Strange Fruit

1939 song made famous by Billie Holiday

For other uses, see Strange Fruit (disambiguation).

"Strange Fruit"

Single by Billie Holiday
B-side| "Fine and Mellow"
Released| 1939
Recorded| April 20, 1939[1]
Genre|

* Blues
* jazz

Length| 3:02
Label| Commodore
Songwriter(s)| Abel Meeropol
Producer(s)| Milt Gabler
Billie Holiday singles chronology
| "I'm Gonna Lock My Heart"
(1938)  | "Strange Fruit"
(1939)  | "God Bless the Child"
(1942)

|
|

Official Audio
"Strange Fruit" on YouTube

"Strange Fruit" is a song written and composed by Abel Meeropol (under his pseudonym Lewis Allan) and recorded by Billie Holiday in 1939. The lyrics were drawn from a poem by Meeropol published in 1937. The song protests the lynching of Black Americans with lyrics that compare the victims to the fruit of trees. Such lynchings had reached a peak in the Southern United States at the turn of the 20th century and the great majority of victims were black.[2]: 561 The song was described as "a declaration of war" and "the beginning of the civil rights movement" by Atlantic Records co-founder Ahmet Ertegun.[3][4]

Meeropol set his lyrics to music with his wife Anne Shaffer and the singer Laura Duncan and performed it as a protest song in New York City venues in the late 1930s, including Madison Square Garden. Holiday's version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1978.[5] It was also included in the "Songs of the Century" list of the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.[6] In 2002, "Strange Fruit" was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[7]

## Poem and song

[edit]

Meeropol cited this photograph of the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, August 7, 1930, as inspiring his poem.[8]

"Strange Fruit" originated as a protest poem against lynchings.[9]: 25–27 [10] In the poem, Abel Meeropol expressed his horror at lynchings of African Americans, inspired by Lawrence Beitler's photograph of the 1930 lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana.[11]

Meeropol published the poem under the title "Bitter Fruit" in January 1937 in The New York Teacher, a union magazine of the New York teachers union.[12][page needed] Though Meeropol had asked others (notably Earl Robinson) to set his poems to music, he set "Strange Fruit" to music himself. First performed by Meeropol's wife Anne Shaffer and their friends in social contexts,[13] his protest song gained a certain success in and around New York. Meeropol, Shaffer, and the Black vocalist Laura Duncan performed it at Madison Square Garden.[14]: 36-37

## Billie Holiday's performances and recordings

[edit]

One version of events claims that Barney Josephson, the founder of Café Society in Greenwich Village, New York's first integrated nightclub, heard the song and introduced it to Billie Holiday. Other reports say that Robert Gordon, who was directing Holiday's show at Café Society, heard the song at Madison Square Garden and introduced it to her.[12] Holiday first performed the song at Café Society in 1939. She said that singing it made her fearful of retaliation but, because its imagery reminded her of her father Clarence Holiday, she continued to sing the piece, making it a regular part of her live performances.[14]: 40–46 Because of the power of the song, Josephson drew up some rules: Holiday would close with it; the waiters would stop all service in advance; the room would be in darkness except for a spotlight on Holiday's face; and there would be no encore.[12] During the musical introduction to the song, Holiday stood with her eyes closed, as if she were evoking a prayer.

"Strange Fruit" (1939) by Billie Holiday

* * *

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Holiday approached her recording label, Columbia, about the song, but the company feared reaction by record retailers in the South, as well as negative reaction from affiliates of its co-owned radio network, CBS.[14]: 61-62 When Holiday's producer John Hammond also refused to record it, she turned to her friend Milt Gabler, owner of the Commodore label.[15] Holiday sang "Strange Fruit" for him a cappella, and moved him to tears. Columbia gave Holiday a one-session release from her contract so she could record it; Frankie Newton's eight-piece Café Society Band was used for the session in an arrangement by Newton.[16] Because Gabler worried the song was too short, he asked pianist Sonny White to improvise an introduction. On the recording, Holiday starts singing after 70 seconds.[12] It was recorded on April 20, 1939.[17] Gabler worked out a special arrangement with Vocalion Records to record and distribute the song.[18]

