Swahili Ajami

Arabic script for Swahili

Swahili Ajami

herufi za Kiarabu
حٖرُوفِ زَ كِعَرَبُ

Script type|

Abjad

Time period

| c. 16 c. to the present
Direction| Right-to-left
Languages| Swahili
Related scripts

Parent systems

Proto-Sinaitic

* Phoenician
* Aramaic
* Nabataean
* Arabic
* Swahili Ajami

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Swahili Ajami script refers to the alphabet derived from the Arabic script that is used for the writing of the Swahili language.[1]

Ajami is a name commonly given to alphabets derived from Arabic script for the use of various African languages, from Swahili to Hausa, Fula, and Wolof.

In the 2010s, there has been work on creating new Unicode characters, on keyboard mapping, and on coding script conversion programs, so that typing in Swahili Ajami Script can become as accessible as typing in Latin Script, so that texts from either script can easily and accurately be converted to the other, and to have a tool digitize and upload historic texts and manuscripts in Swahili for the sake of their preservation. Dr. Kevin Donnelly of SOAS has worked on that and on digitizing historic Swahili manuscripts.[2][3]

## History

[edit]

Up until the latter half of the 19th century, there was no specific "Swahili script". It was Arabic script with no modification that was used.[1]

### Adapting the Arabic script to Swahili phonology

[edit]

Starting from the later half of the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century, and going on in the 21st century, a process of "Swahilization" of the Arabic script has been under way by Swahili scribes and scholars. The first of such attempts was done by Mwalimu Sikujua, a scholar and poet from Mombasa. Below are Mwalimu Sikujua's innovations in the adaptation of Arabic script for Swahili phonology:[4]

1. In his script, he distinguished alveolar [t] and [d] sounds from their dental counterparts which is the norm in Arabic phonology. He did so by adding 4 dots to the letters tāʼ (ت) and dāl (د), creating the letters ٿ and ڐ. This is the same as what was done in Urdu alphabet to denote retroflex consonants, where later, the 4 dots evolved into looking like the letter ṭāʾ (ط)
2. The introduction of new letters to represent the sounds [p] and [v] by adding three dots to letters bāʼ (ب) and fāʼ (ف), same as what's been done in Persian alphabet,[5] creating the letters پ and ڤ.
3. For representing aspirated consonants, Mwalimu Sikujua wrote a tiny letter hāʾ (ھ) on top of the aspirated letter. For example, an aspirated alveolar [t] would be written with ه on top of the four dots of the letter ٿ, producing "ٿ(ه)".
4. For representing prenasalized consonants (sounds such as [ⁿd], [ⁿɡ], and [ᵐb]), Mwalimu Sikujua wrote a tiny letter mīm (م) or nūn (ن) on top or bottom of the letter. For example, the sound [ᵐb] would be written as "بۭ" and the sound [ⁿd] as "دۨ".
5. As explained, Arabic only has vowels for [a], [i], and [u], whereas Swahili has five vowels, the three aforementioned ones and [e] and [o]. For showing the vowel [e], Mwalimu Sikujua modified the existing Kasrah diacritic used for showing [i] (◌ِ), by changing its angle slightly and by adding markings to modify its shape slightly, thus producing a shape resembling "◌̼ ". As for [o], Mwalimu Sikujua inverted the orientation of the existing Ḍammah diacritic used for showing u (◌ؙ), thus representing it with a diacritic resembling "◌ٗ".

The poetry and texts written by Mwalimu Sikujua were published by W.E. Taylor, a Swahili literature scholar of British origin, in the late 19th century. This was probably the first time ever that Swahili in Ajami script was printed and published as opposed to being handwritten. However, the spread of a standardized indigenous variation of Arabic script for Swahili was hampered by the colonial takeover of East Africa by the United Kingdom and Germany. The usage of Arabic script was suppressed in German East Africa and to a lesser extent in British East Africa. Nevertheless, well into the 1930s and 1940s, rural literacy rate in Arabic script as well as a local preference to write Swahili in this script was high.[4] But it's important to note that literacy at the time was in unmodified Arabic script, and not the modified scripts that were thus far proposed by the likes of Mwalimu Sikujua.[4]

In the mid 1940s, 3 prominent Swahili literature scholars of British origin noted on the writing of Swahili in the urban centre of Mombasa. They noted that at the time, a standardized reformed Arabic script had been adopted by writers of the city. While they only made use of the three original vowels, they had consistency in indicating the stressed syllable by writing Arabic long vowels using alif, wāw, and yāʼ (ا, و , ی). Colonial administrators as well as prominent Swahili scholars, despite recognizing the need for implementation of reform in the script, citing local opposition and conservativity, were anxious to do so and impose it on the populace in a top-down manner.[4]

