Sundanese script

Sundanese writing system

For other uses, see Sundanese script (disambiguation).

Sundanese Script

Aksara Sunda Baku
ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ

Script type|

Abugida

Period

| c. 14th–18th centuries (as Old Sundanese script)
1996-present (as Sundanese script)
Direction| Left-to-right
Languages| Sundanese
Related scripts

Parent systems

Egyptian

* Proto-Sinaitic
* Phoenician
* Aramaic
* Brahmi script
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Pallava
* Old Kawi
* Old Sundanese
* Sundanese Script

Sister systems

* Balinese
* Batak script
* Baybayin scripts
* Javanese script
* Lontara script
* Makasar script
* Rencong script
* Rejang script

ISO 15924
ISO 15924| Sund (362), ​Sundanese
Unicode

Unicode alias

| Sundanese

Unicode range

* U+1B80–U+1BBF Sundanese
* U+1CC0–U+1CCF Sundanese Supplement

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Part of a series on

Writing systems used in Indonesia
Abugida (Brahmic)

* Balinese
* Batak
* Javanese

* Kawi (Buda)
* Incung
* Lampung

* Lontara (Satera Jontal, Mbojo, Lota Ende)

* Makasar
* Sasak
* Sundanese (Old Sundanese)

* Ulu (Komering, Lembak, Ogan,

* Rejang, Pasemah, Serawai)

Abjad

* Buri Wolio
* Jawi
* Pegon
* Serang

Alphabet

* Latin (Van Ophuijsen, Suwandi, EYD)

Others

* Alifuru
* Bonda
* Cia-Cia

* Bilang-bilang
* Dunging

Related

* List of writing systems of Indonesia

* Languages of Indonesia

* Asia portal

* Indonesia portal

* Language portal

* Writing portal

This article contains Sundanese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Sundanese characters.

Brahmic scripts

The Brahmi script and its descendants

Northern Brahmic

* Gupta
* Sharada
* Landa
* Gurmukhi
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Multani
* Mahajani
* Takri
* Dogri
* Kamarupi
* Siddham
* Nagari
* Devanagari
* Gujarati
* Modi
* Nandinagari
* Kaithi
* Sylheti Nagri
* Gaudi
* Bengali–Assamese
* Bengali
* Assamese
* Tirhuta
* Odia
* Nepalese
* Bhujimol
* Ranjana
* Soyombo
* Pracalit
* Tibetan
* Meitei
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Khema
* Phagspa
* Zanabazar square
* Marchen
* Marchung
* Pungs-chen
* Pungs-chung
* Drusha
* Tamyig
* Kalinga
* Bhaiksuki
* Tocharian

Southern Brahmic

* Bhattiprolu
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Pallava
* Tamil
* Grantha
* Malayalam
* Tigalari
* Dhives Akuru
* Saurashtra
* Sinhala
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Proto-Tai script?
* Sukhothai
* Thai
* Fakkham
* Thai Noi
* Lao
* Tai Viet
* Dai Don
* Lai Tay
* Lai Pao
* Cham
* Kawi
* Balinese
* Batak
* Buda
* Javanese
* Old Sundanese
* Sundanese
* Lontara
* Makasar
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Baybayin
* Buhid
* Hanunoo
* Tagbanwa
* Kulitan
* Mon–Burmese
* Burmese
* Chakma
* Western Pwo Karen
* S'gaw Karen
* Shan
* Tanchangya
* Lik-Tai scripts
* Ahom
* Khamti
* Tai Le
* Modern Mon
* Tai Tham
* New Tai Lue
* Pyu
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma
* Kadamba
* Telugu-Kannada
* Kannada
* Goykanadi
* Telugu

* v
* t
* e

Standard Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Baku, ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮊᮥ) is a traditional writing system used by Sundanese people to write Sundanese language. It is built based on Old Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Kuno) which was used from the 14th to the 18th centuries.[1]

## History

[edit]

Old Sundanese was developed based on the Pallava script of India,[2] and was used from the 14th until the 18th centuries. The last manuscript written in Old Sundanese script was Carita Waruga Guru.[2] From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Sundanese was mostly spoken and not written.[2] Javanese and Pegon scripts were used to write Sundanese during this period.[2] In 1996, the government of West Java announced a plan to introduce an official Sundanese script, and in October 1997, the Old Sundanese script was chosen and renamed to Aksara Sunda.[3]

## Typology

[edit]

The standardized script has 32 basic characters-- seven vowels, 23 consonants, and thirteen phonetic diacriticals (Sundanese: rarangkén). There are also numerals from zero to nine.