Holiday recorded two major sessions of the song at Commodore, one in 1939 and one in 1944. The song was highly regarded; the 1939 recording eventually sold a million copies,[11] in time becoming the biggest-selling recording of Holiday's career.[19]

In her 1956 autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, Holiday suggested that she, together with Meeropol, her accompanist Sonny White, and arranger Danny Mendelsohn, set the poem to music. The writers David Margolick and Hilton Als dismissed that claim in their work Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song, writing that hers was "an account that may set a record for most misinformation per column inch". When challenged, Holiday—whose autobiography had been ghostwritten by William Dufty—claimed, "I ain't never read that book."[14]: 31–32

Holiday was so well known for her rendition of "Strange Fruit" that "she crafted a relationship to the song that would make them inseparable".[20] Holiday's 1939 version of the song was included in the National Recording Registry on January 27, 2003.[21]

In October 1939, Samuel Grafton of the New York Post said of "Strange Fruit", "If the anger of the exploited ever mounts high enough in the South, it now has its Marseillaise."[22] The anti-lynching movement adopted "Strange Fruit" as its anthem.[23] Since the 1930s several unsuccessful attempts were made in Congress to have lynching made a federal crime which were stymied by filibusters in the Senate by Southerners. In an attempt to achieve a two-thirds majority in the Senate that would break the filibusters by Southern senators, anti-racism activists were encouraged to mail copies of "Strange Fruit" to their senators.[14] : 77 [24][25]

## Cover versions

[edit]

Cover versions of this song include Nina Simone, René Marie, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Jeff Buckley, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Josh White, UB40, Bettye LaVette, and Edward W. Hardy.[14]: 24 [26][27][28][29]

Simone recorded the song for her album Pastel Blues in 1965,[30] a recording described by journalist David Margolick in The New York Times as featuring a "plain and unsentimental voice".[27] René Marie's rendition was coupled with the Confederate anthem "Dixie" on her album Vertigo, making for an "uncomfortable juxtaposition".[27] LA Times noted that Siouxsie and the Banshees's version from the 1987 album Through the Looking Glass contained "a solemn string section behind the vocals" and "a bridge of New Orleans funeral-march jazz" which enhanced the singer's "evocative interpretation".[31] The group's rendition was selected by the Mojo staff to be included on the compilation Music Is Love: 15 Tracks That Changed the World.[32][33] Jeff Buckley covered "Strange Fruit" after discovering it via the Siouxsie and the Banshees' rendition.[34][35] Journalist Lara Pellegrinelli wrote that Buckley while singing it on the live album Live at Sin-é: (Legacy Edition) "seems to meditate on the meaning of humanity the way Walt Whitman did, considering all of its glorious and horrifying possibilities".[27]

### Influence in other media

[edit]

* Kanye West sampled Nina Simone’s 1965 rendition of the song on his 2013 song "Blood on the Leaves" from his album Yeezus.[36][37]
* Lillian Smith's novel Strange Fruit (1944) was said to have been inspired by Holiday's version of the song.[38]
* Patrick Phillips' non-fiction book Blood at the Root (2016) takes its name from words in the song.[39]

## Awards and honors

[edit]

* 1999: Time magazine named "Strange Fruit" as "Best Song of the Century" in its December 31, 1999, issue.[40]
* 2002: The Library of Congress honored the song as one of 50 recordings chosen that year to add to the National Recording Registry.[41]
* 2005: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution listed the song as Number One on "100 Songs of the South".[42]
* 2010: The New Statesman listed it as one of the "Top 20 Political Songs".[43]
* 2021: Rolling Stone listed it as the 21st best song on their "Top 500 Best Songs of All Time".[44]
* 2025: Rolling Stone placed it at number 3 on its list of "The 100 Best Protest Songs of All Time."[45]

