Stephen, Count of Blois

Count of Blois from 1089 to 1102

For his son, see Stephen, King of England.

Stephen

Seal of Stephen

Born| c. 1045
Died| 19 May 1102 (aged 56-57)
Ramla, Kingdom of Jerusalem
Noble family| Blois
Spouse(s)| Adela of Normandy
Issue|

* William, Count of Sully
* Theobald II, Count of Blois
* Odo of Blois
* Stephen, King of England
* Lucia-Mahaut, Countess of Chester
* Agnes, Lady of Le Puiset
* Eleanor, Countess of Vermandois
* Alix, Lady of Joigni
* Adelaide of Blois
* Henry, Bishop of Winchester
* Humbert of Blois

Father| Theobald III, Count of Blois
Mother| Garsinde du Maine

Stephen Henry (in French, Étienne Henri, in Medieval French, Estienne Henri; c. 1045 – 19 May 1102) was the Count of Blois and Count of Chartres. He led an army during the First Crusade, was at the surrender of the city of Nicaea, and directed the siege of Antioch. Returning home without fulfilling his crusader vows, Stephen joined the crusade of 1101. Making his way to Jerusalem, he fought in the Second Battle of Ramla, where he was captured and later executed.

## Life

[edit]

Stephen was the son of Theobald III, count of Blois, and Gersent of Le Mans.[1] He is first mentioned as approaching William the Conqueror to ask for and receive the hand of his daughter Adela of Normandy.[2] In 1089, upon the death of his father, Stephen became the Count of Blois and Chartres, although Theobald had given him the administration of those holdings in 1074.

Stephen was one of the leaders of the First Crusade, leading one of the major armies of the crusade and often writing enthusiastic letters to his wife about the crusade's progress.[3] Present at the Siege of Nicaea, he wrote that the defenders surrendered out of fear of the siege towers.[4]

At some point either before or at the beginning of the Siege of Antioch in October 1098, he was chosen as 'leader' of the army, a function that seems to not have gone much beyond presiding over the assemblies of the leaders as well as provisioning and housekeeping duties for the armies.[5] Stephen retreated from the siege on 2 June 1098, the day before the capture of the city, leaving his comrades behind in a difficult situation, as a superior Turkish army under Kerbogha was approaching. Critically, on the way back to the West he met the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who was marching with an army to assist the crusaders, and persuaded him of the futility of his expedition.[6]

Alexios's consequent decision to turn around contributed to the ongoing suspicion of the crusaders that the Byzantines were not to be trusted and to the later conflicts between crusaders and Byzantium. Having returned with unfulfilled vows and the ignominy of abandoning his comrades, Stephen was in disgrace. His wife Adela pleaded with him to make a second pilgrimage, and he joined the subsequent Crusade of 1101 in the company of others who had also returned home prematurely.[7]

He participated in the disastrous campaign in Anatolia to free Bohemond from prison, then sailed from Constantinople to St Simeon and thence Jerusalem, finally fulfilling his vows. In 1102, already on his way back home, he was persuaded by King Baldwin of Jerusalem to fight in the Second Battle of Ramla against the Fatimids.[8] He was taken prisoner and executed, probably in Ascalon on 19 May.[9]

## Family

[edit]

Stephen married Adela of Normandy,[10] a daughter of William the Conqueror, around 1090 in Chartres. Their children were:

1. William, Count of Sully[10]
2. Theobald II, Count of Blois[10]
3. Odo, who died young
4. Stephen, King of England[10]
5. Lucia-Mahaut, married Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester. Both drowned on 25 November 1120 in the White Ship disaster.
6. Agnes, married Hugh III of Le Puiset[11]
7. Eleanor (died 1147) married Ralph I, Count of Vermandois; they were divorced in 1142.
8. Alix (c. 1095 – 1145) married Renaud III of Joigni (d. 1134) and had issue
9. Adelaide, married Milo II of Montlhéry, Viscount of Troyes (divorced 1115)
10. Henry, Bishop of Winchester (c. 1096 – 1171)[10]
11. Humbert, died young

A late 14th century source gives Stephen an illegitimate daughter Emma, wife of Herbert of Winchester and mother of William of York, archbishop of York,[12] but recent research suggests a different parentage for her.[13]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Evergates 1999, p. 11.
2. ^ Brundage 1960, p. 381.
3. ^ Munro 1902, p. 5-7.
4. ^ Rogers 2002, p. 23.
5. ^ Brundage 1960, p. 386.
6. ^ Brundage 1960, p. 390.
7. ^ Claster 2009, p. 106.
8. ^ Brundage 1960, p. 393.
9. ^ Tyerman 2006, p. 87.
10. ^ a b c d e Evergates 2007, p. 248.
11. ^ Evergates 2016, p. x.
12. ^ Davis 1967, p. 172.
13. ^ Burton "William of York (d. 1154)" "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"

## Sources

[edit]

* Brundage, James A. (1960). "An Errant Crusader: Stephen of Blois". Traditio. 16: 380–395. doi:10.1017/S0362152900006139. JSTOR 27830413. S2CID 142071410.
* Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095-1396. University of Toronto Press.
* Davis, Ralph H. C. (1967). King Stephen, 1135–1154. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0582040007.
* Evergates, Theodore, ed. (1999). Aristocratic Women in Medieval France. University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Evergates, Theodore (2007). The Aristocracy in the County of Champagne, 1100–1300. University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Evergates, Theodore (2016). Henry the Liberal: Count of Champagne, 1127–1181. University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Munro, D. Carleton (1902). Letters of the crusaders. Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history. Dept. of history of the University of Pennsylvania.
* Rogers, Randall (2002). Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford University Press.
* Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's war: a new history of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674023871.

Stephen, Count of Blois

House of Blois

Born: c. 1045 Died: 19 May 1102

Preceded by:
Theobald III | Count of Blois
1089–1102  | Succeeded by:
William the Simple

* v
* t
* e

Counts/Countesses and Dukes/Duchesses of Chartres

Counts and countesses of Chartres|

* Hastein (882–886)
* Theobald I of Blois (960–975)
* Odo I of Blois (975–995)
* Theobald II of Blois (995–1004)
* Odo II of Blois (1004–1037)
* Theobald III of Blois (1037–1089)
* Stephen of Blois (1089–1102)
* Theobald IV of Blois (1102–1151)
* Theobald V of Blois (1151–1191)
* Louis I of Blois (1191–1205)
* Theobald VI of Blois (1205–1218)
* Isabelle of Chartres (1218–1248)
* Matilda of Amboise (1248–1256)
* John I of Blois (1256–1280)
* Joan of Blois (1280–1286)
* Crown lands of France (Philip IV of France)
* Charles of Valois (1290–1302)
* John of Valois (1302-1310)
* Charles of Valois (1310–1325)
* Louis of Valois, Count of Chartres (1325–1328)
* Charles II of Alençon (1328–1346)
* Crown lands of France
* Renée of France (1510–1528)

Dukes and duchesses of Chartres|

* Renée of France (1528–1574)
* Alfonso II d'Este (1574–1597)
* Crown lands of France
* Gaston (1626–1660)
* Philippe I (1661–1674)
* Philippe II (1674–1701)
* Louis (1703–1723)
* Louis Philippe I (1725–1752)
* Louis Philippe II (1752–1785)
* Louis Philippe (1785–1793)
* French Revolution
* Ferdinand Philippe (1814–1830)
* Robert (1840–1910)

Duke as a courtesy title|

* Charles-Louis d'Orléans [fr] (1996)

*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template