### Competing standards of the Swahili language

[edit]

The process of standardization of Swahili Ajami script continued into the 20th century. However, scholars didn't always follow or propose the same standard. For example, Hajj Nur b. Muhammad Hajj Nur, being from Barawa in Somalia, worked based on the local Chimbalazi dialect of Swahili. In his proposal, he maintained the use of tiny letters for representing prenasalized consonants just as Mwalimu Sikujua had done. Whereas, Mu’allim Sheikh Yahya Ali Omar from Mombasa decided to do what is done in the Latin script, namely to just write the letters mīm (م) or nūn (ن) as part of the word. For example, the number two (mbili) will be written as مبِيلِ and بِۘيلِ respectively in either standard.[1][4]

Furthermore, on top of orthographic variations, it is noteworthy to mention the dialectical variation within Swahili. For example, traditionally, dialects from Lamu (on the Kenyan Coast) have been the basis for Swahili literary heritage, and dominates Swahili poetry.[6] This dialect was the basis for Swahili Ajami script. But this came to be challenged by Kiunguja dialect from Zanzibar City. This dialect was by Christian missionaries and British colonial officials to be the basis of the Latin Script.[1]

In the most recent and most widely acknowledged orthographic standard, devised by Mu’allim Sheikh Yahya Ali Omar, the dialect of his hometown Mombasa has been chosen as the basis. This is, according to Yahya Ali Omar himself, because this dialect has historically been affected by all vernacular varieties of Swahili and it has formed the basis of literary Swahili. This dialect is in his opinion, best fitted for accurate Swahili prose.[4]

## Alphabet and orthographic convention

[edit]

### Letters

[edit]

Letters in Yahya Ali Omar's orthography are based on the dialect of Mombasa. There are several consonants that represent sounds present in Mombasan dialect but not necessarily elsewhere in the Swahili-speaking world. There are 48 consonants in Swahili Ajami. Digraphs are counted as separate letters.[4]

Although the Roman orthography does not distinguish between syllabicity and prenasalized sounds, both Sheikh Yahya's manuscripts and Yahya Omar's convention make a distinction between a syllabic nasal followed by a voiced plosive (e.g. [m̩ɓ]) and a prenasalised voiced plosive (e.g. [ᵐb]). Both of these are written as mb in Roman orthography. The former is seen in Swahili noun class 1 (the M-wa class), and the first letter of the word is written as mīm (م), such as mbrazil مْبرَزِل (Brazilian person). The later is seen in Swahili noun class 9. For this class, in Roman script, either a prefix of m or n is used, reflecting pronunciation. In Ajami script, nūn (ن) is used all the time, reflecting grammatical consistency. An example being mbazi نْبَازِ (beans).[4][2]

Aspirated as opposed to non-aspirated consonants are also marked in Swahili Ajami, with a "two-eyed" hāʾ (ھ) similar to what's done in the Urdu alphabet. This is not indicated in Swahili Roman script.

Dental as opposed to alveolar [t] and [d] consonants, sounds unique to Mombasa Swahili, are also marked in Swahili Ajami. The dental forms are represented with Arabic letters tāʼ (ت) for [t̪] and dāl (د) for [d̪], whereas the alveolar ones are represented with unique letters, similar in shape to Urdu letters Ṭe (ٹ) for [t] and Ḍal (ڈ‎) for [d]. Dental versus alveolar [t] and [d] are not distinguished in Swahili Roman orthography, nor in unmodified Arabic script.

Unfortunately, online script conversion tools are unable to distinguish between the above nuances unique to Ajami script, and they render all text as they'd correspond to Roman. Manual editing of text will be required.[2]

Swahili Ajami Letters[4][2] Name  | Forms  | Sound represented  | Roman equivalent  | Example  | Notes