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Clarke, Donald (1995). Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon. München: Piper. ISBN 978-3-492-03756-3.
* Davis, Angela (1999) [1998]. ""Strange Fruit": Musical and Social Consciousness" (PDF). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-77126-3. Retrieved October 28, 2024 - via Amherst.edu.
* Holiday, Billie; Dufty, William (1992). Lady Sings the Blues. Edition Nautilus. ISBN 978-3-89401-110-9.
* Margolick, David (2001). Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-060-95956-2.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Billie Holiday recording sessions". Billieholidaysongs.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
2. ^ Myrdal, Gunnar (1944). An American Dilemma. Harper & Brothers.
3. ^ Margolick, David (2000). "Chapter One". Strange Fruit: Billie Holiday, Café Society, and an Early Cry for Civil Rights. Running Press. ISBN 0-7624-0677-1 - via The New York Times. "Ahmet Ertegun, the legendary record producer, called 'Strange Fruit,' which Holiday first sang sixteen years before Rosa Parks refused to yield her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, 'a declaration of war ... the beginning of the civil rights movement.'"
4. ^ Sonnenberg, Rhonda (September 29, 2023). "Artist collaborations with social justice organizations propel change". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
5. ^ Bessette Knight, Peg. "No Encore | The 100th Anniversary of Billie Holiday's Birth and the Legacy of "Strange Fruit"". ProQuest (Blog). Retrieved June 16, 2015.
6. ^ "Songs of the Century". CNN. March 7, 2001. Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
7. ^ Allen, Erin (April 16, 2015). "The Power of a Poem". Library of Congress (Blog). Retrieved June 18, 2021.
8. ^ Richman, Joe; Diaz-Cortes, Anayansi; George, Deborah; Shapiro, Ben; Freemark, Samara; Baer, Annie (August 6, 2010). "Strange Fruit: Anniversary Of A Lynching". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
9. ^ Margolick, David (2000). Strange Fruit: Billie Holiday, Café Society, and an Early Cry for Civil Rights. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. ISBN 978-0762406777.
10. ^ Blair, Elizabeth (September 5, 2012). "The Strange Story of the Man Behind 'Strange Fruit'". Morning Edition. NPR.
11. ^ a b Moore, Edwin (September 18, 2010). "Strange Fruit is still a song for today". The Guardian. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
12. ^ a b c d Lynskey, Dorian (2011). 33 revolutions per minute: a history of protest songs (1. ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24134-7.
13. ^ Carvalho, John M. (2013). "'Strange Fruit': Music between Violence and Death". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 71 (1). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 111–119 at 111–112. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2012.01547.x. ISSN 0021-8529. JSTOR 23597541.
14. ^ a b c d e f Margolick, David (2001). Strange fruit: the biography of a song (1. ed.). New York: Ecco Press. ISBN 978-0-06-095956-2.
15. ^ Billy Crystal (2004). 700 Sundays. HBO. OCLC 112. 700 Sundays at IMDb.
16. ^ "George Kleinsinger". WNYC. New York. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
17. ^ Amoako, Aida (April 17, 2019). "Strange Fruit: The most shocking song of all time?". BBC. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
18. ^ Billy Crystal, 700 Sundays, pp. 46–47.
19. ^ "Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit" (1939)". Smithsonian Music. December 4, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
20. ^ Perry, Samuel (2012). ""Strange Fruit," Ekphrasis, and the Lynching Scene". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 43 (5): 449–474\. doi:10.1080/02773945.2013.839822. S2CID 144222928. Retrieved October 28, 2024 - via Taylor & Francis.
21. ^ Sottosanti, Karen (October 8, 2024). "Strange Fruit | Lynching, Billie Holiday, Abel Meeropol, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica.
22. ^ Lynskey, Dorian (February 15, 2011). "Strange Fruit: the first great protest song". The Guardian.
23. ^ Katz, Joel (January 17, 2003). "Strange Fruit". ITVS. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
24. ^ Carrillo, Karen Juanita (May 10, 2023). "How Billie Holiday's 'Strange Fruit' Confronted an Ugly Era of Lynchings". History Channel.
25. ^ "The history behind lynching protest song, "Strange Fruit"". CBS News. April 24, 2021 - via Facebook.
26. ^ gov, loc. "Josh White:Strange Fruit". loc.gov. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
27. ^ a b c d Pellegrinelli, Lara (June 22, 2009). "Evolution Of A Song: 'Strange Fruit'". NPR. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
28. ^ Shaffer, Claire (June 12, 2020). "Bettye LaVette Unleashes Cover of Billie Holiday's 'Strange Fruit'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
29. ^ Cristi, A. A. (June 24, 2020). "Video: Listen To Edward W. Hardy's Haunting String Quartet Arrangement Of "Strange Fruit"". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
30. ^ Amoako, Aida (April 17, 2019). "Strange Fruit: The most shocking song of all time". BBC. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
31. ^ Atkinson, Terry (March 15, 1987). "Siouxsie Looks Back". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
32. ^ "Music Is Love! (15 Tracks That Changed The World) CD". Mojo. June 2007.
33. ^ Hasse, John Edward (April 30, 2019). "'Strange Fruit': Still Haunting at 80". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
34. ^ Grosdemouge, Jean-Marc (June 2005). "Jeff Buckley l'Archange Dévoilé --[Stan Cuesta- interview]". Epiphanies-mag.com. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
35. ^ Cuesta, Stan (2009). Jeff Buckley. Castor Music. ISBN 978-2859208073.
36. ^ Browne, David (August 7, 2020). "'Strange Fruit': The Timely Return of One of America's Most Powerful Protest Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
37. ^ Walker, Charles (2019). Sampling Nina Simone in Modern Hip-Hop (PDF) (Music thesis). Texas Christian University. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
38. ^ Bass, Erin Z. (December 12, 2012). "The Strange Life of "Strange Fruit"". Deep South Magazine.
39. ^ Anderson, Carol (September 28, 2016). "American Apartheid: A Georgia County Drove Out All Its Black Citizens in 1912". Nonfiction. The New York Times (Review). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
40. ^ Sanburn, Josh (October 21, 2011). "Is 'Strange Fruit' one of the All-TIME 100 Best Songs?". Time.com. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
41. ^ "National Recording Registry 2002". loc.gov. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
42. ^ "100 Songs of the South | accessAtlanta.com". Alt.coxnewsweb.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2005. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
43. ^ Smith, Ian K (March 25, 2010). "Top 20 Political Songs: Strange Fruit". New Statesman. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
44. ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. September 15, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
45. ^ "The 100 Best Protest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. January 27, 2025. Retrieved January 28, 2025.

