Special Olympics

Olympics for mentally and physically disabled athletes

For global sports competitions organized by Special Olympics, see Special Olympics World Games.

Special Olympics

Founded| July 20, 1968; 57 years ago (1968-07-20)
Founder| Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Location|

* 1133 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., U.S. 20036

Origins| Camp Shriver

Area served

| International

Official language

| English
and the host country's official language when necessary

Key people

| Timothy Shriver (chairman of the board)
Mary Davis (Chief Executive Officer)
William P. Alford (Lead Director & vice chair)
Angelo Moratti  (vice chair)
Loretta Claiborne (vice chair)[1]
Website| www.specialolympics.org

Special Olympics is the world's largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual disabilities, providing year-round training and activities to 5 million participants and Unified Sports partners in 172 countries.[2] Special Olympics competitions are held daily, all around the world—including local, national and regional competitions, adding up to more than 100,000 events a year.[3] Like the International Paralympic Committee, the Special Olympics organization is recognized by the International Olympic Committee; however, unlike the Paralympic Games, its World Games are not held in the same year nor in conjunction with the Olympic Games.

The Special Olympics World Games is a major event put on by the Special Olympics committee. The World Games generally alternate between summer and winter games, in two-year cycles, recurring every fourth year. The games were first held on July 20, 1968, in Chicago, Illinois, United States, with about 1,000 athletes from the U.S. and Canada. At those first games, honorary event chair Eunice Kennedy Shriver announced the formation of the Special Olympics organization. International participation expanded in subsequent games. In 2003, the first summer games held outside the United States were in Dublin, Ireland, with 7000 athletes from 150 countries. The most recent Summer Games were hosted in Berlin, Germany, between June 16 to 25, 2023.[4]

The first World Winter Games were held in 1977 in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, US. Austria hosted the first Winter Games outside the United States in 1993. The most recent Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Turino, Italy from March 8, 2025, to March 15, 2025. During the World Winter Games of 2013 in Pyeongchang, South Korea,[5] the first Special Olympics Global Development Summit was held on "Ending the Cycle of Poverty and Exclusion for People with Intellectual Disabilities", gathering government officials, activists and business leaders from around the world.[6]

## History

[edit]

Eunice Kennedy Shriver, sister of US president John F. Kennedy, believed that people with intellectual disabilities could be happy and live meaningful lives. Eunice founded the Special Olympics to positively change attitudes towards mentally handicapped people.[7] In June 1963, Kennedy Shriver started a day camp called Camp Shriver for children with intellectual and physical disabilities at her home in Potomac, Maryland.[8] The camp sought to address the concern that disabled children had very little opportunity to participate in organised athletic events. With Camp Shriver as an example, Kennedy Shriver, then head of the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation and a member of President John F. Kennedy's Panel on Mental Retardation, promoted the concept of involvement in physical activity and other opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities.[9] Camp Shriver became an annual event, and the Kennedy Foundation gave grants to universities, recreation departments, and community centers to hold similar camps.

Also in the early 1960s, Kennedy Shriver wrote an article in the Saturday Evening Post, stating that her sister, also President John F. Kennedy's sister, was born with intellectual disabilities.[10] Her sister, Rosemary Kennedy was slow to learn, suffered seizures and mood swings. Her mother was told by doctors that Rosemary's situation was hopeless. In the early 1940s, Rosemary was prescribed a lobotomy, which left her incapacitated.[11] This frank article about the President's family was seen as a "watershed" in changing public attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities.[12] Rosemary's disability provided Kennedy Shriver with an overall vision that people with intellectual disabilities could compete and at the same time unify together in public.[13] It has often been said that Rosemary's disability was Eunice's inspiration to form Special Olympics (as the movement came to be called); Eunice told The New York Times in 1995 that that was not exactly the case. "The games should not focus on one individual," she said.[14]

