Statistics Canada

Government agency

Statistics CanadaStatistique Canada

Agency overview
Formed| 1 May 1971; 54 years ago (1 May 1971)
Preceding agency|

* Dominion Bureau of Statistics

Headquarters| Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Employees| 7,220 (March 2024)[1]
Annual budget| CA$740.7 million (2023–24)[2]
Minister responsible|

* Mélanie Joly, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry

Agency executive|

* André Loranger, Chief Statistician of Canada

Website| statcan.gc.ca/en

Statistics Canada (StatCan; French: Statistique Canada), formed in 1971, is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. It is headquartered in Ottawa.[3]

The agency is led by the chief statistician of Canada, currently André Loranger, who assumed the role on an interim basis on 1 April 2024[4] and permanently on 20 December 2024.[5] StatCan is accountable to Parliament through the minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, currently Mélanie Joly.

Statistics Canada acts as the national statistical agency for Canada, and Statistics Canada produces statistics for all the provinces as well as the federal government. In addition to conducting about 350 active surveys on virtually all aspects of Canadian life, the Statistics Act mandates that Statistics Canada has a duty to conduct a country-wide census of population every five years and a census of agriculture every ten years.[6]

It has regularly been considered the best statistical organization in the world by The Economist,[7] such as in the 1991[8] and 1993[9] "Good Statistics" surveys. The Public Policy Forum and others have also recognized successes of the agency.[10]

## Leadership

[edit]

The head of Statistics Canada is the chief statistician of Canada. The heads of Statistics Canada and the previous organization, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, are:

* Robert H. Coats (1918–1942)
* Sedley A. Cudmore (1942–1945)
* Herbert Marshall (1945–1956)
* Walter E. Duffett (1957–1972)
* Sylvia Ostry (1972–1975)
* Peter G. Kirkham (1975–1980)
* James L. Fry (1980)
* Martin B. Wilk (1980–1985)
* Ivan P. Fellegi (1985–2008)
* Munir Sheikh (2008–2010)
* Wayne Smith (interim 2010; 2011–2016)
* Anil Arora (2016–2024)
* André Loranger (2024–)

## Publications

[edit]

Statistics Canada publishes numerous documents covering a range of statistical information about Canada, including census data, economic and health indicators, immigration economics, income distribution, and social and justice conditions. It also publishes a peer-reviewed statistics journal, Survey Methodology.

Statistics Canada provides free access to numerous aggregate data tables on various subjects of relevance to Canadian life. Many tables used to be published as the Canadian Socio-economic Information Management System, or CANSIM, which has since been replaced by new, more easily manipulated data tables.[11]

The Daily is Statistics Canada's free online bulletin that provides current information from StatCan, updated daily, on current social and economic conditions.[12]

Statistics Canada also provides the Canadian Income Survey (CIS)—a cross-sectional survey that assesses the income, income sources, and the economic status of individuals and families in Canada.[13] Data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) is combined with data from the CIS. The 24 February 2020 reported statistics on the poverty based on the market basket measure (MBM).[14]

## Data accessibility and licensing

[edit]

As of 1 February 2012,[update] "information published by Statistics Canada is automatically covered by the Open License with the exception of Statistics Canada's postal products and Public Use Microdata Files (PUMFs)." Researchers using StatCan data are required to "give full credit for any Statistics Canada data, analysis and other content material used or referred to in their studies, articles, papers and other research works." The use of Public Use Microdata Files (PUMFs) is governed by the Data Liberation Initiative (DLI) License signed by the universities and Statistics Canada. Aggregate data available through the Canadian Socio-economic Information Management System CANSIM, and the census website is Open Data under the Statistics Canada Open License Agreement.[15]

By 24 April 2006, electronic publications on Statistics Canada's web site were free of charge with some exceptions.[16]

The historical time series data from CANSIM is also available via numerous third-party data vendors, including Haver Analytics,[17] Macrobond Financial,[18] and Thomson Reuters Datastream.[19]

## Canadian Research Data Centre Network (CRDCN)

[edit]

The Canadian Research Data Centre Network (CRDCN) is a network of quantitative social sciences which includes 27 facilities across Canada that provide "access to a vast array of social, economic, and health data, primarily gathered" by Statistics Canada and disseminate "research findings to the policy community and the Canadian public."[20]