## External links

[edit]

* Text of poem "Strange Fruit."
* "Strange Fruit", 78rpm Record, Internet Archive
* Film of Billie Holiday singing "Strange Fruit" (1959) on YouTube
* "Strange Fruit". Documentary. News Reel. 2002. Archived from the original on April 23, 2004.
* "Strange Fruit". Documentary. Independent Lens. PBS. March 31, 2022 [2003].
* "Strange Fruit" Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Shmoop, analysis of lyrics, historical and literary allusions - student & teaching guide
* "Strange Fruit" at MusicBrainz (information and list of recordings)
* BBC Radio 4 - Soul Music, Series 17, Strange Fruit
* "Strange Fruit: A protest song with enduring relevance"
* "Strange Fruit". Radio Diaries (Podcast). PRX. Retrieved September 4, 2015.

* v
* t
* e

Billie Holiday

* Discography
* Awards and nominations

Studio albums|

* Billie Holiday Sings/Solitude
* An Evening with Billie Holiday
* Billie Holiday
* Stay with Me
* Music for Torching
* Velvet Mood
* Lady Sings the Blues
* Body and Soul
* Songs for Distingué Lovers
* All or Nothing at All
* Lady in Satin
* Last Recording

Live albums|

* Billie Holiday at Jazz at the Philharmonic
* Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport
* The Essential Billie Holiday: Carnegie Hall Concert Recorded Live

Compliations|

* Lady in Autumn: The Best of the Verve Years
* Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia 1933–1944
* Lady Day Swings
* Remixed and Reimagined
* The Complete Commodore & Decca Masters

