Sustainable packaging

Packaging which results in improved sustainability

Molded pulp uses recycled newsprint to form package components. Here, researchers are molding packaging from straw[1]

Sustainable packaging is the development and use of packaging which results in improved sustainability.[2] This involves increased use of life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle assessment (LCA)[3][4] to help guide the use of packaging which reduces the environmental impact and ecological footprint. It includes a look at the whole of the supply chain: from basic function, to marketing, and then through to end of life (LCA) and rebirth.[5] Additionally, an eco-cost to value ratio can be useful[6] The goals are to improve the long term viability and quality of life for humans and the longevity of natural ecosystems. Sustainable packaging must meet the functional and economic needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.[7] Sustainability is not necessarily an end state but is a continuing process of improvement.[8]

Sustainable packaging is a relatively new addition to the environmental considerations for packaging (see Packaging and labeling). It requires more analysis and documentation to look at the package design, choice of materials, processing, and life-cycle. This is not just the vague "green movement" that many businesses and companies have been trying to include over the past years. Companies implementing eco-friendly actions are reducing their carbon footprint, using more recycled materials and reusing more package components.[9] They often encourage suppliers, contract packagers, and distributors to do likewise.

Environmental marketing claims on packages need to be made (and read) with caution. Ambiguous greenwashing titles such as green packaging and environmentally friendly can be confusing without specific definition. Some regulators, such as the US Federal Trade Commission, are providing guidance to packagers[10]

Companies have long been reusing and recycling packaging when economically viable. Using minimal packaging has also been a common goal to help reduce costs. Recent years have accelerated these efforts based on social movements, consumer pressure, and regulation. All phases of packaging, distribution, and logistics are included.[11]

Sustainable packaging is not focused on just recycling. Just as packaging is not the only eco target, although it is still top of mind for many. Right or wrong, the packaging is frequently scrutinized and used as the measure of a company's overall sustainability, even though it may contribute only a small percentage to the total eco-impact compared to other things, such as transportation, and water and energy use.

## Environmental Impacts

[edit]

Impacts of packaging originate from three main stages including feedstock sourcing, production of polymers and packaging, and the end of life treatment of the packaging. Emissions from each stage contribute to climate change, air pollution, acidification, and other environmental issues. Food waste is another prominent issue as one third of food meant for human consumption is lost. Sustainable packaging aims to address properties of food, for example chemical and microbiological properties, in order to limit packaging and food waste.[12]

## Criteria

[edit]

The criteria for ranking and comparing packaging based on their sustainability is an active area of development. General guidance, metrics, checklists, and scorecards are being published by several groups.

Government,[13] standards organizations, consumers, retailers,[14] and packagers are considering several types of criteria.[15][16][17][18]

Each organization words the goals and targets a little differently. In general, the broad goals of sustainable packaging are:

1. Functional[19] – product protection, safety, regulatory compliance, etc.
2. Cost effective – if it is too expensive, it is unlikely to be used
3. Support long-term human and ecological health

Specific factors for sustainable design of packaging may include:

* Use of minimal materials – reduced packaging, reduced layers of packaging, lower mass (product to packaging ratio), lower volume, etc.[20]
* Energy efficiency, total energy content and usage, use of renewable energy, use of clean energy, etc.
* Recycled content – as available and functional. For food contact materials, there are special safety considerations, particularly for use of recycled plastics and paper. Regulations are published by each country or region.[21][22]
* Recyclability – recovery value, use of materials which are frequently and easily recycled, reduction of materials which hinder recyclability of major components, etc.
* Reusable packaging – repeated reuse of package, reuse for other purposes, etc.
* Use of renewable, biodegradable and compostable materials – when appropriate and do not cause contamination of the recycling stream[23][24][25]
* Avoid the use of materials toxic to humans or the environment
* Effects on atmosphere/climate – ozone layer, greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane), volatile organic compounds, etc.
* Water use, reuse, treatment, waste, etc.
* Worker impact: occupational health, safety, clean technology, etc.