In 1958, Dr. James N. Oliver of England had conducted pioneering research, including a ground-breaking study showing that physical exercise and activities for children with intellectual disabilities had positive effects that also carried over into the classroom ("The Effects of Physical Conditioning Exercises and Activities on the Mental Characteristics of Educationally Sub-Normal Boys, British Journal of Educational Psychology, XXVIII, June 1958).[15] Oliver in 1964 served as a consultant to Camp Shriver.[16]

> Let me win but if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt

– Special Olympics athlete oath[17]

The 1964 research of Dr. Frank Hayden, a Canadian physical education professor from London, Ontario, demonstrated that intellectually disabled people can and should participate in physical exercise. He believed that the benefits of such activity would be seen in all areas of the athletes' lives.[18] With the help of a local school that offered space in its gym, Hayden started one of the first public organised sports programs, floor hockey for individuals with intellectual disabilities, in the fall of 1968.[19] In the mid-1960s, Hayden also developed an idea for national games, and his work brought him to the attention of the Kennedy Foundation. He shared his ideas for national games, while taking a teaching sabbatical and working for the foundation.[20]

The first Special Olympics games were held on July 20, 1968, at Soldier Field in Chicago. About 1,000 athletes from the U.S. and Canada took part in the one-day event, which was a joint venture by the Kennedy Foundation and the Chicago Park District.[21] Anne McGlone Burke, then a physical education teacher with the Chicago Park District,[22] began with the idea for a one-time, city-wide, Olympic-style athletic competition for people with special needs. Burke approached the Kennedy Foundation in 1967 to help fund the event. Kennedy Shriver, in turn, encouraged her to expand the idea beyond the city and the foundation provided a grant of $25,000.[23] When Burke had approached another charity for funding, she was told, "You should be ashamed of yourself putting these kinds of kids on display".[24] The advisory committee to the Chicago Special Olympics included Dr. William Freeberg from Southern Illinois University, Dr. Hayden of the Kennedy Foundation, Dr. Arthur Peavy, Burke, William McFetridge, and Stephen Kelly of the Chicago Park District, as well as, Olympic decathlon champion Rafer Johnson. Kennedy Shriver was honorary chair. At the July 1968 games, Kennedy Shriver announced the formation of Special Olympics and that more games would be held every two years as a "Biennial International Special Olympics".[21] Hayden served as the games executive director through 1972, and then in international development for the games.[20]

In 1971, The U.S. Olympic Committee gave the Special Olympics official approval to use the name "Olympics".[8] France sent the first athletes from outside North America to the second games held in 1970. The third games in 1972 saw 10 nations send athletes[25] The first Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in February 1977 in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.[8] The United Nations declared 1986, the year of the Special Olympics.[26] In 1988, the Special Olympics was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[8] The first World Games held outside the U.S., were the winter games of 1993 in Salzburg and Schladming, Austria. The Austrian president was the first head of state to personally open the games.[27]

In 1997, Healthy Athletes became an official Special Olympics initiative, offering health information and screenings to Special Olympics athletes worldwide.[8][28] By 2010, the Healthy Athletes program had given free health screenings and treatment to more than 1 million people with intellectual disabilities.

The crowd at the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games Opening Ceremonies in Croke Park, Dublin, Ireland

The 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games—the first summer held outside of the United States—took place in Dublin, Ireland. Approximately 7,000 athletes from 150 countries competed over 18 disciplines. The Dublin games were also the first to have their own opening and closing ceremonies broadcast live. President of Ireland Mary McAleese performed the ceremonial duties. The 2003 games dramatically changed the perceptions and attitudes of international society regarding the abilities and limitations of people with intellectual disabilities. The opening ceremony of the 2003 Games has been described by President McAleese as "a time when Ireland was at its superb best".[29]

On October 30, 2004, President George W. Bush signed into law the "Special Olympics Sport and Empowerment Act", Public Law 108–406. The bill authorized funding for its Healthy Athletes, Education, and Worldwide Expansion programs.[30] Co-sponsored by representatives Roy Blunt (R-MO), and Steny Hoyer (D-MD), and senators Rick Santorum (R-PA) and Harry Reid (D-NV), the bills were passed by unanimous consent in both chambers. In July 2006, the first Special Olympics USA Games were held at Iowa State University. Teams from all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated.[31]