### Consonants

[edit]

Each consonant (Sundanese: aksara ngalagéna) carries an inherent vowel 'a', so that each consonant letter is pronounced as a syllable. The original eighteen consonants are ka-ga-nga, ca-ja-nya, ta-da-na, pa-ba-ma, ya-ra-la, wa-sa-ha.

An additional five consonants, fa-va-qa-xa-za have been added in order to improve the script as a tool for recording the development of the Sundanese language, especially regarding the adoption of foreign words and sounds. The new glyphs have been developed through re-use of letters found in the old Sundanese script. For example, the letters fa and va are variants of Old Sundanese pa; qa and xa are variants of Old Sundanese ka; and za is a variant of Old Sundanese ja.

There are two non-standard consonants, kha and sha, used for transcribing the Arabic consonants خ and ش.

Consonants

IPA: /ka/

IPA: /ga/

nga

IPA: /ŋa/

IPA: /t͜ɕa/

IPA: /d͜ʑa/

nya

IPA: /ɲa/

|
|
|
|
|

IPA: /ta/

IPA: /da/

IPA: /na/

IPA: /pa/

IPA: /ba/

IPA: /ma/

IPA: /ja/

IPA: /ra/

IPA: /la/

IPA: /wa/

IPA: /sa/

IPA: /ha/

Additional consonants for writing foreign words

IPA: /fa/

IPA: /ka~qa/

IPA: /fa~va/

IPA: /sa/, /ksa/

IPA: /za/

kha

IPA: /ħa/, /xa/

sya

IPA: /ɕa/, /ʃa/

|
|
|
|
|
|

### Vowels

[edit]

There are seven independent vowels, a, é, i, o, u, e, and eu, each of which has an independent form and a rarangkén or diacritic. A basic consonant-vowel syllable is formed by adding a vowel diacritic to a consonant. The vowel diacritic replaces the consonant's inherent 'a' or, in the case of the "killer stroke" (pamaéh) removes the vowel entirely, creating an isolated consonant.

vowels with their diacritic forms and examples with ᮊ

IPA: /a/

IPA: /ɛ/

IPA: /i/

IPA: /ɔ/

IPA: /u/

IPA: /ə/

IPA: /ɤ/

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

◌ ᮥ

◌ ᮨ

◌ ᮩ

-◌᮪

IPA: /ka/

IPA: /kɛ/

IPA: /ki/

IPA: /kɔ/

IPA: /ku/

IPA: /kə/

keu

IPA: /kɤ/

-ᮊ᮪

IPA: /k/

### Consonant diacritics

[edit]

Additional diacritics are used to alter the consonants of a syllable.

◌ ᮁ

adds a final /r/

◌ ᮀ

adds a final /ŋ/

inserts an /r/

◌ ᮣ

inserts an /l/

◌ ᮡ

inserts a /j/

adds a final /h/

|
|
|
|
|

kar

kang

kra

kla

kya

kah

### Numerals

[edit]

In texts, numbers are written surrounded by dual pipes | ... |, for example, the year 2020 is written |᮲᮰᮲᮰|.

Sundanese numerals

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

### Punctuation

[edit]

In modern usage, Latin punctuation is used. Old Sundanese, though, was written using its own set of punctuation symbols. Sequences such as ᳇᳇, ᳆᳀᳆, which contains a ᳀, bindu surya, 'sun sign', and ᳆᳁, which contains a ᳁, bindu panglong, 'half-moon sign', are used to mark liturgical texts. ᳅᳂᳅, which contains a ᳂, bindu purnama, 'full moon sign', denoted a historical text. ᳀ is also sometimes used as a full stop, with ᳂ acting as a comma. ᳃, bindu chakra, 'wheel sign' was also used as a comma.