Songs|

* "Ain't Nobody's Business"
* "As Time Goes By"
* "Billie's Blues"
* "Blue Moon"
* "Body and Soul"
* "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?"
* "Don't Explain"
* "Easy Living"
* "Embraceable You"
* "Everything Happens for the Best"
* "Everything Happens to Me"
* "Fine and Mellow"
* "Gloomy Sunday"
* "God Bless the Child"
* "Good Morning Heartache"
* "I Cover the Waterfront"
* "I Loves You, Porgy"
* "If You Were Mine"
* "I Thought About You"
* "I'll Be Seeing You"
* "I'll Get By"
* "I'll Never Be the Same"
* "I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm"
* "Just One of Those Things"
* "Lady Sings the Blues"
* "Left Alone"
* "Love for Sale"
* "Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be?)"
* "Me, Myself, and I"
* "Miss Brown to You"
* "My Man"
* "Moonlight in Vermont"
* "Night and Day"
* "No More"
* "Now or Never"
* "Our Love Is Different"
* "P.S. I Love You"
* "Pennies from Heaven"
* "Please Don't Do It Here"
* "Preacher Boy"
* "Sophisticated Lady"
* "Stormy Blues"
* "Stormy Weather"
* "Strange Fruit"
* "Sugar"
* "Summertime"
* "That Ole Devil Called Love"
* "These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You)"
* "Too Marvelous for Words"
* "Trav'lin' Light"
* "What a Little Moonlight Can Do"
* "What Is This Thing Called Love?"
* "Why Was I Born?"
* "Willow Weep for Me"
* "You Go to My Head"
* "Your Mother's Son-In-Law"

Related articles|

* "Angel of Harlem"
* Lady Sings the Blues
* book
* film
* soundtrack
* Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill
* Statue
* The United States vs. Billie Holiday
* soundtrack

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Lynching in the United States

List of lynching victims in the United States

| Before 1900|

* Francis McIntosh (1836)
* Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1837)
* Josefa Segovia (1851)
* Pancho Daniel (1858)
* Joshua Boyd (1863)
* Henry Plummer (1864)
* Bill Sketoe (1864)
* Clubfoot George (1864)
* Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868)
* Wyatt Outlaw (1870)
* John W. Stephens (1870)
* Alexander Boyd (1870)
* Jim Williams (1871)
* David Jones (1872)
* Jo Reed (1875)
* Arthur St. Clair (1877)
* Michael Green (1878)
* Joseph Standing (1879)
* Big Nose George Parrott (1881)
* Charles Thurber (1882)
* John Wesley Heath (1884)
* Eliza Woods (1886)
* Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson (1886)
* Amos Miller (1888)
* Joseph Vermillion (1889)
* George Meadows (1889)
* Ellen Watson (1889)
* Brown Washington (1890)
* Jim Taylor (1891)
* Dick Lundy (1891)
* Joe Coe (1891)
* Robert Lewis (1892)
* Ephraim Grizzard (1892)
* Samuel J. Bush (1893)
* John Peterson (1893)
* Alfred Blount (1893)
* Henry Smith (1893)
* Richard Puryear (1894)
* Stephen Williams (1894)
* Amos Hicks (1894)
* Jacob Henson (1896)
* William Andrews (1897)
* Joseph H. McCoy (1897)
* John Anderson (1898)
* John Henry James (1898)
* F. W. Stewart (1898)
* Sam Hose (1899)
* Benjamin Thomas (1899)

