Student activism at Columbia University

Columbia University in New York City, New York, has seen numerous instances of student protests, particularly beginning in the late 20th century.

## 1811 Riotous Commencement

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The 1811 commencement was cancelled midway through its proceedings after graduating senior John B. Stevenson refused to make edits to a speech that advocated for more direct democracy in Republican governance.[1] Stevenson was refused his diploma, and the students and the audience turned on the stage party, hissing and jeering at the them. Police were called, Master of Arts degrees were not awarded, and the valedictory address was not given.

## 1936 protest against Nazis

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In 1936, Robert Burke of the Columbia College class of 1938 led a rally outside President Nicholas Murray Butler's mansion to protest Columbia's friendly relationship with the Nazis.[2] Burke was expelled and was never readmitted. As of 2018[update], the university has not apologized for expelling him.[3]

## Protests of 1968

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Hamilton Hall was occupied by protesting students in 1968

Main article: Columbia University protests of 1968

Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two main issues. The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring Morningside Park, perceived as a segregated facility, with limited access by the black residents of neighboring Harlem. A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in the Pentagon's weapons research think-tank, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside Low Library, Hamilton Hall, and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students.[4][5]

The protests achieved two of their stated goals. Columbia disaffiliated from the IDA and scrapped the plans for the controversial gym, building a subterranean physical fitness center under the north end of campus instead. A popular myth states that the gym's plans were eventually used by Princeton University for the expansion of its athletic facilities, but as Jadwin Gymnasium was already 50% complete by 1966 (when the Columbia gym was announced) this was clearly not correct.[6] At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the administration as a result of the protests. Many of the Class of '68 walked out of their graduation and held a counter-commencement on Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park, the place where the protests began.[7] The Strawberry Statement, a non-fiction book by a student activist, made a broader audience aware of the protests. The protests hurt Columbia financially as many potential students chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate money to the school.

## Protests against racism and apartheid

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Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of Hamilton Hall and the Business School during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the apartheid regime in South Africa.[8] A notable upsurge in the protests occurred in 1978, when following a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the student uprising in 1968, students marched and rallied in protest of university investments in South Africa. The Committee Against Investment in South Africa (CAISA) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action Committee, the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U.S. university.

The initial (and partial) Columbia divestment focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime.[9][10] It followed a year-long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to an endowed chair at the university in 1977.[11]

Broadly backed by student groups and many faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held teach-ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa. Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business.[12]

## Columbia Unbecoming

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Main article: Columbia Unbecoming controversy

In the early 2000s, professor Joseph Massad, held an elective course called Palestinian and Israeli Politics and Societies at Columbia. Students felt the views he espoused in the course were anti-Israel and some of them tried to disrupt his class and get him fired.[13] In 2004, students got together with the pro-Israel campus group the David Project and produced a film called Columbia Unbecoming, accusing Massad and two other professors of intimidating or treating unfairly students with pro-Israel views. The film led to a committee being appointed by Bollinger which exonerated the professors in the spring of 2005.[14] However, the committee's report criticized Columbia's inadequate grievance procedures.[15]

## Ahmadinejad speech controversy

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Students protest Ahmadinejad's invitation to speak at Columbia University

The School of International and Public Affairs extends invitations to heads of state and heads of government who come to New York City for the opening of the fall session of the United Nations General Assembly. In 2007, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was one of those invited to speak on campus. Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24, 2007, as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum.[16] The invitation proved to be highly controversial. Hundreds of demonstrators swarmed the campus on September 24 and the speech itself was televised worldwide. University President Lee C. Bollinger tried to allay the controversy by letting Ahmadinejad speak, but with a negative introduction (given personally by Bollinger). This did not mollify those who were displeased with the fact that the Iranian leader had been invited onto the campus.[17] Columbia students, though, turned out en masse to listen to the speech on the South Lawn. An estimated 2,500 undergraduates and graduates came out for the historic occasion.