The chosen criteria are often used best as a basis of comparison for two or more similar packaging designs; not as an absolute success or failure.[26] Such a multi-variable comparison is often presented as a radar chart (spider chart, star chart, etc.).[27]

## Benefits

[edit]

Some aspects of environmentally sound packaging are required by regulators while others are decisions made by individual packagers. Investors, employees, management, and customers can influence corporate decisions and help set policies. When investors seek to purchase stock, companies known for their positive environmental policy can be attractive.[28] Potential stockholders and investors see this as a solid decision: lower environmental risks lead to more capital at cheaper rates. Companies that highlight their environmental status to consumers can boost sales as well as product reputation. Going green is often a sound investment that can pay off.[29]

Alongside the environmental benefits of adopting sustainable packaging, eco-friendly packaging can increase sales, reduce packaging cost, and increase the image of a company's brand alongside the rising awareness spread regarding environmental impact. There has also been found a direct correlation between a company's implementation of sustainable packaging and a more sustainable supply chain management.[30] Alternatives such as bio-based plastics that are abundant, low cost, and biodegradable, offer a possibility of reducing use of petroleum resources and carbon dioxide emissions.[31]

## Alternatives to conventional plastics

[edit]

Main article: Bioplastic

Main article: Biodegradable plastic

Plastic packages or plastic components are sometimes part of a valid environmental solution. Other times, alternatives to petroleum and natural gas based plastic are desirable.

Materials have been developed or used for packaging without plastics, especially for use-cases in which packaging can't be phased-out – such as with policies for national grocery store requirements – for being needed for preserving food products or other purposes.

A plant proteins-based biodegradable packaging alternative to plastic was developed based on research about spider silk which is known for its high strength and similar on the molecular level.[32][33]

Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service are looking into using dairy-based films as an alternative to petroleum-based packaging. Instead of being made of synthetic polymers, these dairy-based films would be composed of proteins such as casein and whey, which are found in milk. The films would be biodegradable and offer better oxygen barriers than synthetic, chemical-based films. More research must be done to improve the water barrier quality of the dairy-based film, but advances in sustainable packaging are actively being pursued.[34]

Sustainable packaging policy cannot be individualized by a specific product. Effective legislation would need to include alternatives to many products, not just a select few; otherwise, the positive impacts of sustainable packing will not be as effective as they need in order to propel a significant reduction of plastic packaging. Finding alternatives can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from unsustainable packaging production and reduce dangerous chemical by-products of unsustainable packaging practices.[35]

Another alternative to commonly used petroleum plastics are bio-based plastics. Examples of bio-based plastics include natural biopolymers and polymers synthesized from natural feedstock monomers, which can be extracted from plants, animals, or microorganisms. A polymer that is bio-based and used to make plastic materials is not necessarily compostable or bio-degradable. Natural biopolymers can be often biodegraded in the natural environment while only a few bio-based monomer bio-based plastics can be. Bio-based plastics are a more sustainable option in comparison to their petroleum based counterparts, yet they only account for 1% of plastics produced annually as of 2020.[12]

## Costs

[edit]

The process of engineering more environmentally acceptable packages can include consideration of the costs.[36] Some companies claim that their environmental packaging program is cost effective.[37] Some alternative materials that are recycled/recyclable and/or less damaging to the environment can lead to companies incurring increased costs. Though this is common when any product begins to carry the true cost of its production (producer pays, producer responsibility laws, take-back laws). There may be an expensive and lengthy process before the new forms of packaging are deemed safe to the public, and approval may take up to two years.[38] It is important to note here, that for most of the developed world, tightening legislation, and changes in major retailer demand (Walmart's Sustainable Packaging Scorecard for example) the question is no longer "if" products and packaging should become more sustainable, but how-to and how-soon to do it.[5]

## ISO standards

[edit]

The ISO's series of standards relating to packaging and the environment were published in 2013:[39]

* ISO 18601:2013 Packaging and the environment - General requirements for the use of ISO standards in the field of packaging and the environment
* ISO 18602:2013 Packaging and the environment - Optimization of the packaging system
* ISO 18603:2013 Packaging and the environment - Reuse
* ISO 18604:2013 Packaging and the environment - Material recycling
* ISO 18605:2013 Packaging and the environment - Energy recovery
* ISO 18606:2013 Packaging and the environment - Organic recycling

## Criticism

[edit]

Efforts toward “greener” packaging are supported in the sustainability community; however, these are often viewed only as incremental steps and not as an end. Some people foresee a true sustainable steady state economy that may be very different from today's: greatly reduced energy usage, minimal ecological footprint, fewer consumer packaged goods, local purchasing with short food supply chains, little processed foods, etc.[40][41][42] Less packaging would be needed in a sustainable carbon neutral economy, which means that fewer packaging options would exist and simpler packaging forms may be necessary.[43]

## See also

[edit]

* Biopolymer
* Cradle to cradle
* Design for the Environment
* Sustainability metric and indices
* Edible packaging
* Ecodesign
* Reusable shopping bag
* Sustainable Design
* Life Cycle Assessment