|

1900–1940|

* Fred Rochelle (1901)
* Ballie Crutchfield (1901)
* George Ward (1901)
* Walker Davis (1903)
* J. D. Mayfield (1903)
* George White (1903)
* David Wyatt (1903)
* Marie Thompson (1904)
* Paul Reed and Will Cato (1904)
* Bunk Richardson (1906)
* Ed Johnson (1906)
* Slab Pitts (1906)
* William Burns (1907)
* Earnest Williams (1907)
* Jim Miller (1909)
* James Hodges (1909)
* Matthew Chase (1909)
* "Mose" Creole (1909)
* "Pie" Hill (1909)
* William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner (1909)
* Grant Richardson (1910)
* King Johnson (1911)
* Name unknown (TX) (1911)
* Laura and L. D. Nelson (1911)
* Will Porter (1911)
* Zachariah Walker (1911)
* Mary Jackson (1912)
* Rob Edwards (1912)
* George Saunders (1912)
* Robert Perry (1913)
* ? Anderson (1913)
* Charles Fisher (1914)
* John Evans (1914)
* Leo Frank (1915)
* Name unknown (MS) (1915)
* Jesse Washington (1916)
* Anthony Crawford (1916)
* Jeff Brown (1916)
* Paulo Boleta (1916)
* Frank Little (1917)
* Charles Jones (1917)
* Ell Persons (1917)
* Robert Prager (1918)
* Mary Turner and her unborn baby (1918)
* Hazel "Hayes" Turner (1918)
* George Taylor (1918)
* Jim McIlherron (1918)
* Olli Kinkkonen (1918)
* Wallace Baynes (1919)
* Will Brown (1919)
* Wesley Everest (1919)
* John Hartfield (1919)
* Jay Lynch (1919)
* Berry Washington (1919)
* Willie Baird (1920)
* Roy Belton (1920)
* Dick Rowland (attempted) (1921)
* Henry Lowry (1921)
* James Harvey and Joe Jordan (1922)
* Joe Pullen (1923)
* Samuel Smith (1924)
* L. Q. Ivy (1925)
* Raymond Byrd (1926)
* James Clark (1926)
* Fred N. Selak (1926)
* Tom Payne (1927)
* John Carter (1927)
* Dan Anderson (1927)
* Will Sherod (1927)
* Bernice Raspberry (1927)
* Owen Flemming (1927)
* Joseph Upchurch (1927)
* Joe Smith (1927)
* Albert Williams (1927)
* Thomas Bradshaw (1927)
* Winston Pounds (1927)
* Thomas Williams (1927)
* Henry Choate (1927)
* Leonard Woods (1927)
* J. C. Collins (1928)
* George Hughes (1930)
* James Cameron (1930)
* Lynching of Raymond Gunn (1931)
* Matthew Williams (1931)
* Shedrick Thompson (1932)
* George Armwood (1933)
* Cordie Cheek (1933)
* Claude Neal (1934)
* Austin Callaway (1940)
* Elbert Williams (1940)

After 1940|

* Felix Hall (1941)
* Johannes Kunze (1943)
* Robert "Bobbie" Hall (1943)
* Willie James Howard (1944)
* Recy Taylor (1944)
* John Cecil Jones (1946)
* Willie Earle (1947)
* Lamar Smith (1955)
* George W. Lee (1955)
* Emmett Till (1955)
* Judge Edward Aaron (1957)
* Willie Edwards (1957)
* Mack Charles Parker (1959)
* Louis Allen (1964)
* Lemuel Penn (1964)
* Frank Morris (1964)
* James Reeb (1965)
* Vernon Dahmer (1966)
* Wharlest Jackson (1967)
* Carol Jenkins (1968)
* Henry Marrow (1970)
* Marian Pyszko (1975)
* Betty Gardner (1978)
* Arthur McDuffie (1979)
* Michael Donald (1981)
* Yusef Hawkins (1989)
* James Byrd Jr. (1998)
* James Craig Anderson (2011)
* Ahmaud Arbery (2020)

