilian
* Castrapo (Galicia)
* Castúo (Extremadura)
* Murcian
* spoken by Catalan speakers

Other|

* Standard
* Llanito
* Judaeo-Spanish
* Haketia
* Tetuani Ladino
* Caló (Para-Romani)
* Spanglish
* Palenquero (creole)
* Chavacano (creole)
* Media Lengua (mixed language)
* Papiamento (Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)

Extinct|

* Cocoliche and Lunfardo
* Coastal Argentina, Uruguay
* Malespín
* Central America
* Bozal

* v
* t
* e

Romance languages (classification)

Major branches|

* Eastern
* Italo-Western
* Italo-Dalmatian
* Western
* Southern

Eastern|

* Aromanian
* Istro-Romanian
* Megleno-Romanian
* Daco-Romanian
* dialects
* Banat
* Bukovinian
* Crișana
* Maramureș
* Moldavian
* Oltenian
* Transylvanian
* Wallachian

Italo-
Dalmatian|

| Central|

* Central Italian
* Central Marchigiano
* Ancona
* Fabriano
* Macerata
* Central−Northern Latian
* Romanesco
* Sabino
* Corsican
* Gallurese
* Italian
* Italo-Australian
* Maltese Italian
* Regional Italian
* Swiss Italian
* Sassarese
* Tuscan
* Florentine

|

Southern|

* Extreme Southern Italian
* Central−Southern Calabrian
* Salentino
* Manduriano
* Sicilian
* Pantesco
* Neapolitan–Calabrese
* Neapolitan
* Barese
* Benevento
* Castelmezzano
* Cilentan
* Irpinian
* Arianese
* Molisan
* Southern Latian
* Tarantino
* Vastese
* Northern Calabrian

Others|

* Dalmatian Romance
* Dalmatian
* Istriot
* Judeo-Italian

Western|

| Gallo-Italic|

* Emilian–Romagnol
* Emilian
* Bolognese
* Judeo-Mantuan
* Parmigiano
* Romagnol
* Forlivese
* Old Romagnol
* Sammarinese
* Ferrarese
* Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
* Gallo-Italic of Sicily
* Gallo-Picene
* Ligurian
* Brigasc
* Genoese
* Intemelio
* Monégasque
* Royasc
* Tabarchino
* Judeo-Italian
* Lombard
* Eastern
* Bergamasque
* Cremish
* Old Lombard
* Western
* Brianzöö
* Canzés
* Bustocco–Legnanese
* Legnanese
* Comasco–Lecchese
* Comasco
* Laghée
* Lecchese
* Vallassinese
* Milanese
* Ossolano
* Southwestern
* Cremunés
* Novarese
* Pavese
* Ticinese
* Varesino
* Piedmontese
* Judeo-Piedmontese

|

Gallo-
Romance|

| Langues
d'oïl|

* Angevin
* Berrichon
* Bourbonnais
* Burgundian
* Champenois
* Ardennais
* Rémois
* Frainc-Comtou
* Gallo
* French
* Jersey Legal
* Meridional
* North American dialects
* Canadian
* Acadian
* Chiac
* St. Marys Bay French
* Brayon
* Newfoundland
* Quebec
* Joual
* Magoua
* Franco-Ontarian
* Métis
* Muskrat
* New England
* Frenchville
* Louisiana
* Missouri
* Creoles
* Lorrain
* Gaumais
* Vosgien
* Welche
* Mayennais
* Moselle Romance
* Norman
* Anglo-Norman
* Auregnais
* Guernésiais
* Jèrriais
* Sercquiais
* Law French
* Augeron
* Cauchois
* Cotentinais
* Orléanais
* Paydret
* Picard
* Poitevin–Saintongeais
* Poitevin
* Saintongeais
* Walloon
* West Walloon
* Wisconsin Walloon

|

* Franco-Provençal/Arpitan
* Faetar
* Savoyard
* Valdôtain
* Old Gallo-Romance

Ibero-
Romance
(West
Iberian)|

| Asturleonese|

* Asturian
* Eastern
* Western
* Cantabrian
* Leonese
* Bercian
* Paḷḷuezu
* Palra
* Riberan
* Riunorese
* Mirandese
* Old Leonese

|

Galician–Portuguese|

* Fala
* Galician
* Galician–Asturian/Eonavian
* Portuguese
* dialects
* African
* Asian
* Brazilian
* Mineiro
* European
* Alentejan
* Oliventine
* Estremenho
* Minderico
* Northern
* Uruguayan
* Creoles
* Portugis
* Judeo-Portuguese

Castilian|

* Extremaduran
* Judeo-Spanish
* Haketia
* Tetuani
* Spanish
* dialects
* Equatoguinean
* Latin American
* Chilean
* Chilote
* Peruvian
* Peruvian Ribereño
* Rioplatense
* Peninsular
* Andalusian
* Llanito
* Castilian
* Castrapo
* Castúo
* Murcian
* Philippine
* Saharan
* Creoles
* Old Spanish

Pyrenean–Mozarabic|

* Andalusi Romance
* Navarro-Aragonese
* Aragonese
* Central
* Eastern
* Ribagorçan
* Benasquese
* Judeo-Aragonese
* Southern
* Somontanés
* Navalese
* Western
* Aisinian
* Ansó
* Aragüés
* Hecho
* Community of Villages Aragonese
* Ebro Valley Aragonese
* Navarrese
* Old Riojan
* Valencian Aragonese

Others|

* Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
* Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)

Occitano-
Romance|

* Catalan
* dialects
* Eastern
* Algherese
* Balearic
* Mallorcan
* Menorcan
* Central
* Northern
* Judeo-Catalan
* Patuet
* Western
* Ribagorçan
* Valencian
* Gardiol
* Occitan
* Auvergnat
* Gascon
* Aranese
* Béarnese
* Aas whistled
* Landese
* Judeo-Gascon
* Judeo-Provençal
* Languedocien
* Limousin
* Provençal
* Niçard
* Vivaro-Alpine
* Gardiol
* Mentonasc
* Old Occitan
* Old Catalan

Rhaeto-
Romance|

* Friulian
* Fornes
* Ladin
* Cadorino
* Nones
* Romansh
* Jauer
* Putèr
* Surmiran
* Sursilvan
* Tuatschin
* Sutsilvan
* Vallader

Others|

* Franco-Italian
* Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin)
* Venetian (unknown further classification)
* Chipilo
* Fiuman
* Talian
* Triestine

Others|

* African Romance
* British Latin
* Pannonian Latin
* Sardinian
* Campidanese
* Logudorese
* Dialects of Latin

Reconstructed|

* Proto-Romance
* Proto-Eastern Romance

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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Latin America articles

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