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Wood, Marcia (April 2002). "Leftover Straw Gets New Life". Agricultural Research.
2. ^ Ibrahim, Idowu David; Hamam, Yskandar; Sadiku, Emmanuel Rotimi; Ndambuki, Julius Musyoka; Kupolati, Williams Kehinde; Jamiru, Tamba; Eze, Azunna Agwo; Snyman, Jacques (2022). "Need for Sustainable Packaging: An Overview". Polymers. 14 (20): 4430. doi:10.3390/polym14204430. PMC 9609329. PMID 36298009.
3. ^ Zabaniotou, A; Kassidi (August 2003). "Life cycle assessment applied to egg packaging made from polystyrene and recycled paper". Journal of Cleaner Production. 11 (5): 549–559. doi:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00076-8.
4. ^ Franklin (April 2004). "Life Cycle Inventory of Packaging Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
5. ^ a b Jedlicka, W, "Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design", (Wiley, 2008), ISBN 978-0-470-24669-6
6. ^ Wever, R; Vogtlander, Joost (June 2013). "Eco-efficient Value Creation: An Alternative Perspective on Packaging and Sustainability". Packaging Technology and Science. 26 (4): 229–248. doi:10.1002/pts.1978. S2CID 53682432.
7. ^ World Packaging Organization (17 April 2008). "Position Paper on Sustainable Packaging" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
8. ^ "What is Sustainable Packaging? Our Vision". EUROPEN, European Organization for Packaging and the Environment. May 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
9. ^ Amcor (2014). Sustainability Review 2014. (http://www.amcor.com/sustainability/ Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved 10 January 2015.
10. ^ "Environmental Claims". Federal Trade Commission. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
11. ^ Fecourt, Adrien; Li, F. (2013), "Report No. E2013:015" (PDF), Improving transport packaging sustainability – a case study in a production logistics company, Gothenburg, Sweden: CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Technology Management and Economics, retrieved 28 February 2014
12. ^ a b Mohammadhosseini, Hossein; Alyousef, Rayed; Abdul Shukor Lim, Nor Hasanah; Tahir, Mahmood Md; Alabduljabbar, Hisham; Mohamed, Abdeliazim Mustafa; Samadi, Mostafa (June 2020). "Waste metalized film food packaging as low cost and ecofriendly fibrous materials in the production of sustainable and green concrete composites". Journal of Cleaner Production. 258: 120726. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120726. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 213933899. (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137726, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace `{{retracted|...}}` with `{{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}`.)
13. ^ "Packaging, Product Stewarship". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
14. ^ "Wal-Mart Unveils Packaging Scorecard to Suppliers". Wal-Mart. November 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
15. ^ "Sustainable Packaging Metrics and Indicators Framework". Sustainable Packaging Coalition. December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
16. ^ "COMPASS, Metrics for Rating Packages" (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Coalition. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
17. ^ "Towards Sustainable Packaging" (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Alliance. October 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
18. ^ "PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES & KPIs FOR PACKAGING SUSTAINABILITY" (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Alliance. July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
19. ^ anon: "Packaging Matters", Institute of Packaging Professionals, 1993
20. ^ Jason DeRusha. "The Incredible Shrinking Package". 16 July 2007. WCCO.
21. ^ Guidance for Industry: Use of Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging: Chemistry Considerations, Contract, US Food and Drug Administration, 2006, retrieved 22 February 2015
22. ^ Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 176.260 (Pulp from reclaimed fiber) (PDF), US Government, 2009, retrieved 22 February 2015
23. ^ Wu, F (2021). "Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging". Progress in Polymer Science. 117. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101395. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
24. ^ ASTM D6400, Standard Specification for Labeling of Plastics Designed to be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facilities
25. ^ Ammala, Anne (2011). "An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins". Progress in Polymer Science. 36 (8): 1015–1049. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
26. ^ Al-Kindi (2021). "Green packaging for durable engineering products in Iraqi markets". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
27. ^ Svanes, Erik; Mie Vold; Hanne Møller; Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen; Hanne Larsen; Ole Jørgen Hanssen1 (2010). "Sustainable Packaging Design: a Holistic Methodology for Packaging Design". Packaging Technology and Science. 23 (3): 161–175. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.940.8394. doi:10.1002/pts.887. S2CID 110967877.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
28. ^ "Benefits For Being Green". Archived from the original on 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
29. ^ "More Benefits For Green Companies". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
30. ^ Ker[en]Xin, Wong; Kar Sen, Yap; Devi Rajendran, Salini (2019). "A study on the benefits of eco-friendly packaging on sustainable supply chain management in fast moving consumer goods industry". E3S Web of Conferences. 136: 04092. Bibcode:2019E3SWC.13604092K. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/201913604092. ISSN 2267-1242. S2CID 239218240.
31. ^ Mendes, Ana C.; Pedersen, Gitte Alsing (June 2021). "Perspectives on sustainable food packaging:– is bio-based plastics a solution?". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 112: 839–846. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.049. ISSN 0924-2244. S2CID 234870300.
32. ^ "'Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics". phys.org. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
33. ^ Kamada, Ayaka; Rodriguez-Garcia, Marc; Ruggeri, Francesco Simone; Shen, Yi; Levin, Aviad; Knowles, Tuomas P. J. (10 June 2021). "Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins into high-performance multifunctional nanostructured films". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 3529. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.3529K. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8192951. PMID 34112802.
34. ^ "Potential of Dairy-based Wraps Outlined". USDA Agricultural Research Service. January 22, 2010.
35. ^ Verghese, Karli; Lewis, Hellen; Leanna, Fitzpatrick (2012). Packaging for Sustainability. London: Springer. pp. 156–163. ISBN 9780857299871.
36. ^ Seidel, Manuel; Shabazpour, Tedford (2007). "Sustainability in Practice, a case of environmental packaging for ready to assemble furniture" (PDF). Talking and Walking Sustainability. Auckland, New Zealand: The New Zealand Society for Sustainability Engineering and Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
37. ^ "Packaging - Global Citizenship". H-P. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
38. ^ Is Going Green Worth It
39. ^ Standards New Zealand, ISO Standards for packaging and the environment Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, Touchstone, published 7 March 2013, accessed 3 November 2020
40. ^ Kunstler, James Howard (2012). Too Much Magic; Wishful Thinking, Technology, and the Fate of the Nation. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-9438-1.
41. ^ McKibben, D, ed. (2010). The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century Sustainability Crisis. Watershed Media. ISBN 978-0-9709500-6-2.
42. ^ Brown, L. R. (2012). World on the Edge. Earth Policy Institute. Norton. ISBN 9781136540752.
43. ^ Speigleman, H, and Sheehan, B. (2010). "Climate Change, Peak Oil, and the End of Waste". In McKibben, D (ed.). The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century Sustainability Crisis. Watershed Media. ISBN 978-0-9709500-6-2.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## Further reading