In May 2016, Mary Davis of Dublin, Ireland, was named chief executive officer. She is the first CEO from outside the U.S. in the organization's history.[32] From 2017 to 2019, US secretary of education Betsy DeVos attempted to eliminate federal funding for the Special Olympics. Each year the attempt was rejected by Congress, and the public outcry following a third annual attempt resulted in the funding being maintained in 2019.[33] As part of the Special Olympics 50th Anniversary celebration in 2018, a new mission called the "Inclusion Revolution" was launched.[34]

## Symbols

[edit]

The Special Olympics logo is based on the sculpture "Joy and Happiness to All the Children of the World" by Zurab Tsereteli. The State University of New York, Brockport, played host to the 1979 Summer Games and Tsereteli was then a visiting artist in residence at the university. He worked with the Kennedy Foundation and gifted the sculpture to the University.[35][36] The "stick figure" is an abstract but humanistic form designed to convey the impression of movement and activity. The logo is meant to be a symbol of growth, confidence and joy among children and adults with disabilities.

In 2018, the Chicago Park District dedicated the "Eternal Flame of Hope" in honor of the Special Olympics. The 30 foot (9.1 m) sculpture by Richard Hunt stands in a plaza next to Soldier Field, where the first games were held 50 years earlier in 1968.[37][38] The Flame of Hope is the name given to the torch that is carried to and lit at Special Olympics games.[39]

## Hosts of the Special Olympics World Games

[edit]

Main article: Special Olympics World Games

Special Olympics World Games hosts  Year  | Summer Special Olympics World Games  | Winter Special Olympics World Games

|
|

No. | Host | Date(s) | No. | Host | Date(s)
1968 | 1 |  Chicago, United States | July 20 – August 3 |
1970 | 2 |  Chicago, United States | August 13–15
1972 | 3 |  Los Angeles, United States | August 13–18
1975 | 4 |  Mount Pleasant, United States | August 8–13
1977 |  | 1 |  Steamboat Springs, United States | February 5–11
1979 | 5 |  Brockport, United States | August 8–13 |
1981 |  | 2 |  Smugglers' Notch and Stowe, United States | March 8–13
1983 | 6 |  Baton Rouge, United States | July 12–18 |
1985 |  | 3 |  Park City, United States | March 24–29
1987 | 7 |  Notre Dame and South Bend, United States | July 31 – August 1 |
1989 |  | 4 |  Lake Tahoe and Reno, United States | April 1–8
1991 | 8 |  Minneapolis and Saint Paul, United States | July 19–27 |
1993 |  | 5 |  Salzburg and Schladming, Austria | March 20–27
1995 | 9 |  New Haven, United States | July 1–9 |
1997 |  | 6 |  Collingwood and Toronto, Canada | February 1–8
1999 | 10 |  Chapel Hill, Durham and Raleigh, United States | June 26 – July 4 |
2001 |  | 7 |  Anchorage, United States | March 4–11
2003 | 11 |  Dublin, Ireland | June 21–29 |
2005 |  | 8 |  Nagano, Japan | February 26 – March 4
2007 | 12 |  Shanghai, China | October 2–11 |
2009 |  | 9 |  Boise, United States(1) | February 6–13
2011 | 13 |  Athens, Greece | June 25 – July 4 |
2013 |  | 10 |  Pyeongchang, South Korea | January 29 – February 5
2015 | 14 |  Los Angeles, United States | July 25 – August 2 |
2017 |  | 11 |  Graz and Schladming, Austria | March 14–25
2019 | 15 |  Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates | March 14–21 |
2022 |  | - |  Kazan, Russia | cancelled(2)
2023 | 16 |  Berlin, Germany | June 17–25 |
2025 |  | 12 |  Turin-Piedmont, Italy | March 8-15
2027 | 17 |  Santiago, Chile | October 19-31 |
2029 |  | 13 |  Zürich-Graubünden, Switzerland |