## History

[edit]

Statistics Canada was formed by the Statistics Act,[21] which came into force on 1 May 1971.[22] It replaced the Dominion Bureau of Statistics,[23] which was formed in 1918. Statistics Canada published a print copy of the yearly almanac entitled Canada Year Book from 1967 to 2012[24] when it ceased publication due to ebbing demand and deep budgetary cutbacks to StatCan by the federal government.[24] It was a yearly compendium of statistical lore and information on the nation's social and economic past, people, events and facts.[25] The Canada Year Book was originally edited by a volunteer from the Department of Finance and published by a private company, which offset costs with advertisement sales. This method continued until 1879, at which time the record ceases, until 1885, at which time the Department of Agriculture took up the burden. The duty of publication was transferred to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics upon its formation in 1918.[citation needed]

On 18 June 2005, after years of study by expert panels, discussion, debate (privacy vs the interests of genealogists and historians), Bill S-18 An Act to Amend the Statistics Act was passed which released personal census records for censuses taken between 1911 and 2001, inclusive.[26] Debate over the census and their contents had periodically created changes in the Statistics Act such as a 2005 amendment making the privacy restrictions of the census information expire after more than a century. In addition, with Bill S-18, starting with the 2006 census, Canadians can consent to the public release of their personal census information after 92 years. Census returns are in the custody of Statistics Canada and the records are closed until 92 years after the taking of a census, when those records may be opened for public use and transferred to Library and Archives Canada subject to individual consent where applicable.[27]

The mandatory long census form was cancelled by the federal government in 2010 in favour of a voluntary household survey (NHS).[28] The mandatory long form census was reinstated in time for the 2016 census of population.

In 2011, Statistics Canada released an audit acknowledging that from 2004 to 2011, their automated computer processes had "inadvertently made economic data available to data distributors before the official publication time." In November 2011, in response to the audit, StatCan stopped that process.[29]

### 2012 layoffs

[edit]

Nearly half of Statistics Canada's 5000 employees were notified in April 2012 that their jobs might be eliminated as part of austerity measures imposed by the Conservative federal government in the 2012 Canadian federal budget.[30] The 2,300 employees underwent a process to determine which ones were not impacted, which were eliminated and which were given early retirement or put in new positions.[31] These budget cuts reduced the amount of information Statistics Canada was able to produce during that time period.[30]

## The census

[edit]

By law, every household must complete the Canada census form.[32] In May 2006, an Internet version of the census was made widely available for the first time. Another census was held in May 2011, again with the internet being the primary method for statistical data collection. The most recent census was held in May 2021, with the resulting data expected to be published in seven separate data sets throughout 2022.[33] Additional data will be published at a future date which has yet to be determined.

### 2011 voluntary long form or National Household Survey

[edit]

Main article: Canada 2011 census

On 17 June 2010 an Order in Council was created by Minister of Industry Tony Clement defining the questions for the 2011 census as including only the short-form questions; this was published in the Canada Gazette on 26 June 2010,[34] however a news release was not issued by Minister Clement until 13 July 2010. This release stated in part "The government will retain the mandatory short form that will collect basic demographic information. To meet the need for additional information, and to respect the privacy wishes of Canadians, the government has introduced the voluntary National Household Survey".[35] On 30 July 2010 Statistics Canada published a description of the National Household Survey.[36]

Minister Clement initially indicated that these changes were being made based on consultations with Statistics Canada[37] but was forced to admit that the change from a mandatory to voluntary form was not one of the recommendations received from StatsCan after the head of the agency Munir Sheikh resigned in protest.[38] Information was uncovered that indicated attempts on the part of the government to distance themselves from the decision, instructing Statistics Canada officials to delete the phrase "as per government decision" from documents which were being written to inform Statistics Canada staff of the change.[39] Minister Clement had claimed that concerns over privacy[40] and the threat of jail time[41] were the reasons for the change[42] and had refused to reverse his decision[43] stating that the prime minister supported the legislation.[44] The argument over privacy was subsequently undermined by a privacy commissioner statement that she was "satisfied with the measures Statistics Canada had put into place to protect privacy".[45] Other industry professionals also came out in defence of Statistics Canada's record on privacy issues.[46][47] The government maintained its position, with Lynn Meahan, press secretary to the Minister of Industry, stating that the new census would result in "useable (sic) and useful data that can meet the needs of many users."[48]