[edit]

* Azzato, Maureen, "Facilitating the Use of Recycled Content in Packaging"
* Jedlicka, W, "Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design", (Wiley, 2008), ISBN 978-0-470-24669-6
* Selke, S, "Packaging and the Environment", 1994, ISBN 1-56676-104-2
* Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, ISBN 1-930268-25-4
* S., Sterling, "Field Guide to Sustainable Packaging", 2008
* Stillwell, E. J, "Packaging for the Environment", A. D. Little, 1991, ISBN 0-8144-5074-1
* Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
* ISO 18601-18606 Packaging and the Environment series of Standards

* v
* t
* e

Sustainability

* Outline
* Index

Principles|

* Anthropocene
* Business action on climate change
* Business ethics
* Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
* Corporate sustainability
* Earth system governance
* Ecological modernization
* Environmental governance
* Environmentalism
* Ethical consumerism
* Global catastrophic risk
* Green economy
* Green growth
* Human impact on the environment
* Longtermism
* Planetary boundaries
* Social sustainability
* Stewardship
* Sustainability studies
* Capitalism
* Development
* Developmment goals
* Finance

Consumption|

* Anthropization
* Anti-consumerism
* Circular economy
* Earth Overshoot Day
* Ecological footprint
* Ethical
* Green
* Micro-sustainability
* Over-consumption
* Product stewardship
* Simple living
* Social return on investment
* Steady-state economy
* Sustainability
* Advertising
* Brand
* Marketing myopia
* Sustainable
* Consumer behaviour
* Market
* Systemic change resistance
* Tragedy of the commons

World population|

* Birth control
* Demographic transition
* Family planning
* Control
* Sustainable population
* Women's education and empowerment

Technology|

* Appropriate
* Digital sustainability
* Ecotechnology
* Environmental technology
* Environmental design
* High-performance buildings
* Natural building
* Superinsulation
* Sustainability science
* Sustainable architecture
* Sustainable design
* Sustainable design standards
* Sustainable flooring
* Sustainable industries
* Sustainable lighting
* Sustainable packaging
* Sustainable transport

