Strum

Way of playing a stringed instrument

For other uses, see Strum (disambiguation).

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Guitar strum Playⓘ: base pattern on open G tuning. Strumming is used to create a chord. Many patterns are created through subtracting beats from this base. Guitar strum Playⓘ: pattern created by subtracting the second and fifth (of eight) eighth notes from the base, above. Ska stroke[1] Playⓘ: features dampened staccato upbeat downstrokes.

In music, strumming is a way of playing a stringed instrument such as a guitar, ukulele, or mandolin. A strum or stroke is a sweeping action where a finger or plectrum brushes over several strings to generate sound.[2] On most stringed instruments, strums are typically executed by a musician's designated strum hand (typically the musician's dominant hand,[3] which is often responsible for generating the majority of sound on a stringed instrument), while the remaining hand (referred to as the fret hand[4] on most instruments with a fingerboard) often supports the strum hand by altering the tones and pitches of any given strum.[5]

Strums are often contrasted with plucking, as a means of vibrating an instrument's strings. In plucking, a specific string or designated set of strings are individually targeted to vibrate, whereas in strumming, a less precise targeting is usually used. Compared to other plucking techniques, any group of strings brushed in a single sweep by a plectrum could be considered a strum due to the plectrum's less precise string group targeting (however, a plectrum might simultaneously pluck a small group of strings without being considered a strum). In contrast, a musician could utilize a technique with more precise string group targeting (such as a fingerstyle or fingerpick technique) to pluck all the strings on a stringed instrument at once and this would still be considered a pluck, not a strum.

## Notation

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There are a variety of methods for writing strum notation.

Arrow notation

Letter notation

Traditional notation

## Strumming patterns

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A strumming pattern or strum is a preset pattern used by a rhythm guitar.[6] For example, a pattern in common time or 4
4 consisting of alternating down and up eighth note strokes may be written:

1&2&3&4&
dudududu

### Rock and pop

[edit]

The pattern most typical of rock and related styles is:

1&2&3&4&
d du udu

The final upstroke is sometimes omitted altering the strumming pattern slightly to d du ud. This pattern is often called "Old Faithful",[7] or when played on ukulele, the "Island Strum".

Examples of other strumming patterns include:[8]

* Single down strum: d d d d
* Elvis' "Burning Love"
* Kathy Mattea's "What Could Have Been"
* Boom-chicka: d dud du
* Merle Haggard's "Silver Wings"

### Jazz and funk

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The simple four-to-a-bar rhythm is associated with jazz guitarists such as Freddie Green, although they may subtly vary the rhythm of a chord on some beats to add interest.

A simple eight-to-a-bar (8 eighth notes) rhythm is known as "straight eights" as opposed "swung eights", in which each pair are played in a rhythm that resembles the first and third notes in a triplet.

The fretting hand can also mute the strings on the fretboard to damp a chord, creating staccato and percussive effects. In reggae and ska, a few staccato "chops" are played per bar. In funk rhythm playing, the strumming hand keeps a fairly steady motion in 16th notes, while the left hand, basically holding down a jazz chord damps some of them in a syncopated pattern.

## Fingerstyle strumming strokes

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Some of the many possible fingerstyle strums include

* A slow downstroke with the thumb. This is a sforzando or emphatic way of playing a chord.
* Light "brushing" strokes with the fingers moving together at a near-perpendicular angle to the strings. Works equally in either direction and can be alternated for a chord tremolo chord effect.
* Upstrokes with one finger make a change from the standard downstroke strum.
* A "pinch" with the thumb and fingers moving towards each other gives a crisp effect. It is helpful to clearly articulate the topmost and bass note in the chord, as if plucking, before "following through".
* Rasgueado: Strumming is typically done by bunching all the right-hand fingers and then flicking them out in quick succession to get four superimposed strums. The rasgueado or "rolling" strum is particularly characteristic of flamenco.
* Turning p-a-m-i tremolo plucking into a series of downstrokes. This is a lighter version of the classic rasgueado, which uses upstrokes.

## See also

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* Harmonic rhythm

## References

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1. ^ Snyder, Jerry (1999). Jerry Snyder's Guitar School, p.28. ISBN 0-7390-0260-0.
2. ^ "Definition of STRUMMING". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
3. ^ "Should You Play Left-Handed or Right-Handed? | Hub Guitar". hubguitar.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
4. ^ "Fret-Hand Fitness: Four Wicked Workouts to Develop Your Digits". GuitarPlayer.com. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
5. ^ "Right-handed and Left-handed Vs Right and Left Hand Guitars". Retrieved 2018-06-22.
6. ^ "Strumming patterns for the Ukulele". Ukulele-Tabs.com. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
7. ^ Sandercoe, Justin (2013). Justinguitar.Com: Rock Songbook. London: Music Sales Ltd. p. 69\. ISBN 978-1780386874.
8. ^ Dix, Bruce (2011). You Can Teach Yourself Country Guitar. pp. 19–26\. ISBN 9781610654869.19-26&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781610654869&rft.aulast=Dix&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Strum" class="Z3988">

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Guitar picking

General|

* Alternate bass
* Arpeggio
* Fingerpick
* Guitar pick
* Hybrid picking
* Performance techniques
* Strum

Fingerstyle|

* Apoyando
* Carter Family picking
* Rasgueado
* Tirando
* Travis

Flatpicking|

* Alternate picking
* Crosspicking
* Downpicking
* Economy picking
* Guitar Craft
* Sweep picking

Innovators|

* Maybelle Carter
* Robert Fripp
* Merle Travis
* Leo Kottke

* Outline of guitars

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Guitar techniques and strums

* Carter Family picking
* Chanking
* Chop
* Fingerstyle
* Guitar harmonics
* Hammer-on
* Palm mute
* Picking
* Pick slide
* Pull-off
* Rasgueado
* Ska stroke
* Tapping

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