During the 2010 debates, the Freedom Party of Ontario (FPO), a small group based on Ayn Rand's writings, whose 42 candidates received 12,381 votes (or 0.26% of the popular vote) in the 2014 election, opposed the long census. They also opposed bilingualism, political correctness and the inclusion of a question on race on the 1996 Canadian census. FPO claimed that Canadian and British traditions had been dishonoured by multiculturalism. They were among a minority who argued that using statistical data to analyse resource allocation is not beneficial.[46][49][50]

Central to the debate on this issue was the effect on the quality of data which would be collected by Statistics Canada under the new system. Many groups made the claim that a voluntary system would not provide a quality of data consistent with what Statistics Canada is known for[38][43][46][47] while others felt that politically motivated changes to StatsCan methodology tainted the reputation of the whole organization in the international setting.[51] Supporters of the change offered models of European countries who were adopting alternate systems,[40] although in these states the census was being replaced with a database of information on each citizen rather than a voluntary poll and none of these systems were planned for the Canadian 2011 census. They also challenged the existing system's ability to cope with rapid socio-demographic changes, though this would not be addressed without increasing the frequency of the survey. Some public opposition to the changes were expressed on Facebook.[52]

According to The Globe and Mail, by 2015 an increasing number of economists had joined with organizations such as the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Canadian Economics Association, Martin Prosperity Institute, Toronto Region Board of Trade, Restaurants Canada and the Canadian Association of Business Economics to call for a reinstatement of the mandatory long form.[28] Edmonton's chief economist had preferred the long form and argued that the National Housing Survey was only useful at the aggregate city level and left "a dearth of data on long-term changes at the neighbourhood level and within demographic groups... making it difficult to make decisions such as 'where to build a library, where to build a fire hall' without specific demographic information,"[28] and that because it was not mandatory, there was a lower response rate and therefore increased risk of under-representation of some vulnerable segments of society, for example aboriginal peoples and newly arrived immigrants, which made it more difficult to "pinpoint trends such as income inequality, immigrant outcomes in the jobs market, labour shortages and demographic shifts."[28]

### 2015 reinstatement of mandatory long form

[edit]

One day after his election in November 2015, the Liberal government of Justin Trudeau reinstated the mandatory census long form[53] and it was used in the 2016 census.[54][55]

### Political reactions

[edit]

Former industry minister Tony Clement recanted on his support for the elimination of the long form. He avowed that there were ways to protect both indispensable data and Canadians' privacy. Blaming his party for a "collective" decision to terminate the long form, he said, "I think I would have done it differently." He implied incorrectly that Statistics Canada head Munir Sheikh had agreed with the cancellation when it was done.[56]

## Standard geographic units

[edit]

Main article: Census geographic units of Canada

Statistics Canada divided Canada into the following standard geographic units for statistical purposes in the 2016 census.[57]

