State governments of India

State Governments of the 28 Indian states and 3 union territories

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State Governments of India are the governments ruling over the 28 states and 3 union territories (8 union territories of India but 3 union territories have Legislative Assembly as well as governments) of India with the head of Council of Ministers in every state being the Chief Minister. Power is divided between the Union government (federal government) and the state governments.

Each state has a legislative assembly. A state legislature that has one house – the State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) – is a unicameral legislature. A state legislature that has two houses – the State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) – is a bicameral legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the lower house and corresponds to the Lok Sabha while the Vidhan Parishad is the upper house and corresponds to the Rajya Sabha of the Parliament of India.

While the Union government handles defence, external affairs etc., the state government deals with internal security and other state issues. Income for the Union government is from customs duty, excise tax, income tax etc., while state government income comes from sales tax (VAT), stamp duty etc.; now these have been subsumed under the various components of the Goods and Services Tax.

The Sarkaria Commission was set up to review the balance of power between states' and the Union governments. The Union government can dissolve a state government in favour of President's rule if necessary, subject to certain conditions, as ruled by the Supreme Court of India in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India. It is for 5 years only.

## Legislative

[edit]

For every state, there is a legislature, which consists of a Governor and either one or two houses.[1]

State/Union Territory  | Legislature type  | Size

|
|

Lower[2] | Upper[3] | Total
Andhra Pradesh | Bicameral | 175  | 58  | 233
Arunachal Pradesh | Unicameral | 60  | —  | 60
Assam | Unicameral | 126  | —  | 126
Bihar | Bicameral | 243  | 75  | 318
Chhattisgarh | Unicameral | 90  | —  | 90
Delhi | Unicameral | 70  | —  | 70
Goa | Unicameral | 40  | —  | 40
Gujarat | Unicameral | 182  | —  | 182
Haryana | Unicameral | 90  | —  | 90
Himachal Pradesh | Unicameral | 68  | —  | 68
Jammu and Kashmir | Unicameral | 90  | —  | 90
Jharkhand | Unicameral | 81  | —  | 81
Karnataka | Bicameral | 224  | 75  | 299
Kerala | Unicameral | 140  | —  | 140
Madhya Pradesh | Unicameral | 230  | —  | 230
Maharashtra | Bicameral | 288  | 78  | 366
Manipur | Unicameral | 60  | —  | 60
Meghalaya | Unicameral | 60  | —  | 60
Mizoram | Unicameral | 40  | —  | 40
Nagaland | Unicameral | 60  | —  | 60
Odisha | Unicameral | 147  | —  | 147
Puducherry | Unicameral | 30[a] | —  | 33
Punjab | Unicameral | 117  | —  | 117
Rajasthan | Unicameral | 200  | —  | 200
Sikkim | Unicameral | 32  | —  | 32
Tamil Nadu | Unicameral | 234  | —  | 234
Telangana | Bicameral | 119  | 40  | 159
Tripura | Unicameral | 60  | —  | 60
Uttar Pradesh | Bicameral | 403  | 100  | 503
Uttarakhand | Unicameral | 70  | —  | 70
West Bengal | Unicameral | 294  | —  | 294
Total  | — | 4,123 | 426 | 4,547

1. ^ 3 additional seats are nominated by Government of India

### Legislative Council

[edit]

Main article: State legislative councils of India

6 out of 28 states have bicameral legislatures, namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh, with the remaining states having a unicameral one. Parliament may, by law, provide for the abolition of an existing Legislative Council or for the creation of one where it does not exist, if the proposal is supported by a resolution of the Legislative Assembly of the state concerned.

The Legislative Council of a state comprises not more than one-third of the total number of members in the legislative assembly of the state and in no case fewer than 40 members. About one-third of members of the Council are elected by members of the legislative assembly from amongst persons who are not its members, one-third by electorates consisting of members of municipalities, district boards and other local authorities in the state, one-twelfth by an electorate consisting of persons who have been, for at least three years, engaged in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower in standard than secondary school and a further one-twelfth by registered graduates of more than three years' standing. Remaining members are nominated by the Governor from among those who have distinguished themselves in literature, science, art, cooperative movement and social service. Legislative Councils are not subject to dissolution but one-third of their members retire every second year.

#### Legislative councils by ruling parties

[edit]

This section is transcluded from State legislative councils of India. (edit | history)

Bharatiya Janata Party (1)

NDA (BJP led alliance) (3)

Indian National Congress (2)

INDIA (INC led alliance) (0)

No legislative council (30)

Ruling party  | States/UTs

|

NDA (4)[4]
| Bharatiya Janata Party | 1
| Telugu Desam Party | 1
| Shiv Sena | 1
| Janata Dal (United) | 1
INDIA (2)[5]
| Indian National Congress | 2

The Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance is in power in 4 legislative councils; the Indian National Congress-led Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance is in power in 2 legislative councils; and 30 other states/union territories do not have a legislative council.