Biodiversity|

* Biosecurity
* Biosphere
* Conservation biology
* Endangered species
* Holocene extinction
* Invasive species

Energy|

* Carbon footprint
* Climate change mitigation
* Conservation
* Descent
* Efficiency
* Electrification
* Emissions trading
* Energy conservation
* Energy efficiency implementation
* Fossil fuel divestment
* Fossil-fuel phase-out
* Peak oil
* Poverty
* Rebound effect
* Renewable

Food|

* Civic agriculture
* Climate-smart agriculture
* Community-supported agriculture
* Cultured meat
* Forest gardening
* Foodscaping
* Local
* Permaculture
* Security
* Sustainable agriculture
* Sustainable diet
* Sustainable fishery
* Urban horticulture
* Vegetable box scheme

Water|

* Conservation
* Desertification
* Efficiency
* Footprint
* Reclaimed
* Sanitation
* Scarcity
* Security

Accountability|

* Corporate environmental responsibility
* Corporate social responsibility
* Environmental accounting
* Environmental full-cost accounting
* Environmental planning
* Sustainability
* Accounting
* Measurement
* Metrics and indices
* Reporting
* Standards and certification
* Sustainable yield

Applications|

* Advertising
* Art
* Building insulation
* Business
* City
* Climate finance
* College programs
* Community
* Disinvestment
* Eco-capitalism
* Eco-investing
* Ecovillage
* Education
* Environmental finance
* Ethical banking
* Fashion
* Gardening
* Geopark
* Green
* Development
* Development
* Infrastructure
* Marketing
* Vehicle
* Impact investing
* Landscape
* Livelihood
* Living
* Low-impact development
* Market
* Music
* Organic movement
* Organizations
* Practices
* Procurement
* Public interest design
* Radical sustainability
* Refurbishment
* Social design
* Socially responsible business
* Socially responsible marketing
* Sourcing
* Space
* Sustainability organization
* Tourism
* Transport
* Urban drainage systems
* Urban infrastructure
* Urbanism

Sustainable management|

* Environmental
* Fisheries
* Forest
* Humanistic capitalism
* Landscape
* Materials
* Natural resource
* Planetary
* Waste

Agreements and
conferences|

* UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
* Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
* Our Common Future (1987)
* Earth Summit (1992)
* Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
* ICPD Programme of Action (1994)
* Lisbon Principles (1997)
* Kyoto Protocol (1997)
* Earth Charter (2000)
* UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
* Earth Summit 2002 (Rio+10, Johannesburg)
* UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20, 2012)
* Sustainable Development Goals (2015)
* Paris Agreement (2015)
* UN Ocean Conference (2017)

* Category
* Lists
* Science
* Studies
* Degrees

* v
* t
* e

Packaging

General
topics|

* Active packaging
* Child-resistant packaging
* Contract packager
* Edible packaging
* Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
* Overpackaging
* Package delivery
* Package pilferage
* Package testing
* Package theft
* Packaging engineering
* Resealable packaging
* Reusable packaging
* Reuse of bottles
* Shelf life
* Shelf-ready packaging
* Shelf-stable
* Sustainable packaging
* Tamper-evident
* Tamper resistance
* Wrap rage

Product
packages|

* Alternative wine closure
* Ammunition box
* Banana box
* Beer bottle
* Box wine
* Case-ready meat
* Coffee bag
* Cosmetic packaging
* Currency packaging
* Disposable food packaging
* Drink can
* Egg carton
* Evidence packaging
* Field ration
* Flour sack
* Foam food container
* Food packaging
* Fuel container
* Gas cylinder
* Glass milk bottle
* Growler
* Juicebox
* Low plastic water bottle
* Luxury packaging
* Milk bag
* Optical disc packaging
* Oyster pail
* Popcorn bag
* Pharmaceutical packaging
* Plastic milk container
* Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
* Sand bag
* Seasonal packaging
* Self-heating food packaging
* Screw cap (wine)
* Single-serve coffee container
* Spray paint
* Toothpaste pump dispenser
* Water bottle
* Wine bottle

