Sumaco

Sumaco Volcano.

Highest point
Elevation| 3,990 m (13,090 ft)[1]
Coordinates| 00°32′17″S 77°37′33″W﻿ / ﻿0.53806°S 77.62583°W﻿ / -0.53806; -77.62583[1]
Geography

Sumaco

Ecuador

Geology
Mountain type| Stratovolcano
Last eruption| 1895 ± 30 years

Sumaco is a symmetrical, isolated stratovolcano, that is set off from the main Ecuador volcanic axis. Its rocks are very distinct from those from most Andean volcanoes because of its lack of andesitic composition, in favour of basanite and phonolitic rock. Sumaco is heavily forested and contains a small cone in its broad summit crater. An historical eruption occurred around 1895 (± 30 years).[1]

## Ecology[edit]

Sumaco is isolated from the Cordillera Oriental by the lowland valley of the Cosanga and Quijos Rivers.[2] There are more than 6000 species of vascular plants, including more than 90 endemic species.[3] There are also a number of endemic animals, including toad Osornophryne sumacoensis only known from the eastern slopes of Sumaco,[4][5] and robber frog Pristimantis ernesti only known from the summit of Sumaco.[6][7]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Sumaco". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
2. ^ Lee, T. E.; Burneo, S. F.; Marchán, M. R.; Roussos, S. A. & Vizcarra-Váscomez, R. S. (2008). "The mammals of the temperate forests of Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador" (PDF). Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University. 276: 1–10.
3. ^ "Parque nacional Sumaco". Ministerio del Ambiente. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
4. ^ Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S.; Cisneros-Heredia, D. & Almandáriz, A. (2004). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54859A11203411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54859A11203411.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
5. ^ Coloma, L. A.; Páez-Moscoso, D.; Frenkel, C.; Félix-Novoa, C. & Quiguango-Ubillús, A. (2014). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
6. ^ Lynch, J.; Coloma, L.A. & Ron, S. (2004). "Pristimantis ernesti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T56585A11488039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T56585A11488039.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
7. ^ Frenkel, C.; Yánez-Muñoz, M. H.; Guayasamín, J. M.; Varela-Jaramillo, A. & Ron, S. R. (2013). "Pristimantis ernesti" (AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 ed.). Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 2015-02-11. Retrieved 11 February 2015.

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Andean volcanoes

Northern Volcanic Zone
(6° N – 3° S)|

* Paipa-Iza
* Romeral
* Cerro Bravo
* Nevado del Ruiz
* Nevado del Tolima
* Nevado del Huila
* Puracé
* Doña Juana
* Galeras
* Azufral
* Chiles
* Cayambe
* Reventador
* Pichincha
* Antisana
* Aliso
* Soche
* Illiniza
* Cotopaxi
* Quilotoa
* Chimborazo
* Tungurahua
* Licto volcanic field
* Sangay

Central Volcanic Zone
(14°–27° S)|

* Quimsachata
* Auquihuato
* Firura
* Sara Sara
* Solimana
* Coropuna
* Hualca Hualca
* Sabancaya
* Huambo volcanic field
* Ampato
* Andagua volcanic field
* Chachani
* Misti
* Ubinas
* Pichu Pichu
* Huaynaputina
* Ticsani
* Tutupaca
* Yucamane
* Purupuruni
* Casiri
* Tacora
* Taapaca
* Parinacota
* Lauca
* Guallatiri
* Tata Sabaya
* Isluga
* Irruputuncu
* Olca-Paruma
* Aucanquilcha‎
* Azufre
* Zapaleri
* Sairecabur
* Licancabur
* Purico complex
* Pacana
* Aguas Calientes
* Lascar
* Chiliques
* Aracar
* Socompa
* Llullaillaco
* Lastarria
* Lazufre
* Cordón del Azufre
* Galán
* Peinado
* San Francisco
* Cueros de Purulla
* Incahuasi
* Ojos del Salado

Southern Volcanic Zone
(33°–46° S)|

* Tupungato
* Tupungatito
* Maipo
* Calabozos
* Descabezado Grande
* Cerro Azul
* Nevado de Longaví
* Nevados de Chillán
* Antuco
* Copahue
* Callaqui
* Lonquimay
* Llaima
* Sollipulli
* Villarrica
* Quetrupillán
* Lanín
* Mocho-Choshuenco
* Carrán-Los Venados
* Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
* Casablanca
* Osorno
* Calbuco
* Hornopirén
* Huequi
* Michinmahuida
* Chaitén
* Corcovado
* Mentolat
* Cay
* Macá
* Mate Grande
* Hudson

Austral Volcanic Zone
(49°–55° S)|

* Lautaro
* Viedma
* Aguilera
* Reclus
* Burney
* Fueguino

Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south

Authority control databases: Geographic |

* Global Volcanism Program

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