1 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, was originally selected to host the 2009 Special Olympics World Winter Games.[40] Due to financial problems and the constant delay in reconstruction of the venues of the 1984 Winter Olympics, the city gave up hosting the Games, and Boise, Idaho, was invited to host the event.[41]

2 It was planned that Åre and Östersund, Sweden would host the 2021 World Winter Games between February 2 to 13, 2021.[42] However, on December 20, 2019, it was announced that the Swedish Paralympic Committee vetoed the necessary financing for the continuity of the event in the country, invalidating a promise made during the bid process, Special Olympics was forced to delay the event[43] and in 2020 the arose. Kazan, Russia was announced winter host for 2022 on June 29, 2020.[44] On March 4, 2022, it was announced that the Kazan games would be cancelled due to safety and economic concerns arising from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[45]

## National programs

[edit]

As of May 2023, there are 204 countries and territories, grouped into seven geographic regions. Due to legal issues, eight national programs don't use the official names of their countries in English but instead use their official names in their local languages.[46]

Number | Region | Countries

|
|

1  | Africa | 40
2  | Asia-Pacific | 35
3  | East Asia | 6
4  | Europe-Eurasia | 58
5  | America and the Caribbean | 43
6  | Middle East and North Africa | 22
Total | Special Olympics | 204

### Africa (40)

[edit]

* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cape Verde
* Chad
* Democratic Republic of Congo
* Republic of Congo
* Côte d'Ivoire
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea Bissau
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritius
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

### Asia-Pacific (35)

[edit]

* Afghanistan
* American Samoa
* Australia
* Bangladesh (details)
* Bharat (India) (details)
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Fiji
* Guam
* Indonesia
* Kiribati
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Myanmar
* Nauru
* Nepal (details) (Nepal)
* New Zealand
* Nippon (Japan)
* Pakistan (details)
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Pilipinas (Philippines)
* Samoa
* Serendib (Sri Lanka)
* Singapore
* Solomon Islands
* Thailand
* Timor Leste
* Tonga
* Vanuatu
* Vietnam

### East Asia (6)

[edit]

* China
* Chinese Taipei
* Hong Kong
* Korea
* Macau
* Mongolia

### Eurasia (58)

[edit]

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia (details)
* Faroe Islands
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Gibraltar
* Great Britain (details)
* Hellas (Greece)
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland (details)
* Isle of Man
* Israel
* Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Kosovo (details)
* Kyrgyzstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* North Macedonia
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Tajikistan
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Ukraine
* Uzbekistan

### America and the Caribbean (43)

[edit]

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico (details)
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Cuba
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
* Belize
* Guyana
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Aruba
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bermuda
* Bonaire
* Canada (details)
* Cayman Islands
* Curaçao
* Dominica
* Guadeloupe
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Sint Maarten
* Suriname
* US Virgin Islands
* Puerto Rico
* United States of America (details)

### Middle East and North Africa (22)

[edit]

* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Iran
* Iraq
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Sudan
* Syria
* Tunisia
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

## Participation

[edit]

Special Olympics programs are available for athletes free of charge. More than 5.7 million athletes and Unified Sports partners are involved in Special Olympics sports training and competition in 204 countries and territories.[47] The organization offers year-round training and competition in 32 Olympic-style summer and winter sports.[48]

Special Olympics World Winter Games 2017 reception Vienna, Austria

People with intellectual disabilities are encouraged to join the Special Olympics for the physical activity, which helps lower the rate of cardiovascular disease and obesity, among other health benefits. Also, they gain many emotional and psychological benefits, including self-confidence, social competence, building greater athletic skills and higher self-esteem.[49] Exercise has also been shown to be related to a decrease in anxiety levels amongst people with intellectual disabilities.[50]