Containers|

* Aerosol spray dispenser
* Aluminium bottle
* Aluminum can
* Ampoule
* Antistatic bag
* Bag-in-box
* Bag
* Barrel
* Biodegradable bag
* Blister pack
* Boil-in-bag
* Bottle
* Box
* Bulk box
* Cage
* Case
* Carboy
* Carton
* Chub
* Clamshell
* Corrugated box design
* Crate
* Disposable cup
* Drum
* Endcap
* Envelope
* Euro container
* Flexible intermediate bulk container
* Flexi-bag
* Folding carton
* Glass bottle
* Gunny sack
* Inhaler
* Insulated shipping container
* Intermediate bulk container
* Jar
* Jerrycan
* Jug
* Keg
* Mesh bag
* Multilayered packaging
* Multi-pack
* Packet (container)
* Padded envelope
* Pail
* Paper bag
* Paper sack
* Plastic bag
* Plastic bottle
* Retort pouch
* Salvage drum
* Sachet
* Water sachet
* Security bag
* Shipping container
* Shipping tube
* Skin pack
* Spray bottle
* Squround
* Stand-up pouch
* Steel and tin cans
* Tetra Brik
* Thermal bag
* Tub (container)
* Tube
* Unit load
* Vial
* Wooden box

Materials
and
components|

* Adhesive
* Aluminium foil
* Bail handle
* Bioplastic
* Biodegradable plastic
* BoPET
* Bubble wrap
* Bung
* Cellophane
* Closure
* Coated paper
* Coating
* Coextrusion
* Container glass
* Corrugated fiberboard
* Corrugated plastic
* Cushioning
* Desiccant
* Double seam
* Flip-top
* Foam peanut
* Gel pack
* Hot-melt adhesive
* Humidity indicator card
* Kraft paper
* Label
* Lid
* Linear low-density polyethylene
* Liquid packaging board
* Living hinge
* Low-density polyethylene
* Meat diaper
* Metallised film
* Modified atmosphere
* Molded pulp
* Nonwoven fabric
* Overwrap
* Oxygen scavenger
* Package handle
* Packaging gas
* Pallet
* Paper
* Paper pallet
* Paperboard
* Plastic-coated paper
* Plastic film
* Plastic pallet
* Plastic wrap
* Polyester
* Polyethylene
* Polypropylene
* Pressure-sensitive tape
* Pump dispenser
* Screw cap
* Screw cap (wine)
* Security printing
* Security tape
* Shock detector
* Shock and vibration data logger
* Shrink wrap
* Slip sheet
* Staple (fastener)
* Strapping
* Stretch wrap
* Susceptor
* Tamper-evident band
* Tear tape
* Temperature data logger
* Time temperature indicator
* Tinplate
* Velostat

Processes|

* Aseptic processing
* Authentication
* Automatic identification and data capture
* Blow fill seal
* Blow molding
* Calendering
* Canning
* Coating
* Containerization
* Converting
* Corona treatment
* Curtain coating
* Die cutting
* Die forming (plastics)
* Electronic article surveillance
* Extrusion
* Extrusion coating
* Flame treatment
* Glass production
* Graphic design
* Hazard analysis and critical control points
* Hermetic seal
* Induction sealing
* Injection moulding
* Lamination
* Laser cutting
* Molding
* Package tracking
* Papermaking
* Plastic extrusion
* Plastic welding
* Printing
* Product development
* Production control
* Quality assurance
* Radio-frequency identification
* Roll slitting
* Shearing (manufacturing)
* Thermoforming
* Track and trace
* Ultrasonic welding
* Vacuum forming
* Vacuum packaging
* Verification and validation

Machinery|

* Barcode printer
* Barcode reader
* Bottling line
* Calender
* Can seamer
* Cap torque tester
* Cartoning machine
* Case sealer
* Check weigher
* Conveyor system
* Drum pump
* Extended core stretch wrapper
* Filler
* Heat gun
* Heat sealer
* Industrial robot
* Injection molding machine
* Label printer applicator
* Lineshaft roller conveyor
* Logistics automation
* Material-handling equipment
* Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
* Multihead weigher
* Orbital stretch wrapper
* Packaging machinery
* Pallet inverter
* Palletizer
* Rotary wheel blow molding systems
* Seed-counting machine
* Shrink tunnel
* Staple gun
* Tape dispenser
* Turntable stretch wrapper
* Vertical form fill sealing machine

Environment,
post-use|

* Biodegradation
* Can collecting
* Closed-loop box reuse
* Environmental engineering
* Glass recycling
* Industrial ecology
* Life-cycle assessment
* Litter
* Packaging waste
* Paper recycling
* PET bottle recycling
* Plastic recycling
* Recycling
* Reusable packaging
* Reverse logistics
* Source reduction
* Sustainable packaging
* Waste management

Category: Packaging
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