## ROTC controversy

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Beginning in 1969, during the Vietnam War, the university did not allow the U.S. military to have Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs on campus,[18] though Columbia students could participate in ROTC programs at other local colleges and universities.[19][20][21][22] At a forum at the university during the 2008 presidential election campaign, both John McCain and Barack Obama said that the university should consider reinstating ROTC on campus.[21][23][24] After the debate, the president of the university, Lee C. Bollinger, stated that he did not favor reinstating Columbia's ROTC program, because of the military's anti-gay policies. In November 2008, Columbia's undergraduate student body held a referendum on the question of whether or not to invite ROTC back to campus, and the students who voted were almost evenly divided on the issue. ROTC lost the vote (which would not have been binding on the administration, and did not include graduate students, faculty, or alumni) by a fraction of a percentage point.[citation needed]

In April 2010 during Admiral Mike Mullen's address at Columbia, President Lee C. Bollinger stated that the ROTC would be readmitted to campus if the admiral's plans for revoking the don't ask, don't tell policy were successful. In February 2011 during one of three town-hall meetings on the ROTC ban, former Army staff sergeant Anthony Maschek, a Purple Heart recipient for injuries sustained during his service in Iraq, was booed and hissed at by some students during his speech promoting the idea of allowing the ROTC on campus.[25] In April 2011 the Columbia University Senate voted to welcome the ROTC program back on campus.[26] Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus and Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger signed an agreement to reinstate Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) program at Columbia for the first time in more than 40 years on May 26, 2011. The agreement was signed at a ceremony on board the USS Iwo Jima, docked in New York for the Navy's annual Fleet Week.[27]

## Divestment from private prisons

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In February 2014, after learning that the university had over $10 million invested in the private prison industry, a group of students delivered a letter President Bollinger's office requesting a meeting and officially launching the Columbia Prison Divest (CPD) campaign.[28] As of June 30, 2013[update], Columbia held investments in Corrections Corporation of America, the largest private prison company in the United States, as well as G4S, the largest multinational security firm in the world. Students demanded that the university divest these holdings from the industry and instate a ban on future investments in the private prison industry.[29] Aligning themselves with the growing Black Lives Matter movement and in conversation with the heightened attention on race and the system of mass incarceration, CPD student activists hosted events to raise awareness of the issue and worked to involve large numbers of members of the Columbia and West Harlem community in campaign activities.[29] After eighteen months of student driven organizing, the Board of Trustees of Columbia University voted to support the petition for divestment from private prison companies, which was confirmed to student leaders on June 22, 2015.[30] The Columbia Prison Divest campaign was the first campaign to successfully get a U.S. university to divest from the private prison industry.[30]

## 2021 tuition strike

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See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education and Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic § University strikes

In January 2021, more than 1000 Columbia University students initiated a tuition strike, demanding that the university lower its tuition rates by 10% amid financial burdens and the move to online classes prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic.[31][32][33] Tuition for undergraduates was at the time $58,920 for an academic year, with the total cost eclipsing $80,000 when expenses including fees, room and board, books and travel were factored in.[34][33] It was the largest tuition strike at an American university in nearly 50 years.[35] Students stated they had won a number of concessions, as the university announced it would freeze tuition, suspend fees on late payments, increase spring financial aid and provide a limited amount of summer grants.[32][35] A university spokesperson, however, stated that the decisions occurred several months prior to the strike.[35] Students also asked the university to end its expansion into and gentrification of West Harlem, defund its university police force, divest from its investments in oil and gas companies, and bargain in good faith with campus unions.[31][35] The university in February 2021 announced that the Board of Trustees had finally formalized its commitment to divest from publicly traded oil and gas companies.[35] The strike had been largely organized by the campus chapter of Young Democratic Socialists of America, which had partnered with other student groups to support the action.[31]

## Graduate student labor strike

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Main article: 2021–2022 Columbia University strike

Starting in March 2021, members of the Student Workers of Columbia–United Auto Workers, a student employee union, began a strike over issues related to securing a labor contract with the university.[36] The strike ended for a first time on May 13, 2021. Following the end of the strike, on July 3, new leaders for the union were elected who promised to continue to push for a labor contract with the university. A second strike began on November 3, 2021, and concluded on January 7, 2022.

## 2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation

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Main article: 2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation

A scene of the reinstated campus encampment on April 21, 2024, several days after the NYPD arrested students and removed the first encampment.