To participate in the Special Olympics, a person must be at least 8 years old and identified by an agency or professional as having one of the following conditions: intellectual disabilities, cognitive delays as measured by formal assessment, or significant learning or vocational problems due to cognitive delay that require or have required specially designed instruction.[51] For young people with and without intellectual disabilities ages 2–7, Special Olympics has a Young Athletes program—an inclusive sport and play program with a focus on activities that are important to mental and physical growth. Children engage in games and activities that develop motor skills and hand-eye coordination. Parents say their children in Young Athletes also develop better social skills. The confidence boost makes it easier for them to play and talk with other children on the playground and elsewhere.[52] A study by the Center for Social Development and Education (University of Massachusetts, Boston) found that the activities also had the effect of helping children with intellectual disabilities learn routines and approaches to learning, along with how to follow rules and directions.[53]

Families can also get involved with the Special Olympics experience. Family members support their athletes to the best of their ability, which may involve attending or volunteering at the events. By being involved they can boost their athlete's self-esteem and will be looked at as a constant source of encouragement.[54]

Volunteers and supporters are an integral part of Special Olympics—and millions of people around the world are committed to its programs. Some are sponsors or donors. Many others are coaches, event volunteers and fans.[55]

Coaches help the athletes be the best they can be regardless of ability—or disability. Special Olympics trains coaches through the Coaching Excellence program, which includes partnering with sports organizations. Special Olympics volunteers are introduced to lifetime friendships and great rewards.[55]

There are many events in which families and volunteers participate, but the biggest event is the Law Enforcement Torch Run, which involves police chiefs, police officers, secret service, FBI agents, military police, sheriffs, state troopers, prison guards, and other law enforcement personnel assembling to raise awareness and funds for Special Olympics. Ahead of a Special Olympics competition, law enforcement officers carry the torch in intervals along a planned route covering most of the state or country to the site of the opening ceremonies of the chapter or Special Olympics World Summer or Winter Games. Then they pass the torch to a Special Olympics athlete and together they run up to the cauldron and light it, signifying the beginning of the games.[56]

The Special Olympics athlete's oath, which was first introduced by Eunice Kennedy Shriver at the inaugural Special Olympics international games in Chicago in 1968,[57] is "Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt." The origin of the oath came from Herbert J. Kramer, then Public Relations Advisor to the Kennedy Foundation.[58][59]

## Sports offered

[edit]

In 1968, track and field, swimming, and floor hockey were the first three official sports offered by Special Olympics. As in the Olympics, events are introduced in training and then added to the competitive schedule, and from there the list of sports and events continued to grow.

Special Olympics has more than 30 Olympic-type individual and team sports that provide meaningful training and competition opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities. As of 2016[update], these are:[60]

* Athletics (Track and field)
* Basketball
* Bocce
* Bowling
* Cricket
* Cycling
* Equestrian
* Figure skating
* Floorball
* Floor hockey
* Football (Soccer)
* Golf
* Gymnastics: Artistic and rhythmic
* Handball
* Judo
* Karate
* Kayaking
* Netball
* Powerlifting
* Roller skating
* Sailing
* Snowboarding
* Snowshoe running
* Skiing: Alpine and cross-country
* Softball
* Speed skating: Short-track
* Swimming: Pool and open-water
* Table tennis
* Tennis
* Triathlon
* Volleyball

Other sports and sports-related programs include the Motor Activity Training Program[60] and beach volleyball. Availability of sports can depend on location and season.

A key difference between Special Olympics competitions and those of other sports organizations is that athletes of all ability levels are encouraged to participate. Competitions are structured so that athletes compete with other athletes of similar ability in equitable divisions.[61] An athlete's ability is the primary factor in divisioning Special Olympics competitions. The ability of an athlete or team is determined by an entry score from a prior competition or the result of a seeding round or preliminary event at the competition itself. Other factors that are significant in establishing competitive divisions are age and gender.