### Legislative Assembly

[edit]

Main article: State legislative assemblies of India

The Legislative Assembly of a state consists of not more than 500 and not fewer than 60 members (Legislative Assembly of Sikkim has 32 members, while Puducherry has 33, Goa and Mizoram have 40 seats each vide Article 371F of the Constitution) chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the state. Demarcation of territorial constituencies is to be done in such a manner that the ratio between population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the state. The term of an assembly is five years unless it is dissolved earlier.

#### Legislative assemblies by ruling parties

[edit]

This section is transcluded from State legislative assemblies of India. (edit | history)

Bharatiya Janata Party (13)

NDA (BJP led alliance) (7)

Indian National Congress (3)

INDIA (INC led alliance) (7)

Others (1)

No legislature (5)

Ruling party  | States/UTs

|

NDA (20)[6]
| Bharatiya Janata Party | 13
| Telugu Desam Party | 1
| Shiv Sena | 1
| Janata Dal (United) | 1
| All India N.R. Congress | 1
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party | 1
| National People's Party | 1
| Sikkim Krantikari Morcha | 1
INDIA (10)[7]
| Indian National Congress | 3
| Aam Aadmi Party | 2
| All India Trinamool Congress | 1
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 1
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 1
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | 1
| Zoram People's Movement | 1

The Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance is in power in 20 legislative assemblies; the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance is in power in 10 legislative assemblies; 1 legislative assemblies are ruled by other parties/alliances; and 5 union territories do not have a legislative assembly.

### Powers and Functions

[edit]

State legislature has exclusive powers over subjects enumerated in the State List (List II of the Seventh Schedule) of the Constitution and concurrent powers over those enumerated in sub List III. Financial powers of legislature include authorization of all expenditure, taxation and borrowing by the state government. The Legislative Assembly alone has the power to originate money bills. The Legislative Council can only make recommendations in respect of changes it considers necessary within a period of fourteen days of the receipt of money bills from the Legislative Assembly, which can accept or reject these recommendations.

The Governor of a state may reserve any Bill for the consideration of the President. Bills relating to subjects like the compulsory acquisition of property, measures affecting powers and position of High Courts, and the imposition of taxes on storage, distribution, and sale of water or electricity in Inter-state River or river valley development projects should necessarily be so reserved. No Bills seeking to impose restrictions on inter-state trade can be introduced in a state legislature without the previous sanction of the President.

State legislatures, apart from exercising the usual power of financial control, use all normal parliamentary devices like questions, discussions, debates, adjournments, and no-confidence motions and resolutions to keep a watch over the day-to-day work of the executive. They also have their own committees on estimates and public accounts to ensure that grants sanctioned by the legislature are properly utilized.

There are, overall, 4,121 legislative assembly seats in states and Union territories of India.[8][9][10] Andhra Pradesh abolished its Legislative Council in 1984, but set up a new Legislative Council following elections in 2007.[11]

## Executive

[edit]

The state executive[12] consists of a Governor and the State Council of Ministers, with the Chief Minister as its head.

### Governor

[edit]

Further information: Governor (India) and List of current Indian governors

The Governor of a state is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years and holds office during their pleasure. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment to this office.

Executive power of the state is vested in the Governor. All Governors are obligated to discharge their constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister of a state, sending a report to the President on the failure of the Constitutional machinery in a state or in respect of matters relating to assent to passing a bill in the state assembly.

Similarly, in respect of Arunachal Pradesh, its Governor has special responsibility under Article 371H of the Constitution with respect to law and order and in discharge of his functions in relation thereto. The Governor exercises his individual judgement as to the action to be taken after consulting the Council of Ministers. These are, however, temporary provisions. If the President of India, on receipt of a report from Governor or otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for the Governor to have special responsibilities with respect to law and order, he may so direct by an order.

Likewise, in the Sixth Schedule which applies to tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram as specified in para 20 of that Schedule, discretionary powers are given to the Governor in matters relating to sharing of royalties between the district councils and the state government. The Sixth Schedule vests additional discretionary powers in the Governors of Mizoram and Tripura in almost all their functions (except approving regulations for levy of taxes and money lending by non-tribal district councils) since December 1998. In Sikkim, the Governor has been given special responsibility for peace and social and economic advancement of different sections of population.

### Council Of Ministers

[edit]

Further information: Chief minister (India) and List of current Indian chief ministers

The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor, who also appoints other ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the state.

The Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head aids and advises the Governor in exercise of his functions except in so far as he is by or under the Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them at his discretion. In respect of Nagaland, its Governor has special responsibility under Article 371 A of the Constitution with respect to law and order and even though it is necessary for him to consult Council of Ministers in matters relating to law and order, he can exercise his individual judgement as to the action to be taken.

## Judiciary

[edit]

State High courts have jurisdiction over the whole state, but report to the Supreme Court of India, which may override the high court's judgments and rulings.