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Isolated  | Final  | Medial  | Initial  | Ajami  | Roman  | Meaning
alifu
أَلِيفُ | ا | ـا | ا | /a/ | a  | أَنَسٖيمَ
سَاسَ
ڤِئَازِ | anasema
sas
viazi  | he is speaking
now
potatoes  | The alifu has two functions: first, to indicate the vowel [a] when stressed; second, to be the carrier of the hamzah as word initial and at vowel sequences.
bee
بٖئٖ | ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | /ɓ/ | b  | بُويُ
مْبرَزِل | buyu
mbrazil  | fruit
Brazilian person  |
mbee
نْبٖئٖ | نْب | ـنْب | ـنْبـ | نْبـ | /ᵐb/ | b  | نْبٖيلٖ | mbele  | in front  | Not applicable to Swahili noun class 1 (the M-wa class) and other instances of syllabic "mb" consonant sequence. (meaning instances when "mb" is pronounced as [m̩ɓ] as opposed to [ᵐb])
pee
پٖئٖ | پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | /p/ | p  | كُپَاكَ | kupaka  | paint  |
p'ee
پھٖئٖ | پْھ | ـپْھ | ـپْھـ | پْھـ | /pʰ/ | p  | پْھَاكَ | paka  | cat  | Not distinguished from [p] in Roman orthography.
tee
تٖئٖ | ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | /t̪/ | t  | هَتُؤَ | hatua  | action  | Dental [t].
t'ee
تھٖئٖ | تْھ | ـتْھ | ـتْھـ | تْھـ | /t̪ʰ/ | t  | تْھُوپَ | tupa  | bottle  | Dental aspirated [t]. Not distinguished from [t̪], [t], or [tʰ] in Roman orthography.
tee
ٹٖئٖ | ٹ | ـٹ | ـٹـ | ٹـ | /t/ | t  | ٹُونْڈُ | tundu  | chicken coop  | Alveolar [t], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [t̪], [t̪ʰ], or [tʰ] in Roman orthography.
t'ee
ٹھٖئٖ | ٹھ | ـٹھ | ـٹھـ | ٹھـ | /tʰ/ | t  | ٹھُونْدُ | tundu  | a hole  | Alveolar aspirated [t], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [t̪], [t̪ʰ], or [t] in Roman orthography.
thee
ثٖئٖ | ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | /θ/ | th  | ثٖمَنِينِ | themanini  | eighty  |
jimu
جِيمُ | ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | /ʄ ~ dʒ/ | j  | جَانَ | jana  | yesterday  |
njimu
نْجِيمُ | نْج | ـنْج | ـنْجـ | نْجـ | /ⁿd̥ʒ̊/ | nj  | نْجٖيمَ | njema  | good  |
chimu
چِيمُ | چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | /tʃ/ | ch  | چُونْڠوَ | chungwa  | orange  | Historically, some manuscripts used kafu with two dots ػ as well.
ch'imu
چھِيمُ | چھ | ـچھ | ـچھـ | چھـ | /tʃʰ/ | ch  | چھُونْڠوَ | ch'ungwa  | medium-sized orange  | Not distinguished from [tʃ] in Roman orthography.
hee
حٖئٖ | ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | /h/ | h  | حَسَن
وَسوَحِيلِ | hasan
waswahili  | Name "Hasan"
Swahili people  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. As the original Arabic pronunciation doesn't exist in Swahili phonology, Swahili speakers pronounce it as [h].
khee
خٖئٖ | خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | /χ ~ h/ | h (kh)  | خَبَارِ | habari  | news  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Most Swahili speakers pronounce it as [h].
dali
دَالِ | د | ـد | د | /d̪/ | d  | دَنْڠَانْيَ | danganya  | deceive  | Dental [d].
ndali
نْدَالِ | نْد | ـنْد | نْد | /ⁿd̪/ | nd  | مْوٖينْدٖ | mwenḏe  | go  | Prenasalized Dental [nd].
dali
ڈَالِ | ڈ | ـڈ | ڈ | /d/ | d  | ڈُو | du  | Large bucket  | Alveolar [d], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [d̪] in Roman orthography.
ndali
نْڈَالِ | نْڈ | ـنْڈ | نْڈ | /d/ | d  | نْڈَانِ | ndani  | Inside  | Prenasalized Alveolar [d], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [nd̪] in Roman orthography.
dhali
ذَالِ | ذ | ـذ | ذ | /ð/ | dh  | ذَهَابُ | dhahabu  | gold  |
ree
رٖئٖ | ر | ـر | ر | /ɾ/ | r  | كِرَاكَ | kiraka  | patch  |
zee
زٖئٖ | ز | ـز | ز | /z/ | z  | كُزِيمَ | kuzima  | to extinguish  |
zhee
ژٖئٖ | ژ | ـژ | ژ | /ʒ/ | zh  | ژِينَ | Zhina  | Personal name "Zhina"  | Nonexistent in most Swahili dialects and in most literature. Only seen in vernacular of Northern dialects.
sini
سِينِ | س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | /s/ | s  | كُسِكِئَ | kusikia  | to hear  |
shini
شِينِ | ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | /ʃ/ | sh  | كُشِيكَ | kushika  | to hold  |
sadi
صَادِ | ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | /s/ | s  | صَحِيبُ | sahibu  | friend  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Most Swahili speakers pronounce it as [s].
dhadi
ضَادِ | ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | /ð/ | dh  | ضِيكِ | dhiki  | distress  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [dh].
tee
طٖئٖ | ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | /t/ | t  | كُطَهِرِيشَ | kutahirisha  | to purify  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [t].
dhee
ظٖئٖ | ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | /ð/ | dh  | أَظُهُورِ | adhuhuri  | noon  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [dh].
aini
عَئِينِ | ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | /-/ (/ʕ/)  | \-  | مَعَانَ | maana  | meaning  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Not pronounced in Swahili. Vowel sequences in Roman orthography can correspond to this letter.
ghaini
غَئِينِ | غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | /ɣ/ | gh  | غَضَابُ | ghadhabu  | anger  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic.
gaini
ڠَئِينِ | ڠ | ـڠ | ـڠـ | ڠـ | /ɠ ~ ɡ/ | g  | ڠُنِئَ | gunia  | sack  |
ngaini
نْڠَئِينِ | نْڠ | ـنْڠ | ـنْڠـ | نْڠـ | /ᵑɡ/ | ng  | مْچَانْڠَ | mchanga  | sand  |
ng'aini
نݝَئِينِ | نݝ | ـنݝ | ـنݝـ | نݝـ | /ŋ/ | ng'  | نݝٗومْبٖ | ng'ombe  | cattle  |
fee
فٖئٖ | ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /f/ | f  | فِيڠٗ | figo  | kidney  |
vee
ڤٖئٖ | ڤ | ـڤ | ـڤـ | ڤـ | /v/ | v  | كُڤِيمْبَ | kuvimba  | to swell  |
qafu
قَافُ | ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | /q/ | q  | وَقفُ | waqfu  | endowment  | Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [k].
kafu
كَافُ | ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | /k/ | k  | كُوكُ | kuku  | large hen  |
k'afu
كھَافُ | كھ | ـكھ | ـكھـ | كھـ | /kʰ/ | k  | كھُوكُ | k'uku  | medium-sized hen  | Not distinguished from [k] in Roman orthography.
lamu
لَامُ | ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | /l/ | l  | كُلِيمَ | kulima  | to dig  |
mimu
مِيمُ | م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | /m/ | m  | مِيمِ | mimi  | I (first person singular pronoun)  |
nuni
نُونِ | ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | /n/ | n  | نَانِ | nani  | who?  |
waw
وَو | و | ـو | و | /ʋ ‍~ w/
/ɔ/
/u/ | w