At competitions, medals are awarded for first, second, and third place in each event, and ribbons are awarded to athletes who finish in fourth through eighth place.[62]

## Unified Sports

[edit]

In recent years, Special Olympics has pioneered the concept of Unified Sports, bringing together athletes with and without intellectual disabilities as teammates.[63] The basic concept is that training together and playing together can create a path to friendship and understanding. The program has expanded beyond the U.S. and North America: more than 1.4 million people worldwide now take part in Special Olympics Unified Sports.[64] The goal is to break down stereotypes about people with intellectual disabilities and promote unity.[63]

Building on this, Special Olympics launched "The Revolution Is Inclusion", inviting people worldwide to sign the Inclusion Pledge.[65] This campaign aimed at celebrating all abilities began as Special Olympics marked its 50th anniversary.[66]

A recent study of Special Olympics Unified Sports in Serbia, Poland, Ukraine, Germany and Hungary documented the benefits of Unified Sports, including the effect of changing attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities. As one Unified Sports partner said, "I am ashamed to say that I used to laugh at these people (people with intellectual disabilities), now I will tell anybody to stop laughing if I see it and I will stand up for people if I can."[67] Other evaluations have also shown Unified Sports to be successful in building self-esteem and confidence in people with intellectual disabilities and also as a way to improve understanding and acceptance of people with intellectual disabilities among their non-disabled peers.[67]

The Special Olympics Europe Eurasia Regional Research centre is based at the University of Ulster Jordanstown.[68]

As part of their 50th anniversary, the Special Olympics created the first Unified Cup.[69] The first competition is a soccer tournament with 440 athletes from 24 countries.[70][71]

Unified Robotics, a program that pairs Special Olympics students with FIRST Robotics students to build robots, began in 2016, and has been bringing opportunities for technological skill development to Special Olympics students in Washington state, Arizona, and in other regions since. Special Olympics Arizona also promotes inclusion through Unified Arts programming including robotics, music, photography, art competitions, and gardening.[72]

## Healthy Athletes

[edit]

As the Special Olympics began to grow, staffers and volunteers began to notice that athletes—children and adults with intellectual disabilities—also had many untreated health problems. In 1997, Special Olympics began an initiative called Healthy Athletes, which offers health screenings to athletes in need.[73]

Healthy Athletes currently offers health screenings in eight areas: Fit Feet (podiatry), FUNfitness (physical therapy), Health Promotion (better health and well-being), Healthy Hearing (audiology), MedFest (sports physical exam), Opening Eyes (vision), Special Smiles (dentistry), Strong Minds (Emotional Health). Screenings educate athletes on health and also identify problems that may need additional follow-up. For example, the FUNfitness Program assess flexibility, strength, balance, and aerobic fitness of the athlete. Following the screen, the physical therapist would provide instructions on how to optimize their physical fitness in the areas screened.[74]

Since the Healthy Athletes program began, Special Olympics has become the largest global public health organization dedicated to serving people with intellectual disabilities. So far, more than 1.9 million Healthy Athletes screenings have been conducted for people with intellectual disabilities all around the world.[73]

The Special Olympics health initiative has attracted high-profile partners, including the Hear the World Foundation, which screened more than 1,000 athletes during the most recent World Winter Games in Korea; more than 200 of them were found to have hearing loss.[75][76]

In 2012, the Special Olympics Healthy Communities initiative launched in eight countries—Kazakhstan, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Romania, South Africa and Thailand, as well as six U.S. states. The goal is to improve the health and well-being of people with intellectual disabilities and allow them to reach their full potential.[48]

## Criticism

[edit]

Scholar Keith Storey summarized common objections in a 2004 article in Journal of Disability Policy Studies.[77] One criticism directed at the organization pertains to the role that corporate sponsors play in it, which critics feel has led to degrading paternalism toward athletic ability. While corporate fundraising makes the games possible, critics argue, it provides good public relations for the sponsors, but does not result in integration of people with disabilities into the workforce at those companies. People with disabilities are also not widely represented on the Special Olympics' board of directors, as only two members have disabilities. This has been criticized as a double standard that reflects poorly on the disability rights movement where people with disabilities control the service delivery system rather than relying on people without disabilities.