The punctuation symbols resembling letters with stripes (᳆, da satanga, 'decorated da', ᳇, ba satanga, 'decorated ba', and ᳅, ka satanga, 'decorated ka') originated as versions of the letters ᮓ, da, ᮘ, ba, and one half of the letter ᮊ, ka. Another symbol of unclear meaning is the ᳄, leu satanga, 'decorated leu', based on the archaic syllable ᮼ, seu.[4]

## Sample text

[edit]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

ᮞᮊᮥᮙ᮪ᮔ ᮏᮜ᮪ᮙ ᮌᮥᮘᮢᮌ᮪ ᮊ ᮃᮜᮙ᮪ ᮓᮥᮑ ᮒᮦᮂ ᮞᮤᮕᮒ᮪ᮔ ᮙᮨᮁᮓᮤᮊ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮘᮧᮌ ᮙᮁᮒᮘᮒ᮪ ᮊᮒᮥᮒ᮪ ᮠᮊ᮪-ᮠᮊ᮪ ᮃᮔᮥ ᮞᮛᮥᮃ. ᮙᮛᮔᮦᮂᮔ ᮓᮤᮘᮦᮛᮦ ᮃᮊᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮠᮒᮦ ᮔᮥᮛᮔᮤ, ᮎᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮁ-ᮌᮅᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮞᮞᮙᮔ ᮃᮚ ᮓᮤᮔ ᮞᮥᮙᮍᮨᮒ᮪ ᮓᮥᮓᮥᮜᮥᮛᮔ᮪.

Sakumna jalma gubrag ka alam dunya téh sipatna merdika jeung boga martabat katut hak-hak anu sarua. Maranéhna dibéré akal jeung haté nurani, campur-gaul jeung sasamana aya dina sumanget duduluran.

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

## Unicode

[edit]

Sundanese script was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2008 with the release of version 5.1. In version 6.3, the support of pasangan and some characters from Old Sundanese script were added.

### Blocks

[edit]

Main articles: Sundanese (Unicode block) and Sundanese Supplement (Unicode block)

The Unicode block for Sundanese is U+1B80–U+1BBF. The Unicode block for Sundanese Supplement is U+1CC0–U+1CCF.

Sundanese[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
U+1B8x  | ᮀ  | ᮁ  | ᮂ  | ᮃ  | ᮄ  | ᮅ  | ᮆ  | ᮇ  | ᮈ  | ᮉ  | ᮊ  | ᮋ  | ᮌ  | ᮍ  | ᮎ  | ᮏ
U+1B9x  | ᮐ  | ᮑ  | ᮒ  | ᮓ  | ᮔ  | ᮕ  | ᮖ  | ᮗ  | ᮘ  | ᮙ  | ᮚ  | ᮛ  | ᮜ  | ᮝ  | ᮞ  | ᮟ
U+1BAx  | ᮠ  | ᮡ  | ᮢ  | ᮣ  | ᮤ  | ᮥ  | ᮦ  | ᮧ  | ᮨ  | ᮩ  | ᮪  |  ᮫  | ᮬ  | ᮭ  | ᮮ  | ᮯ
U+1BBx  | ᮰  | ᮱  | ᮲  | ᮳  | ᮴  | ᮵  | ᮶  | ᮷  | ᮸  | ᮹  | ᮺ  | ᮻ  | ᮼ  | ᮽ  | ᮾ  | ᮿ
Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
Sundanese Supplement[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
U+1CCx  | ᳀ | ᳁ | ᳂ | ᳃ | ᳄ | ᳅ | ᳆ | ᳇ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

## Gallery

[edit]

* A Sundanese lontar manuscript written in the Sundanese script.

* The first page from manuscript of Carita Waruga Guru which use the Old Sundanese script and the Old Sundanese language.