u | كُوَ
مْكٗونْڠَ
كُسُڠُؤَ | kuwa
mkonga
kusugua  | to be
elephant trunk
to rub  | The waw has three functions: first, to be a consonant, represented in Roman orthography as [w]. Second is to indicate the vowels [o] or [u] when stressed; third, to be the carrier of the hamzah at vowel sequences.
hee
هٖئٖ | ه | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | /h/ | h  | هَيُوپٗ | hayupo  | he/she is not there  |
hamza
هَامزَ | ء | ـاء

ـئ | ـأ

ـئـ | أ
إ | \-  | \-  | إٖنْدٖلٖئَ
كُسُڠُؤَ
مَفَاءَ | endelea
kusugua
mafaa  | go on
to rub
usefulness  | Hamza is used in conjunction with either alif, waw, or yee as its career as word initial and at vowel sequences.
yee
يٖئٖ | ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | /j/
/ɛ/
/i/ | y

i | يَاكٗ
كٖلٖيلٖ | yako
kelele  | your
scream  | The yee has two functions: first, to be a consonant, represented in Roman orthography as [y]. Second is to indicate the vowels [e] or [i] when stressed.
A dotless letter yee is used as the carrier of the hamzah at vowel sequences.
nyee
نْيٖئٖ | نْي | ـنْي | ـنْيـ | نْيـ | /ɲ/ | ny  | نْيٗوكَ | nyoka  | snake  |

### General conventions

[edit]

[4][2]

Vowel diacritics in Swahili Ajami  -a | -e | -i | -o | -u

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◌َ | ◌ٖ | ◌ِ | ◌ٗ | ◌ُ
fataha
فَتَاحَ | kasiri ya kusimama
كَسِيرِ يَ كُسِمَامَ | kasiri
كَسِيرِ | dhuma ya kupindua
ضُومَ يَ كُپِنْدُؤَ | dhuma
ضُومَ