* Province or territory
* Census division
* Census consolidated subdivision
* Census subdivision: municipalities and municipal equivalents as defined by Statistics Canada in consultation with provincial and territorial governments including the following types:[58]
* Canton: townships in Quebec
* Chartered community: present in the Northwest Territories
* City
* Community: present in Prince Edward Island
* Community government: present in the Northwest Territories
* County municipality: rural territories in Nova Scotia
* Cree reserve land: present in Quebec
* Cree village: present in Quebec
* Crown colony: present in Saskatchewan
* District municipality: rural or urban territories of British Columbia
* Hamlet: present in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut
* Improvement district: rural municipalities in Alberta
* Indian government district: present in British Columbia
* Indian reserve
* Indian settlement
* Inuit reserve land: present in Quebec
* Island municipality: present in British Columbia
* Local government district: present in Manitoba
* Municipal district: rural municipalities in Alberta and Nova Scotia
* Municipality: rural territories in Quebec
* Naskapi village: present in Quebec
* Naskapis reserve land: present in Quebec
* Nisga'a land: present in British Columbia
* Northern hamlet: present in Saskatchewan
* Northern village (village nordique): present in Saskatchewan and Quebec
* Parish: rural territories in Quebec (parish municipalities) and New Brunswick
* Regional district electoral area: unorganized rural areas in British Columbia
* Regional municipality: present in Nova Scotia
* Resort village: present in Saskatchewan
* Rural community: present in New Brunswick
* Rural municipality: present in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
* Self-government: present in Yukon
* Settlement: present in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut
* Special area: rural municipalities in Alberta
* Specialized municipality: present in Alberta
* Subdivision of county municipality: rural territories within Nova Scotia's county municipalities
* Subdivision of unorganized area: unorganized rural territories of Newfoundland and Labrador
* Summer village: present in Alberta
* Teslin land: present in Yukon
* Town
* Township: present in Ontario
* Township and royalty: rural territories in Prince Edward Island
* United cantons: townships that have been united in Quebec
* Unorganized area
* Village
* Ville: cities and towns in Quebec
* Aggregated dissemination area (ADA)
* Economic region
* Designated place
* Federal electoral district
* Forward sortation area
* Statistical area classifications
* Census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA): a cluster of adjacent census subdivisions where: in the case of a CMA, the cluster has a population of 100,000 or greater in which at least 50,000 live in the core; and, in the case of a CA, the cluster has a population of at least 10,000 in the core[59]
* Census tract (applicable to all CMAs and 15 CAs)
* Population centre (previously "urban area")
* Large urban
* Medium
* Small
* Rural area
* Non-CMA or non-CA (like CMAs and CAs, includes small population centres and rural areas, but excludes large urban and medium population centres)

## See also

[edit]

* Canada portal

* List of national and international statistical services
* Institut de la statistique du Québec
* Official statistics
* United Nations Statistics Division