## List of current state governments

[edit]

See also: State legislative assemblies of India and State legislative councils of India

State/Union territory  | Governor/Lt. Governor  | Chief Minister  | Political Alliance  | Ruling party

|
|
|
|

Andhra Pradesh | Syed Abdul Nazeer | N. Chandrababu Naidu | NDA  |  | Telugu Desam Party
Arunachal Pradesh | Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik | Pema Khandu | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Assam | Lakshaman Acharya | Himanta Biswa Sarma | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Bihar | Rajendra Arlekar | Nitish Kumar | NDA  |  | Janata Dal (United)
Chhattisgarh | Ramen Deka | Vishnu Deo Sai | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Delhi | Vinai Kumar Saxena | Atishi Marlena | (INDIA)  |  | Aam Aadmi Party
Goa | P. S. Sreedharan Pillai | Pramod Sawant | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Gujarat | Acharya Devvrat | Bhupendrabhai Patel | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Haryana | Bandaru Dattatreya | Nayab Singh Saini | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Himachal Pradesh | Shiv Pratap Shukla | Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu | INDIA  |  | Indian National Congress
Jammu and Kashmir | Manoj Sinha | Omar Abdullah | INDIA  |  | Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
Jharkhand | Santosh Gangwar | Hemant Soren | INDIA  |  | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
Karnataka | Thawar Chand Gehlot | Siddaramaiah | INDIA  |  | Indian National Congress
Kerala | Arif Mohammad Khan | Pinarayi Vijayan | (INDIA)  |  | Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Madhya Pradesh | Mangubhai C. Patel | Mohan Yadav | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Maharashtra | C. P. Radhakrishnan | Eknath Shinde | NDA  |  | Shiv Sena
Manipur | Lakshaman Acharya | N. Biren Singh | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Meghalaya | C. H. Vijayashankar | Conrad Sangma | NDA  |  | National People's Party
Mizoram | Kambhampati Hari Babu | Lalduhoma |  |  | Zoram People's Movement
Nagaland | La. Ganesan | Neiphiu Rio | NDA  |  | Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
Odisha | Raghubar Das | Mohan Charan Majhi | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Puducherry | Kuniyil Kailashnathan | N. Rangaswamy | NDA  |  | All India N.R. Congress
Punjab | Gulab Chand Kataria | Bhagwant Mann | (INDIA)  |  | Aam Aadmi Party
Rajasthan | Haribhau Bagade | Bhajan Lal Sharma | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Sikkim | Om Prakash Mathur | Prem Singh Tamang | (NDA)  |  | Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
Tamil Nadu | R. N. Ravi | M. K. Stalin | INDIA  |  | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Telangana | Jishnu Dev Varma | Revanth Reddy | INDIA  |  | Indian National Congress
Tripura | N. Indrasena Reddy | Manik Saha | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Uttar Pradesh | Anandiben Patel | Yogi Adityanath | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
Uttarakhand | Gurmit Singh | Pushkar Singh Dhami | NDA  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party
West Bengal | C. V. Ananda Bose  | Mamata Banerjee | (INDIA)  |  | All India Trinamool Congress

## See also

[edit]

* List of current Indian governors
* List of current Indian chief ministers
* List of current Indian chief justices
* Federalism in India
* Politics of India
* Elections in India
* List of Indian state legislative assembly elections

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Home | Know India: National Portal of India". Know India. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
2. ^ "Terms of the Houses". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
3. ^ "List of State Legislative Councils of India". Jagranjosh.com. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
4. ^ "Explained: The 38 parties in the NDA fold". The Indian Express. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
5. ^ Ghosh, Sanchari (19 July 2023). "INDIA from UPA: Opposition's push for a new name explained". mint. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
6. ^ "Explained: The 38 parties in the NDA fold". The Indian Express. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
7. ^ Ghosh, Sanchari (19 July 2023). "INDIA from UPA: Opposition's push for a new name explained". mint. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
8. ^ "Glass ceilings in State Cabinets". The Hindu.
9. ^ "Election Commission of India". eci.nic.in.
10. ^ "Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India" (PDF). socialjustice.nic.in.
11. ^ "Legislature". www.aplegislature.org.
12. ^ "The Polity : The States -Profile - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012.

* v
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State governments of India

State governments|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Union territories|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Chandigarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Puducherry

* v
* t
* e

Current ministries of the union and state governments of India

Union: Modi III

| Andhra Pradesh|

Naidu IV

|

Arunachal Pradesh|

Khandu V

Assam|

Sarma

Bihar|

Nitish Kumar IX

Chhattisgarh|

Sai

Delhi|

Atishi Marlena

Goa|

Sawant II

Gujarat|

Patel II

Haryana|

Saini II

Himachal Pradesh|

Sukhu

Jammu and Kashmir|

Abdullah II

| Jharkhand|

Soren III

|

Karnataka|

Siddaramaiah II

Kerala|

Vijayan II

Madhya Pradesh|

Yadav

Maharashtra|

Shinde

Manipur|

Singh II

Meghalaya|

Sangma II

Mizoram|

Lalduhoma

Nagaland|

Rio V

Odisha|

Majhi

Puducherry|

Rangaswamy IV

| Punjab|

Mann

|

Rajasthan|

Sharma

Sikkim|

Tamang II

Tamil Nadu|

Stalin

Telangana|

Reddy

Tripura|

Saha II

Uttar Pradesh|

Yogi Adityanath II

Uttarakhand|

Dhami II

West Bengal|

Banerjee III

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Government of India

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Legislature|

* Parliament
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* Chairman
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Judiciary|

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