However, these diacritics cannot be written on their own and independent of a letter. When a word begins with a vowel, a letter alifu is used as the carrier, with a hamza on the top (for [a], [u], [o]) or on the bottom (for [e], [i]). The writing of Hamza in handwriting is optional.[4][2]

Vowel as first sound of word  A | E | I | O | U

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أَ | إٖ | إِ | أٗ | أُ

In Swahili Ajami, vowels in the middle of the word are shown differently depending on whether the syllable is stressed on unstressed. In Swahili, stress patterns are predictable, as almost always they fall on the second-to-last syllable of a word. The exceptions to this rule are extremely rare, and are usually found in words borrowed from other languages, mostly Arabic (for example, maalum).

Vowels in unstressed syllables  -a | -e | -i | -o | -u

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◌َ | ◌ٖ | ◌ِ | ◌ٗ | ◌ُ

Vowels in stressed (second-to-last) syllable of the word are marked with diacritic as well as a carrier letter, namely alifu (ا) for vowel [a], yee (ي) for vowels [e] and [i], and waw (و) for vowels [o] and [u]. The diacritic for the vowels [a], [i], or [u] can be omitted, but this is not recommended. This practice of indicating the stressed syllable also helps to delimit individual words in the Ajami script.

Vowels in stressed (second-to-last) syllable  -a | -e | -i | -o | -u

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◌َا | ◌ٖي | ◌ِي | ◌ٗو | ◌ُو

Below are some sample words where the above principles can be observed.

Ajami | Latin | Meaning

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أَنَسٖيمَ | anasema | he is speaking
أٗكتٗوبَ | oktoba | October
أُڠَالِ | ugali | porridge
إٖلٖكٖيڤُ | elekevu | reasonable
كِسوَحِيلِ | kiswahili | Swahili language

### Vowel sequences

[edit]

In Swahili Ajami script, to denote vowel sequences, hamza and either alifu (ا), yee (ي), or waw (و) are used. There are different conventions depending on whether the vowel sequence occurs in the middle of the word or at the end of the word.

If the vowel sequence occurs in the middle of the word:

* if the second vowel of the sequence is [a]
* if the first vowel of the sequence is also [a], an alifu-hamza letter (أ) is used and the [a] diacritic (◌َ) is placed on it.
* if the first vowel of the sequence is [e] or [i], a yee-hamza letter (ئ) is used and the [a] diacritic (◌َ) is placed on it.
* if the first vowel of the sequence is [o] or [u], a waw-hamza letter (ؤ) is used and the [a] diacritic (◌َ) is placed on it.
* if the second vowel of the sequence is [e] or [i], a yee-hamza letter (ئ) is used and the [e] or [i] dacritic, (◌ٖ) or (◌ِ), is placed on it.
* if the second vowel of the sequence is [o] or [u], a waw-hamza letter (ؤ) is used and the [o] or [u] dacritic, (◌ٗ) or (◌ُ), is placed on it.

And in addition to above conventions, if the second syllable in the vowel sequence is the stressed (second-to-last) syllable of the word, alifu (ا), yee (ي), or waw (و) are also written in correspondence with the vowel of the syllable.[2]

Below are some sample words where the above principles can be observed.

Ajami | Latin | Meaning

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مَأَنْدِيشِ | maandishi | manuscripts
ڤِئَازِ | viazi | potatoes
كُؤَنْدِيكَ | kuandika | to write
شَئِيرِ | shairi | poetry
كِئِينِ | kiini | pith
كُئِيتَ | kuita | to call
شَؤُورِ | shauri | advice
مٖؤُوپٖ  | meupe | White (class 6)
كُؤٗونَ | kuona | to see

If the vowel sequence occurs at the end of the word, meaning that the first syllable in the sequence is the stressed syllable of the word:

* if the first vowel of the sequence is [a], an alifu letter marking the stressed syllable followed by a hamza (اء) is used and the hamza is marked with one of the five diacritics.
* if the first vowel of the sequence is [e] or [i], a yee-hamza letter (ئ) is used and is marked with one of the five diacritics. There no longer is a need to add a yee letter (ي) to mark the stressed syllable; an example being كُپٗكٖئَ (kupokea, to receive).
* if the first vowel of the sequence is [o] or [u], a waw-hamza letter (ؤ) is used and is marked with one of the five diacritics. There no longer is a need to add a waw letter (و) to mark the stressed syllable; an example being كُپٗؤَ (kupoa, to cool).