The 2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation was a protest at Columbia University in New York City. The protests began on April 17, 2024, when pro-Palestinian students established an encampment of approximately fifty tents on the university's campus, and ended on June 2, 2024.[37] The protests sought to cease Columbia University's financial support of Israel.[38] On April 18, University President Minouche Shafik authorized New York Police Department to enter campus and remove protesting students in the encampment. However, the encampment was reestablished and the police action at Columbia University led to similar protests at other universites.[39] On April 29, Shafik issued a statement saying that despite the protesters' demands, the university would not divest from Israel.[38]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Columbia's 1811 Graduation Ceremony Is Known as "The Riotous Commencement"". Columbia College Today. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
2. ^ "Burke's Expulsion: Columbia's Shame". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
3. ^ "Columbia vs. the Jews, Again". The Weekly Standard. 2018-05-08. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
4. ^ "Columbia's Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion". The New York Times. April 28, 2008.
5. ^ "Columbia University – 1968". Columbia.edu. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
6. ^ Hevesi, Dennis. "Gym Groundbreaking Will Be Held Next Month", Columbia Spectator, September 29, 1966.
7. ^ George Keller. Columbia College Today (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
8. ^ "Disinvestment from South Africa#Higher education endowments"
9. ^ "Columbia Senate Supports Selling South African Stocks Selectively". The New York Times. May 7, 1978.
10. ^ "Trustees vote for divestiture from backers of S. African government". Columbia Spectator. June 8, 1978.
11. ^ "400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post". Columbia Spectator. March 3, 1977.
12. ^ "Demonstration at Columbia". New York Daily News. May 2, 1978.
13. ^ "Academic Freedom and the Teaching of Palestine-Israel: The Columbia Case, Part II". Journal of Palestine Studies. 34 (4): 75–107. January 1, 2005. doi:10.1525/jps.2005.34.4.75. ISSN 0377-919X. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
14. ^ "Ad Hoc Grievance Committee Report". Columbia University. 2005-03-28. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
15. ^ Doob, Gabriella (April 7, 2005). "Columbia report addresses anti-Semitism charges". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
16. ^ "President Bollinger's Statement About President Ahmadinejad's Scheduled Appearance". Columbia News. September 19, 2007.
17. ^ "Candidates Speak Out On Ahmadinejad Visit". CBS News. September 24, 2007.
18. ^ Feith, David J., "Duty, Honor, Country… and Columbia", National Review, September 15, 2008. Archived September 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
19. ^ Army ROTC at Fordham University Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Accessed September 9, 2010
20. ^ "U.S. Air Force ROTC – College Life – College". Afrotc.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
21. ^ a b "AFROTC Detachment 560, "The Bronx Bombers", CROSS-TOWN SCHOOLS". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
22. ^ "NAVY ROTC IN NEW YORK CITY". Archived from the original on June 18, 2013.
23. ^ McGurn, William, "A Columbia Marine To Obama: Help!", The Wall Street Journal, September 30, 2008, Page 17.
24. ^ "Naval Education and Training Command – NETC". www.netc.navy.mil. Archived from the original on August 2, 2007.
25. ^ Karni, Annie, "[1]", New York Post, February 20, 2011.
26. ^ [2], "Huff Post College", April 2, 2011.
27. ^ "Navy and Columbia Sign NROTC Agreement". Columbia University. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
28. ^ Sestanovich, Clare (March 20, 2015). "Columbia Students to Lee Bollinger: Divest From Prisons Now!". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
29. ^ a b "The New Divestment Movement". Retrieved November 14, 2017.
30. ^ a b Wilfred Chan. "Columbia is first U.S. university to divest from prisons". Cnn.com. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
31. ^ a b c "Over 1,000 Columbia University students on tuition strike". NBC News. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
32. ^ a b Carlin, Dave (22 Jan 2021). "Some Columbia University Students Vow To Ramp Up Tuition Strike".
33. ^ a b "The Columbia University student strike is about far more than tuition | Indigo Olivier". the Guardian. 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
34. ^ "Fees, Expenses, and Financial Aid < Columbia College | Columbia University". bulletin.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
35. ^ a b c d e "Columbia Students Wage the Largest Tuition Strike in Nearly 50 Years". In These Times. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
36. ^ Bachman, Brett; Algar, Selim (2021-03-15). "Graduate student workers at Columbia University go on strike". New York Post. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
37. ^ Huddleston, Sarah. "Protesters dismantle 'Revolt for Rafah' encampment after alumni weekend ends". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
38. ^ a b "'Divest from Israel': Decoding the Gaza protest call shaking US campuses". Al Jazeera. 30 April 2024.
39. ^ Debusmann, Bernd Jr.; Vardy, Emma (27 April 2024). "Gaza protests: Police raid on Columbia protest ignited campus movement". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.

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