## See also

[edit]

* Sundanese language
* Old Sundanese language
* Buda script
* Sundanese numerals

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Rosidi, Ajip (2010). Mengenang hidup orang lain: sejumlah obituari (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 9789799102225.
2. ^ a b c d Ekadjati, Edi S. (September 2003). "Sundanese Manuscripts: Their Existence, Functions, and Contents" (PDF). Journal of the Centre for Documentation & Area-transcultural Studies. 2: 123–134.
3. ^ "Sundanese". Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
4. ^ EVERSON, Michael. Proposal for encoding additional Sundanese characters for Old Sundanese in the UCS. Available at [1]. September 5th, 2009.

## External links

[edit]

* Kairaga - Comprehensive information site regarding Sundanese font developing effort
* Sundanese - Latin Online Transliteration and Sundanese Unicode Font[usurped]
* Sundanese Keyboard - ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ (basa sunda) Keyboard at branah.com

* v
* t
* e

Kawi family

Scripts|

| Indonesia|

* Balinese
* Batak
* Buda
* Javanese
* Komering
* Lontara (Bilang-bilang)
* Makasar
* Sasak
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Sundanese (Old Sundanese)

|

Philippines|

* Baybayin
* Buhid
* Hanunó'o
* Kulitan
* Tagbanwa

Origin/mother scripts|

* Brahmic scripts
* Pallava

* v
* t
* e

Types of writing systems

| Overview|

* History of writing
* Grapheme

|

Lists|

* Writing systems
* undeciphered
* inventors
* constructed
* Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

* Numerals

* Aramaic
* Hatran
* Arabic
* Elifba
* Egyptian hieroglyphs
* Elymaic
* Hebrew
* Ashuri
* Cursive
* Rashi
* Solitreo
* Tifinagh
* Mandaic
* Manichaean
* Nabataean
* Ancient North Arabian
* Pahlavi
* Book
* Inscriptional
* Inscriptional Parthian
* Psalter
* Pegon
* Phoenician
* Paleo-Hebrew
* Pitman shorthand
* Proto-Sinaitic
* Punic
* Samaritan
* South Arabian
* Zabur
* Musnad
* Sogdian
* Syriac
* ʾEsṭrangēlā
* Serṭā
* Maḏnḥāyā
* Teeline Shorthand
* Ugaritic

Abugidas

| Brahmic|

| Northern|

* Bengali–Assamese
* Bhaiksuki
* Brahmi script
* Devanagari
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Gupta
* Gurmukhi
* Kaithi
* Kalinga
* Khema
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Laṇḍā
* Lepcha
* Mahajani
* Marchen
* Meitei
* Modi
* Multani
* Nagari
* Nandinagari
* Nepalese scripts
* Bhujimol
* Golmol
* Himmol
* Kummol
* Kvemmol
* Pachumol
* Pracalit
* Ranjana
* Tamyig
* Tirhuta
* Limbu
* Litumol
* Odia
* Karani
* ʼPhags-pa
* Sharada
* Siddhaṃ
* Soyombo
* Sylheti Nagri
* Takri
* Tibetan
* Uchen
* Umê
* Tocharian
* Zanabazar square

|

Southern|

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak
* Baybayin
* Bhattiprolu
* Buda
* Buhid
* Chakma
* Cham
* Fakkham
* Grantha
* Goykanadi
* Hanunoo
* Javanese
* Kadamba
* Kannada
* Karen
* Kawi
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Kulitan
* Lanna
* Langdi
* Lao
* Leke
* Lontara
* Bilang-bilang
* Makasar
* Malayalam
* Old Maldivian
* Dhives Akuru
* Eveyla Akuru
* Mon–Burmese
* Pallava
* Pyu
* Saurashtra
* Shan
* Sinhala
* Sukhothai
* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese
* Tagbanwa
* Tai Le
* New Tai Lue
* Tai Noi
* Tai Tham
* Tai Viet
* Lai Tay
* Tamil
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Tanchangya
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tigalari
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma

Others|

* Bharati
* Boyd's syllabic shorthand
* Canadian syllabics
* Blackfoot
* Déné syllabics
* Dham
* Fox I
* Geʽez
* Gunjala Gondi
* Japanese Braille
* Sarati
* Jenticha
* Kharosthi
* Mandombe
* Masaram Gondi
* Meroitic
* Miao
* Mwangwego
* Pahawh Hmong
* Sorang Sompeng
* Tengwar
* Thaana
* Thomas Natural Shorthand
* Warang Citi
* Mwangwego
* Rma

Alphabets

| Linear|

* Adlam
* Ariyaka
* Armenian
* Avestan
* Pazend
* Avoiuli
* Bassa Vah
* Carian
* Caucasian Albanian
* Cirth
* Coelbren
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet
* Coptic
* Cyrillic
* Serbian
* Early
* Deseret
* Duployan shorthand
* Chinook
* Eclectic shorthand
* Elbasan
* Enochian
* Etruscan
* Formosan
* Fox II
* Fraser
* Gabelsberger shorthand
* Gadabuursi
* Garay alphabet
* Georgian
* Asomtavruli
* Nuskhuri
* Mkhedruli
* Veso Bey
* Glagolitic
* Gothic
* Gregg shorthand
* Greek (Archaic)
* Greco-Iberian alphabet
* Hangul
* Hanifi
* Sunuwar
* Kaddare
* Kayah Li
* Klingon
* Latin
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Carolingian minuscule
* Fraktur
* Gaelic
* Insular
* IPA
* Kurrent
* Merovingian
* Sigla
* Sütterlin
* Tironian notes
* Visigothic
* Luo
* Lycian
* Lydian
* Manchu
* Medefaidrin
* Molodtsov
* Mru
* Mundari Bani
* N'Ko
* Ogham
* Ol Chiki
* Old Hungarian
* Old Italic
* Old Permic
* Orkhon
* Old Uyghur
* Mongolian
* Evenki
* Galik alphabet
* Manchu
* Oirat
* Vagindra
* Ol Onal
* Osage
* Osmanya
* Pau Cin Hau
* Phrygian
* Pisidian
* Runic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Cipher
* Dalecarlian
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Gothic
* Marcomannic
* Medieval
* Staveless
* Shavian
* Sidetic
* Sorang Sompeng
* Sunuwar
* Tifinagh
* Todhri
* Tolong Siki
* Vellara
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Warang Citi
* Yezidi
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbols
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Miꞌkmaw
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Anishinaabewibii'iganan
* Olmec
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze scripts
* Seal script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Kanji
* Chữ Nôm
* Sawndip
* Bowen

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logosyllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Tenevil
* Yi (Classical)

Logoconsonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Other|

* Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Linear Elamite
* Celtiberian
* Iberian
* Northeastern
* Southeastern
* Khom
* Dunging

|

Redundant|

* Espanca script
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Bopomofo
* Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Idu
* Kana
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sōgana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered|

* Albanian
* Azerbaijani
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
* Czech
* Dutch
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Ghanaian
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hungarian
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
* Maltese
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Samoan
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Turkish
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav
* Zambian

| Nordic family|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Danish
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Northern Sámi
* Norwegian
* Swedish

|

Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Mongolian
* Russian
* Tatar
* Ukrainian

Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts|

* Arabic
* Persian
* Urdu (Pakistan)

Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille|

* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
* Gujarati
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu (India)

Other scripts|

* Amharic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Khmer
* Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan

Reordered|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent|

* Chinese semi-syllabaries
* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese Mandarin
* Taiwanese Mandarin
* Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
* Japanese
* Korean

Eight-dot|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

People|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Róża Czacka
* Valentin Haüy
* Harris Mowbray
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

* v
* t
* e

Sundanese language

Development|

* Old Sundanese
* Modern Sundanese

Writing system|

* Standard Sundanese
* Old Sundanese
* Latin
* Buda
* Pegon
* Cacarakan

Dialects|

| Standardized|

* Priangan

|

Regional|

* Badui
* Banten
* Brebes
* Cirebon
* Northern Coast
* Bekasi
* Bogor
* Depok

Related topics|

* Numerals
* Rinéka sora
* Sundanese literature
* Sundanese Language Congress
* Wikipedia
* Unicode block
* Supplement

*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template