Below are some sample words where the above principles can be observed.

Ajami | Latin | Meaning

|
|

مَفَاءَ | mafaa | usefulness
تَاءِ | tai | vulture
بَاءٗ | bao | plank
كُپٗكٖئَ | kupokea | to receive
كُتِئَ | kutia | to place
كُپٗؤَ | kupoa | to call
كُسُڠُؤَ | kusugua | to rub

## Text samples

[edit]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[7]

Translation | Latin Script | Swahili Ajami Script

|
|

All human beings are born free, (sic) there are equal status and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.  | Watu wote wamezaliwa huru, hadhi na haki zao ni sawa. Wote wamejaliwa akili na dhamiri, hivyo yapasa watendeane kindugu.  | وَاتُ وٗوتٖ وَمٖزَلِيوَ حُورُ، هَاذِ نَ حَقِ زَاءٗ نِ سَاوَ. وٗوتٖ وَمٖجَلِيوَ عَقِيلِ نَ ضَمِيرِ، هِيڤْيٗ يَپَاسَ وَتٖنْدٖئَانٖ كِنْدُوڠُ.

A prose by Yahya Ali Omar[4]

Translation | Latin Script | Swahili Ajami Script

|
|

... All of a sudden we saw a very high mountain which blocked the road. So we climbed the mountain: its sand was like gold, and its stones were like rubies and seed-pearls. Well then, as we continued on our way, we came across a tree the like of which I had never before seen. Beneath it was a youth tending goats. The horns of those goats were green like emeralds, and their silken fleeces were of divers colours, while their milk which dripped down was as white as the milk of the riven of Paradise.  | ... Mara tukaona mlima unkingama ndiyani, mrefu sana. Tukapanda; mtanga wake ni wa dhahabu na mawe yake ni yakuti na marjani. Basi tukatika kwenda, mara tukaona mti, sijaona mfano wake. T'ini yake kuna barobaro mmoja atunga mbuzi, na hao mbuzi p'embe zao ni za zumurudi ya kijani kibiti; na manyowa yao ni hariri ya rangi kulla namna; maziwa yawatumzika, meupe kama maziwa ya mito ya P'eponi.  | ... مَارَ ٹُكَؤٗونَ مْلِيمَ أُنْكِنْڠَامَ نْدِيَانِ، مْرٖيفُ سَانَ. ٹُكَپَانْدَ، مْتَانْڠَ وَاكٖ نِ وَ ذَهَابُ نَ مَاوٖ يَاكٖ نِ يَكُوتِ نَ مَرجَانِ. بَاسِ ٹُكَٹِيكَ كْوٖينْدَ، مَارَ ٹُكَؤٗونَ مْٹِ، سِجَؤٗونَ مْفَانٗ وَاكٖ. تْھِينِ يَاكٖ كُونَ بَرٗبَارٗ مْمٗوجَ أَتُونْڠَ نْبُوزِ، نَ هَاءٗ نْبُوزِ پْھٖيمْبٖ زَاءٗ نِ زَ زُمُرُودِ يَ كِجَانِ كِبِيتِ، نَ مَنْيٗوَ يَاءٗ نِ حَرِيرِ يَ رَانْڠِ كُلَّ نَامْنَ، مَزِيوَ يَوَتُرُزِيكَ، مٖؤُوپٖ كَمَا مَزِيوَ يَ مِيٹٗ يَ پْھٖپٗونِ.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Mutiua, Chapane (5 October 2020). "Swahili Ajami: An Introduction". Hypotheses. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Donnelly, Kevin (1 December 2017) [2015]. "Writing and transliterating Swahili in Arabic script with Andika" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2023.
3. ^ "Kevin Donnelly". Corpws Cenedlaethol Cymraeg Cyfoes.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312.
5. ^ Paul, Ludwig (19 November 2013) [2000]. "PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
6. ^ Mulokozi, Mugyabuso M.; Sengo, Tigiti S. Y. (1995). History of Kiswahili Poetry, A.D. 1000-2000: A Report. ISBN 9789976911220. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
7. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Swahili/Kiswahili". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations.

## External links

[edit]

* Summary of Swahili Ajami script writing conventions: Link
* Information on keyboard keys, fonts, and how to type in Swahili Ajami script with Ubuntu Linux: Link
* Swahili Latin to Ajami script converter, for text or webpages: Link
* Swahili Ajami to Latin script converter, for text: Link

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