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "GC InfoBase". tbs-sct.gc.ca. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
2. ^ "GC InfoBase". tbs-sct.gc.ca. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
3. ^ "Contact us". StatCan. nd. Retrieved 4 August 2015.Statistics Canada, 150 Tunney's Pasture Driveway Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6; Statistique Canada 150, promenade du pré Tunney Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6
4. ^ "André Loranger, Chief Statistician of Canada".
5. ^ "Canada Names André Loranger Chief Statistician". Mirage News. 20 December 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
6. ^ Government of Canada (12 December 2017). "Statistics Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. S-19)". Retrieved 3 June 2020.
7. ^ "Canadian Initiative on Social Statistics". Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 11 July 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2006.
8. ^ "Economist Good Statistics Guide Assesses Accuracy of Figures". The Economist. 7 September 1991.
9. ^ "Economics Brief – Good Statistics Guide". The Economist. 11 September 1993.
10. ^ 75 Years and Counting: A History of Statistics Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1993. ISBN 0-662-62187-5.
11. ^ Statistics Canada (26 April 2018). "Frequently Asked Questions on Data Tables". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
12. ^ "The Daily", StatCan, nd, retrieved 4 August 2015
13. ^ "Canadian Income Survey (CIS)". Surveys and statistical programs. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
14. ^ "Canadian Income Survey, 2018". The Daily. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
15. ^ "Copyright at the University Library: Statistics & Data from Statistics Canada", University of Saskatchewan, nd, retrieved 4 August 2015
16. ^ "Access to Statistics Canada's electronic publications at no charge". Statistics Canada. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
17. ^ Haver Analytics, 8 April 2005, retrieved 18 June 2016
18. ^ Macrobond + CANSIM, 22 April 2016, retrieved 18 June 2016
19. ^ Thomson Reuters Economics Data (PDF)
20. ^ Currie, Raymond F.; Fortin, Sarah (2015), Social statistics matter: a history of the Canadian RDC Network (PDF), Hamilton, Ontario: CRDCN, ISBN 978-0-9947581-1-8, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2016, retrieved 4 August 2015
21. ^ "Chapter 15: Statistics Act". Acts of the Parliament of Canada. Third Session of the Twenty-Eighth Parliament. Vol. 1\. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. 1972. pp. 437–455.
22. ^ Grandy, J. F. (8 May 1971). "Statistics Act—Coming into force and having effect upon, from and after the 1st day of May, 1971". Proclamations. The Canada Gazette. Part 1. Vol. 105, no. 19\. p. 1177.
23. ^ Worton, David A. (1998). The Dominion Bureau of Statistics: A History of Canada's Central Statistical Office and Its Antecedents, 1841–1972. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 286\. ISBN 978-077351660-1.
24. ^ a b The Canada Year Book is history, The Globe and Mail, 13 November 2012, retrieved 4 August 2015
25. ^ Canada Year Book (CYB) Historical Collection, StatCan, 31 March 2008
26. ^ "Bill S-18: An Act to Amend the Statistics Act". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
27. ^ "Statistics Act". Government of Canada. Retrieved 9 June 2013. "18\. (1) The information contained in the returns of each census of population taken between 1910 and 2005 is no longer subject to sections 17 and 18 ninety-two years after the census is taken. (3) When sections 17 and 18 cease to apply to information referred to in subsection (1) or (2), the information shall be placed under the care and control of the Library and Archives of Canada."
28. ^ a b c d TAVIA GRANT (6 February 2015). "Scrapping of long-form census causing long-term issues for business". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, ON. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
29. ^ Mayeda, Andrew; Quinn, Greg (17 October 2011). "Political Aides Getting Canada Data Day in Advance Hurts Market Confidence". Bloomberg.
30. ^ a b Curry, Bill; Grant, Tavia (1 May 2012). "Conservative cuts put half of Statscan jobs at risk". The Globe and Mail.
31. ^ Egan, Louise (1 May 2012). "Budget cuts hit thousands of civil servants". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012.
32. ^ "About the census: Questions and answers about the census". Statistics Canada. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
33. ^ "2021 Census dissemination planning Release plans". Statistics Canada. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
34. ^ "orders in council - statistics canada". Industry Canada. 17 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
35. ^ "Statement on 2011 Census". Industry Canada. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
36. ^ National Household Survey Archived 2011-06-03 at the Wayback Machine. Statcan.gc.ca (2012-05-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
37. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (16 July 2010). "StatsCan recommended move to voluntary census, Tony Clement says". Toronto Star. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
38. ^ a b Proudfoot, Shannon (22 July 2010). "StatsCan in turmoil over census". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
39. ^ Proudfoot, Shannon (2 March 2011). "StatsCan panel tried to fight decision to kill long-form census: documents". Postmedia News. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
40. ^ a b "Leviathan's spyglass". The Economist. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
41. ^ "Has anyone ever been jailed for not filling out the long form census?". Canada.com Blogs. 4 August 2010. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
42. ^ "StatsCan head quits over census dispute". CBC news. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
43. ^ a b "Clement to face MPs on census". CBC News. 24 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
44. ^ Howlett, Karen; Perreaux, Les (22 July 2010). "Premiers seek difficult census compromise". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
45. ^ "Few complaints about census: privacy commissioner". Toronto Sun. Toronto Sun Blogs. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
46. ^ a b c Willcocks, Paul (4 August 2010). "The bizarre decision on the census". Canada.com. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
47. ^ a b "Count on it: long-form census basic to decision-making in Canada". Canada.com. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
48. ^ "Professors may need more funding after census changes". CTV News. The Canadian Press. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
49. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (6 July 2010). "Optional Long Form Census a Blow to Racism". Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
50. ^ Richard, Field. "First Shell Fire". Heroes Remember. Veterans Affairs Canada. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
51. ^ Gutstein, Donald (27 July 2010). "Why Attack the Long Census?". The Tyee. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
52. ^ "Keep the Canada Census Long Form". Facebook. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
53. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (5 November 2015). "Canada's long-form census is back for 2016". The Star [Toronto]. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
54. ^ Guide to the Census of Population, 2016. Statistics Canada. 5 January 2017. pp. Chapter 5 – Census of Population questionnaires.
55. ^ "2016 Census 2A-L Questionnaire". Statistics Canada. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
56. ^ Selley, Chris (25 February 2016). "Conservatives in dire need of an ideological and policy reset before leadership race". National Post. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
57. ^ Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. pp. Figure 1.1 Hierarchy of standard geographic units for dissemination, 2016 Census.
58. ^ "Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status, and Names: From January 2, 2012 to January 1, 2013" (PDF). Statistics Canada. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
59. ^ "Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)". Statistics Canada. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2016.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Statistics Canada (27 October 2010). Canada Year Book. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). Catalogue no 11-402-XPE.

## External links

[edit]

* Statistics Canada website
* 2011 census home page (English)
* 2006 census
* CANSIM

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List of national and international statistical services

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