Multiple victims

* Death of Joseph Smith (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith) (1844)
* Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858)
* Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862)
* New York City draft riots (1863)
* Detroit race riot (1863)
* ? Lachenais and four others (1863)
* Fort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864)
* Plummer Gang (1864)
* Memphis massacre (1866)
* Gallatin County, KY, race riot (1866)
* New Orleans massacre of 1866
* Reno Brothers Gang (1868)
* Camilla, GA, massacre (1868)
* Steve Long and two half-brothers (1868)
* Pulaski, TN, riot (1868)
* Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868)
* Opelousas, LA, massacre (1868)
* Bear River City riot (1868)
* Chinese massacre of 1871
* Meridian, MS, race riot (1871)
* Colfax, LA, massacre (1873)
* Election riot of 1874 (AL)
* Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874)
* Benjamin and Mollie French (1876)
* Ellenton, SC, riot (1876)
* Hamburg, SC, massacre (1876)
* Thibodeax, LA, massacre (1878)
* Mart and Tom Horrell (1878)
* Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer (1879)
* Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken (1879)
* T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey (1880)
* New Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891)
* Ruggles Brothers (CA) (1892)
* Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) (1892)
* Porter and Spencer (MS) (1897)
* Phoenix, SC, election riot (1898)
* Wilmington, NC, insurrection (1898)
* Julia and Frazier Baker (1898)
* Pana, IL, riot (1899)
* Watkinsville lynching (1905)
* 1906 Atlanta race massacre
* Kemper County, MS (1906)
* Walker family (1908)
* Springfield race riot of 1908
* Slocum, TX, massacre (1910)
* Laura and L.D. Nelson (1911)
* Harris County, GA, lynchings (1912)
* Newberry, FL, lynchings (1916)
* East St. Louis, IL, riots (1917)
* Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918)
* Jenkins County, GA, riot (1919)
* Longview, TX, race riot (1919)
* Elaine, AR, race riot (1919)
* Omaha race riot of 1919
* Knoxville riot of 1919
* Red Summer (1919)
* Duluth, MN, lynchings (1920)
* Ocoee, FL, massacre (1920)
* Tulsa race massacre (1921)
* Perry, FL, race riot (1922)
* Rosewood, FL, massacre (1923)
* Jim and Mark Fox (1927)
* Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930)
* Tate County, MS (1932)
* Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes (1933)
* Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels (1937)
* Beaumont, TX, Race Riot (1943)
* O'Day Short, wife, and two children (1945)
* Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings (1946)
* Harry and Harriette Moore (1952)
* Anniston, AL (1961)
* Freedom Summer Murders (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner) (1964)
* Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore (1964)

| General|

* Lynching
* Indiana White Caps
* Jim Crow laws
* Ku Klux Klan
* Nadir of American race relations
* Red Shirts
* Jews
* Women

|

Anti-lynching movement|

* American anti-lynching activists
* American Crusade Against Lynching
* Jessie Daniel Ames
* Martin C. Ansorge
* Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
* Flossie Bailey
* William O'Connell Bradley
* Ella Barksdale Brown
* Father Divine
* "Flag Salute"
* N.A.A.C.P.
* National Conference on Lynching
* Paul Robeson
* "Strange Fruit"
* Ida B. Wells

| Legislation|

* Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
* Costigan-Wagner Bill
* Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
* Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
* Emmett Till Antilynching Act

|

Defenders of lynching|

* Theodore G. Bilbo
* Cole L. Blease
* Julian S. Carr
* Sidney Johnston Catts
* Thomas Dixon Jr.
* Rebecca Latimer Felton
* John Temple Graves
* John Trotwood Moore
* John T. Morgan
* James Rolph
* Goodloe Sutton
* Benjamin Tillman
* James K. Vardaman
* Thomas E. Watson

Memory|

* America's Black Holocaust Museum
* Civil Rights Memorial
* The Legacy Museum
* National Memorial for Peace and Justice
* National Museum of African American History and Culture
* Southern Poverty Law Center

Related articles|

* James Allen (collector)
* "And you are lynching Negroes"
* Attack on John Shillady
* Battle of Liberty Place
* The Birth of a Nation
* The Clansman
* Deaths in police custody
* Fury (1936 film)
* Hang 'Em High
* Lynching postcard
* Mississippi Burning
* Mississippi Cold Case
* Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965)
* The Ox-Bow Incident
* Parade (musical)
* Reconstruction era
* Red Summer
* Scottsboro Boys
* Silent Parade
* Stone Mountain
* Summer in Mississippi
* Sundown town (list)
* They Won't Forget
* "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
* United States v. Shipp
* Vendetta (1999 film)
* Wilmington insurrection of 1898

Categories|

* Lynching in the United States
* Lynching deaths in the United States

Authority control databases

National|

* France
* BnF data

Other|

* MusicBrainz work

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