## See also

[edit]

* Olympics portal

* Paralympics
* Deaflympics
* Flame of Hope
* Healthy Athletes
* Special Hockey

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Special Olympics Board of Directors". specialolympics.org. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
2. ^ "Smithsonian Highlights Special Olympics History and Athletes". National Museum of American History. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
3. ^ "2016 Reach Report" (PDF). Special Olympics. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
4. ^ "Berlin, Germany selected to host the 2023 Special Olympics World Games". Special Olympics. November 13, 2018.
5. ^ "Main page". 2013sopoc.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
6. ^ "Global Leaders Convene in PyeongChang, Korea Participate in Groundbreaking Special Olympics Global Development Summit". Special Olympics. January 30, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
7. ^ Allen, David Franklyn (1979). Ethical issues in mental retardation. Victoria S. Allen. Nashville: Abingdon. ISBN 0-687-12011-X. OCLC 5310309.
8. ^ a b c d e "The History of Special Olympics". Retrieved September 12, 2010.
9. ^ "JFK and Disabilities – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". www.jfklibrary.org.
10. ^ Society, The Saturday Evening Post (August 13, 2009). "Eunice Kennedy Shriver 1921–2009 – The Saturday Evening Post". www.saturdayeveningpost.com.
11. ^ Henley, Jon (August 12, 2009). "The Forgotten Kennedy". The Guardian.
12. ^ Kessler, p. 246
13. ^ "10 Facts about the Special Olympics [LIST]". Goodnet. February 23, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
14. ^ Johnson, Kirk (June 23, 1995). "Reaching the Retarded: An Old Kennedy Mission". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
15. ^ Oliver, James N. (May 13, 2011). "The effect of physical conditioning exercises and activities on the mental characteristics of educationally sub-normal boys". British Journal of Educational Psychology. 28 (2). PsychSource: 155–165\. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1958.tb01437.x. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020.
16. ^ "Out of the Shadows: Events Leading to the Founding of Special Olympics". Special Olympics. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017.
17. ^ Armstrong, Neil; Mechelen, Willem van (2017). Oxford Textbook of Children's Sport and Exercise Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 397\. ISBN 978-0-19-107498-1.
18. ^ "Welcome to Kinesiology & Community Health – Kinesiology & Community Health". www.kch.uiuc.edu.
19. ^ "About Us – Special Olympics Ontario – Greater Ottawa". ottawa.specialolympicsontario.ca.
20. ^ a b Moczulski, J.P. (July 16, 2018). "How the Special Olympics were born". Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
21. ^ a b "Out of the Shadows: Events Leading to the Founding of". Special Olympics. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
22. ^ "Feature Article". Lib.niu.edu. July 20, 1968. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
23. ^ "SPECIAL OLYMPICS 2014". www.fotonique.com. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
24. ^ McCallum, Jack (July 15, 2018). "One of history's most transformative human rights movements turns 50". Washington Post. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
25. ^ "A Joyful New Movement Gains Momentum". Special Olympics. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
26. ^ "Recognition and Growth Around the World". Special Olympics. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
27. ^ "Pushing for Inclusion and Improved Health for People with ID". Special Olympics. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
28. ^ Mary Davis,[1], "How Health Checks on our Special Athletes are saving lives", Evening Herald, Thursday, April 7, 2011
29. ^ Fiona Brady, Taskforce ON citizenship Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, "Her bridges built, McAleese reflects on a decade in office", Irish Independent, November 3, 2007
30. ^ "Special Olympics Sport and Empowerment Act of 2004" (PDF). October 30, 2004. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
31. ^ "USA National Games". Archived from the original on August 5, 2007.
32. ^ O'Riordan, Ian (December 16, 2017). "Outstanding Achievement award for Mary Davis entirely fitting". The Irish Times. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
33. ^ "Betsy DeVos' utterly botched call for Special Olympics funding cuts, explained".
34. ^ "Special Olympics 50th Anniversary celebration in 2018, a new mission called the "Inclusion Revolution" was launched". April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Kessler, Ronald. The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded. Warner Books, 1996. ISBN 0-446-60384-8

## External links

[edit]

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(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD)|

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Modern Olympics|

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Winter sports

International|

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Regional|

* National Winter Games of China
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* 1 Defunct
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