Steroidogenic enzyme

Type of enzyme

Steroidogenesis of steroid hormones.[1]

Steroidogenic enzymes are enzymes that are involved in steroidogenesis and steroid biosynthesis.[2][3][4][5] They are responsible for the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones, including sex steroids (androgens, estrogens, and progestogens) and corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids), as well as neurosteroids, from cholesterol.[3][4][5] Steroidogenic enzymes are most highly expressed in classical steroidogenic tissues, such as the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex, but are also present in other tissues in the body.[3][4][5]

## List of steroidogenic enzymes

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* Steroid desmolases
* Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (20,22-desmolase) – steroid synthesis
* 17,20-Lyase (17,20-desmolase) – androgen synthesis
* Steroid hydroxylases
* 11β-Hydroxylase – corticosteroid synthesis
* 17α-Hydroxylase – androgen and glucocorticoid synthesis
* 18-Hydroxylase (aldosterone synthase) – mineralocorticoid synthesis
* 21-Hydroxylase – corticosteroid synthesis
* Cytochrome P450 (CYP1, 2, 3) – estrogen metabolism
* Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (and ketosteroid reductases)
* 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase – androgen, progestogen, and neurosteroid synthesis and metabolism
* 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4-isomerase (1, 2) – androgen, progestogen, and neurosteroid synthesis
* 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (1, 2) – corticosteroid synthesis and metabolism
* 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (1–15) – androgen, estrogen, and progestogen synthesis and metabolism
* 20α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase – progestogen synthesis and metabolism
* 20β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase – progestogen synthesis and metabolism

Steroid numbering.

* Steroid reductases
* 5α-Reductase (1, 2, 3) – androgen and neurosteroid synthesis, progestogen metabolism
* 5β-Reductase – androgen and progestogen metabolism, neurosteroid synthesis
* Conjugation (and deconjugation)
* Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT2Bs) – steroid metabolism[6]
* Glucuronidase (β-glucuronidase) – steroid synthesis[7]
* Steroid sulfotransferase (SULT1A1, 1E1, 2A1, 2B1a, 2B1b) – steroid metabolism, neurosteroid synthesis[8]
* Steroid sulfatase – steroid synthesis, neurosteroid metabolism[8]
* Others
* Aromatase (estrogen synthetase) – estrogen synthesis

## See also

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* Inborn errors of steroid metabolism
* Steroidogenesis inhibitor

## References

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1. ^ Häggström, Mikael; Richfield, David (2014). "Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.005.
2. ^ Hanukoglu I (Dec 1992). "Steroidogenic enzymes: structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 43 (8): 779–804\. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5. PMID 22217824. S2CID 112729.
3. ^ a b c Payne AH, Hales DB (2004). "Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones". Endocr. Rev. 25 (6): 947–70\. doi:10.1210/er.2003-0030. PMID 15583024.
4. ^ a b c Luu-The V, Labrie F (2010). "The Intracrine Sex Steroid Biosynthesis Pathways". Neuroendocrinology: The Normal Neuroendocrine System. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 181\. pp. 177–92\. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)81010-2. ISBN 9780444536174. PMID 20478438. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)
5. ^ a b c Honour JW (2009). "Diagnosis of diseases of steroid hormone production, metabolism and action". J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 1 (5): 209–26\. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.v1i5.209. PMC 3005746. PMID 21274298.
6. ^ Guillemette C, Lévesque E, Harvey M, Bellemare J, Menard V (2010). "UGT genomic diversity: beyond gene duplication". Drug Metab. Rev. 42 (1): 24–44\. doi:10.3109/03602530903210682. hdl:20.500.11794/10528. PMID 19857043. S2CID 32737680.
7. ^ William Fishman (2 December 2012). Metabolic Conjugation and Metabolic Hydrolysis, Volume II. Elsevier. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-323-14308-0.
8. ^ a b Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA (2015). "The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation". Endocr. Rev. 36 (5): 526–63\. doi:10.1210/er.2015-1036. PMC 4591525. PMID 26213785.

* v
* t
* e

Metabolism: lipid metabolism – ketones/cholesterol synthesis enzymes/steroid metabolism

Mevalonate pathway|

| To HMG-CoA|

* Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase
* HMG-CoA synthase (regulated step)

|

Ketogenesis|

* HMG-CoA lyase
* 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
* Thiophorase

To Mevalonic acid|

* HMG-CoA reductase

To DMAPP|

* Mevalonate kinase
* Phosphomevalonate kinase
* Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
* Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase

Geranyl-|

* Dimethylallyltranstransferase
* Geranyl pyrophosphate

To cholesterol|

| To lanosterol|

* Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase
* Squalene monooxygenase
* Lanosterol synthase

|

7-Dehydrocholesterol path|

* Lanosterol 14α-demethylase
* Sterol-C5-desaturase-like
* 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase

Desmosterol path|

* 24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase

To Bile acids|

* Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
* Sterol 27-hydroxylase

Steroidogenesis|

| To pregnenolone|

* Cholesterol side-chain cleavage

|

To corticosteroids|

* aldosterone: 18-Hydroxylase

* cortisol/cortisone: 17α-Hydroxylase
* 11β-HSD
* 1
* 2

* both: 3β-HSD
* 1
* 2
* 21-Hydroxylase
* 11β-Hydroxylase

To sex hormones|

| To androgens|

* 17α-Hydroxylase
* 17,20-Lyase
* 3β-HSD
* 17β-HSD
* 5α-Reductase
* 1
* 2

|

To estrogens|

* Aromatase
* 17β-HSD

Other/ungrouped|

* Steroid metabolism: sulfatase
* Steroid sulfatase
* sulfotransferase
* SULT1A1
* SULT2A1

* Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
* Cholesterol total synthesis
* Reverse cholesterol transport

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[HSD]: Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase