Swatting

Criminal harassment tactic

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This article is about the act of fraudulently calling emergency services to another person's address. For the killing of houseflies, see Fly-killing device § Flyswatter.

An FBI SWAT team during training

Swatting is a form of criminal harassment that involves deceiving an emergency service (via such means as hoaxing an emergency services dispatcher) into sending a police or emergency response team to another person's location. This is achieved by false reporting of a serious law enforcement emergency, such as a bomb threat, domestic violence, murder, hostage situation, or a false report of a mental health emergency, such as that a person is suicidal or homicidal and armed, among other things.[1]

The term is derived from the law enforcement unit SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics), a specialized type of police unit in the United States. It is not related to the verb "to swat".[2] SWAT teams are equipped with tactical gear and weapons that differ from patrol units, and are called to situations that are deemed high-risk. A threat may result in evacuations of schools and businesses. Advocates have called for swatting to be considered terrorism due to its use to intimidate and create the risk of injury or death.[3][4]

Making false reports to emergency services is a criminal offense in many jurisdictions, often punishable by fine or imprisonment.[5] In March 2019, a California man was sentenced to 20 years in prison for carrying out a fatal 2017 swatting.[6] Swatting carries a high risk of violence, and causes resources of about US$10,000 per incident to be wasted by a city or county that responds to a false report of a serious law enforcement emergency, as well as police or municipal liability in cases of violence or use of force.[7]: 1 [8][9][10] In California, swatters bear the "full cost" of the response, which can lead to fines of up to $10,000 if great bodily injury or death occur as a result of the swatting.[11][12]

## History

[edit]

Bomb threats were a concern to police in the 1970s, with public buildings such as airports being evacuated in response to hoax calls designed to cause mass panic and public disruption,[13][14] or to delay exams at educational institutions.[15][16] In recent decades, hoax callers sometimes use techniques to disguise their identity or country of origin.[17]

Swatting has origins in prank calls to emergency services. Over the years, callers used increasingly sophisticated techniques to direct response units of particular types. In particular, attempts to have SWAT teams be dispatched to particular locations spawned the term swatting. The term was used by the FBI as early as 2008,[18] and entered Oxford Dictionaries Online in 2015.[19]

In 2019 the Anti-Defamation League estimated that there were about 1,000 swatting incidents nationwide, each costing about $10,000 of police time.[10]

## Techniques

[edit]

Caller ID spoofing, social engineering, prank calls, and phone phreaking techniques may be variously combined by swatting perpetrators, along with TTY systems meant for the use of those with hearing disabilities. 911 systems (including computer telephony systems and human operators) have been tricked by calls placed from cities hundreds of miles away from the location of the purported call, or even from other countries.[20] The caller typically places a 911 call using a spoofed phone number, hiding the caller's real location.

Swatting is linked to the action of doxing, which is obtaining and broadcasting, often via the Internet, the address and details of an individual with an intent to harass or endanger them.[21]

## Countermeasures

[edit]

In October 2018, the Seattle Police Department instituted a three-part approach to combating swatting: educating 911 dispatchers to identify fraudulent calls; ensuring that responding officers were aware of the potential for a hoax; and creating an opt-in registry for people who feared that they might become victims of swatting, such as journalists, celebrities, and live streamers. Using the registry, these people can provide cautionary information to the police, to inform officers responding to potential swatting attempts that target the victim's address.[7][22]

Security reporter Brian Krebs recommends that police departments take extra care when responding to calls received at their non-emergency numbers, or through speech synthesis systems, since these methods are often employed by out-of-area swatters who cannot connect to regional 911 centers.[23]

In September 2019, the Seattle Police Department formed the Swatting Mitigation Advisory Committee, composed of expert community and police representatives. Its purpose is to better understand swatting by collecting and analyzing data, formalizing protocols, and advocating broader awareness and prevention. It is currently co-chaired by Naveed Jamali and Sean Whitcomb, creator of the anti-swatting registry.[24]

In June 2023, the FBI announced that it would create a database to track swattings and improve information-sharing among local police agencies.[10]

## Laws

[edit]

### United States

[edit]

Representative Katherine Clark of Massachusetts, sponsor of the Interstate Swatting Hoax Act of 2015

In the United States, swatting can be prosecuted through federal criminal statutes:

* "Threatening interstate communications"[25]
* "Conspiracy to retaliate against a witness, victim, or informant"[26][27]
* "Conspiracy to commit access device fraud and unauthorized access of a protected computer"[26][28]
* An accomplice may be found guilty of "conspiring to obstruct justice"[29][30]
* In California, callers bear the "full cost" of the response which can range up to $10,000[11]

In 2011, California State Senator Ted Lieu authored a bill to increase penalties for swatting. His own family became a victim of swatting when the bill was proposed.[31] A dozen police officers, along with firefighters and paramedics surrounded his family home.

In 2015, New Jersey State Assemblyman Paul D. Moriarty announced a bill[32] to increase sentences for hoax emergency calls, and was targeted by a hoax.[33][34] The bill proposed prison sentences up to ten years and fines up to $150,000.

A 2015 bipartisan bill in Congress sponsored by Katherine Clark and Patrick Meehan made swatting a federal crime with increased penalties.[35][36] Congresswoman Clark wrote an op-ed in The Hill saying that 2.5 million cases of cyberstalking between 2010 and 2013 had only resulted in 10 cases prosecuted, although a source for this was not provided.[37][38] As revenge for the bill, an anonymous caller fraudulently called police to Rep. Clark's house on January 31, 2016.[39]

### United Kingdom

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, swatting is not recognized as an offence under UK laws unlike the US but may be prosecuted as Perverting the course of justice where false complaints or allegations were made.[40]

In 2015, 28-year-old Robert Walker-McDaid pleaded guilty at Warwick Crown Court to perverting the course of justice, and was given a 20 month Suspended sentence. Walker-McDaid was also required to complete 200 hours of community service and provide £1000 compensation to Tyran Dobbs, who was the victim of Walker-McDaid's hoax call.[41]

## Injuries or deaths due to swatting

[edit]

### 2015 incident

[edit]

On January 15, 2015, in Sentinel, Washita County, Oklahoma, dispatchers received 911 calls from someone who identified himself as Dallas Horton and told dispatchers he had placed a bomb in a local preschool. Washita County sheriff's deputies and Sentinel police chief Louis Ross made forced entry into Horton's residence. Ross, who was wearing a bulletproof vest, was shot several times by Horton. Further investigation revealed that the calls did not originate from the residence, and led Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agents to believe Horton was unaware that it was law enforcement officers making entry. James Edward Holly confessed to investigators that he made the calls with two "nonfunctioning" phones because he was angry with Horton.[42] Ross, who was shot multiple times in the chest and arm, was injured, but was treated for his wounds, and released from a local hospital.[43]

### 2017 incident

[edit]

On December 28, 2017, a fatal swatting incident occurred in Wichita, Kansas, United States. During an online dispute between Casey Viner and Shane Gaskill regarding the video game Call of Duty: WWII, Viner threatened to have Gaskill swatted. Gaskill responded by giving him a false address for his residence, one that was occupied by an uninvolved person, Andrew Finch. Viner then asked Tyler Barriss, an anonymous online swatter, to make the required fraudulent call to initiate the swatting. Wichita Police responded to the address, and as Finch was exiting his house, police officer Justin Rapp fatally shot him.

Barriss pled guilty to involuntary manslaughter and many other charges from unrelated incidents for which he was wanted. In March 2019, Barriss was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison. Viner was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment and two years supervised release for his involvement, while Gaskill was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. Rapp was not charged for Finch's death. (Full article...)

### 2020 incident

[edit]

Main article: 2020 Tennessee swatting

On April 27, 2020, Mark Herring, a sixty-year-old man from Bethpage, Tennessee, died of a heart attack after police responded to false reports of a woman being killed at his house. The swatting was organized in an attempt to force him to give up his Twitter handle "@tennessee". Shane Sonderman was sentenced to five years in prison for the swatting, and ordered to pay a $250,000 fine. A 16-year-old in the United Kingdom was also involved, but they could not be extradited or identified due to their age as a juvenile.[44][45]

## Other notable cases

[edit]

### Video game streamers

[edit]

Due to the popularity of streaming services, many broadcasters have been victim of swatting. Two weeks after the Fortnite World Cup Finals, where 16-year-old Kyle "Bugha" Giersdorf won $3 million and the title of best solo Fortnite player, he was swatted while streaming live on Twitch.[46] Ben "DrLupo" Lupo stated he was swatted three times in one month.[47] Other popular gaming broadcasters have been victims of swatting, including Tyler "Ninja" Blevins.[48]

### 2013

[edit]

In 2013, a number of U.S. celebrities were victims of swatting, including Sean Combs (P. Diddy).[49] There were also swatting incidents at the residences of Ashton Kutcher, Tom Cruise, Chris Brown, Miley Cyrus, Iggy Azalea, Jason Derulo, Snoop Dogg, Justin Bieber and Clint Eastwood.[11]

In April 2013 California State Senator Ted Lieu, who was arguing at the time for anti-swatting laws in the state, was himself swatted.[50]

In 2013, a network of fraudsters involved in carding and doxing of public officials using stolen credit reports targeted computer security expert Brian Krebs with malicious police reports.[51][52] Mir Islam, the group's leader, had also used swatting hoaxes against prosecutor Stephen P. Heymann, congressman Mike Rogers, and a woman he was cyberstalking after she declined his romantic proposals. Islam was convicted of doxing and swatting over 50 public figures, including Michelle Obama, Robert Mueller, John Brennan as well as Krebs, and sentenced to two years in prison.[53] Ukrainian computer hacker Sergey Vovnenko was convicted of trafficking in stolen credit cards, as well as planning to purchase heroin, ship it to Krebs, then swat him.[54] He was sentenced to 15 months in prison in Italy, and 41 months in prison in New Jersey.[55]

### 2014

[edit]

Hal Finney, a paralyzed computer scientist with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), was swatted in 2014 after refusing to pay a $400,000 ransom. He faced cold, unsafe conditions on his lawn for half an hour while police checked his house. He continued receiving threats until his death in August 2014.[56]

### 2022

[edit]

In July 2022, Emmet G. Sullivan, a U.S. federal judge presiding over cases pertaining to the January 6 United States Capitol attack, was the victim of a swatting incident.[57]

On August 5, 2022, Canadian transgender streamer and political commentator Clara "Keffals" Sorrenti was swatted at her home by unknown individuals who also, posing as Sorrenti, sent a threatening email and a photo of an illegal firearm to London city councillors, presumably part of a harassment campaign carried out by Kiwi Farms that began on March 21, 2022.[58] Sorrenti claimed she was repeatedly misgendered and deadnamed by London Police officers, and placed into custody for 11 hours before being released without charges. She stated that she considered the incident a hate crime, an example of harassment towards transgender people by anti-LGBTQ groups in the United States.[59] The London Police Service responded with a statement from Chief of Police Steve Williams, who said that while he could not confirm any language used before Sorrenti's arrest, she was not addressed by her deadname or previous gender while in the agency's holding cells. He also said that any references to Sorrenti's deadname during the investigation seemed to stem from the existence of prior police reports she had accumulated before the event.[60] Three other streamers, Adin Ross, Nadia Amine, and IShowSpeed were also swatted the same week as Sorrenti.[61]

In August 2022, U.S. representative Marjorie Taylor Greene was swatted in Georgia by a caller who allegedly opposed her stances on transgender rights.[62]

### 2023

[edit]

Main article: Swatting of American politicians (2023–2024)

In November 2023, Ned Luke, a voice and performance artist for the fictional character Michael De Santa in the video game Grand Theft Auto V, was swatted in his home during a Thanksgiving live-stream of himself playing the game. He took a phone call warning him of the pending police action before he prematurely ended his stream.[63][64]

There have been widespread doxing, swatting and violent threats against American politicians since early December 2023, predominately members of the Republican Party and conservatives.[65] Beginning in late December 2023, members of the Democratic Party also began to be increasingly targeted.[66] It is unknown if the hoaxes were perpetrated by one or more individuals, or what their motivations were.[65]

Maine Sec. of State Shenna Bellows was targeted with a fake emergency call to police that caused officers to respond to her home the day after she removed former President Donald Trump from Maine's Presidential Primary Ballot under the Constitution's insurrection clause.[67] Bellows and her husband were not home for the holiday weekend. At her request, police conducted an exterior sweep of the house and then checked inside. Nothing suspicious was found, though an investigation was opened to locate the perpetrator(s). No one has yet been charged.

## See also

[edit]

* Telecommunication portal

* Computer security
* Mobbing

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Wipond, Rob (December 2013). "An Overabundance of Caution" (PDF). Focusonline.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
2. ^ "Definition of SWAT". May 9, 2024.
3. ^ Enzweiler, Matthew James (2015). "Swatting Political Discourse: A Domestic Terrorism Threat". Notre Dame L. Rev. 90 (5). Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
4. ^ Belanger, Ashley (June 30, 2023). "FBI finally tracks "swatting" incidents as attacks increase nationwide". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
5. ^ Healy, Patrick (November 7, 2013). "Online Gamer Sentenced in Ventura County "Swatting" Hoax". NBC Los Angeles. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
6. ^ Madani, Doha (March 29, 2019). "Serial 'swatter' sentenced to 20 years for death of Kansas man shot by police". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
7. ^ a b Solon, Olivia; Zadrozny, Brandy (December 22, 2019). "Trolls turned 911 into a weapon. Now cops are fighting back - Once viewed as a prank, police are now treating 'swatting' as a serious crime that wastes city resources and puts targets' lives at risk". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
8. ^ Mulvaney, Nicole (June 18, 2015). "Recent wave of swatting nationwide fits definition of terrorism, Princeton police chief says". NJ.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
9. ^ Liebl, Lance (October 28, 2014). "The dangers and ramifications of doxxing and swatting". Gamezone. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
10. ^ a b c Ward, Jacob; Kolodny, Lora (June 29, 2023). "The FBI has formed a national database to track and prevent 'swatting' - Advances in technology allow callers to mask their voices, phone numbers or IP addresses (also called "spoofing") or make their false 911 calls sound more credible". NBC News. "By 2019, there were an estimated 1,000 swatting incidents domestically each year, according to a report from the Anti-Defamation League, and each incident is estimated to cost at least $10,000 to affected communities, even before expenditures on follow-up work like investigations, property repairs and counseling."
11. ^ a b c Black, Jeff (September 11, 2013). "California governor signs bill to crack down on celebrity 'swatting'". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
12. ^ "California Penal Code § 148.3(b)". California Office of Legislative Counsel. September 9, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
13. ^ Bomb Threats and Search Techniques. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. 1976. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
14. ^ Bomb threats against US airports, 1974. Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017 - via NCJRS.gov.
15. ^ Klein, Mariel A. (November 25, 2014). "One Year Later, Kim Apologizes for Bomb Threat Hoax". Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
16. ^ "FBI — Harvard Student Charged with Bomb Hoax". FBI. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
17. ^ Ax, Joseph (August 9, 2017). "Bomb threat suspect in Israel offered services on dark web: U.S. authorities". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
18. ^ "Don't Make the Call: The New Phenomenon of 'Swatting'". Federal Bureau of Investigation. February 4, 2008. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
19. ^ "From bants to manspreading: what's new in the oxforddictionaries.com". The Guardian. Press Association. August 27, 2015. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
20. ^ Prentice, George (April 13, 2013). "UPDATE: Meridian Teen Charged With Conspiracy With Australian Youth To Make Bomb Threats To Schools, Businesses". Boiseweekly.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
21. ^ Bailey, Poland (2016). Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online. Lincoln: Potomac Books. p. 55\. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1fq9wdp. ISBN 9781612347660. JSTOR j.ctt1fq9wdp. OCLC 962184824.
22. ^ Lane, Rick (October 2, 2018). "Seattle police launch opt-in registry system to help prevent swatting". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
23. ^ Krebs, Brian (March 29, 2019). "Man Behind Fatal 'Swatting' Gets 20 Years". Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019. "But as I've observed in previous stories about swatting attacks, it would also be nice if more police forces around the country received additional training on exercising restraint in the use of deadly force, particularly in responding to hostage or bomb threat scenarios that have hallmarks of a swatting hoax. For example, perpetrators of swatting often call non-emergency numbers at state and local police departments to carry out their crimes precisely because they are not local to the region and cannot reach the target's police department by calling 911. This is exactly what Tyler Barriss did in the Wichita case and others. Swatters also often use text-to-speech (TTY) services for the hearing impaired to relay hoax swat calls, as was the case with my 2013 swatting."
24. ^ "Protect Yourself from Swatting". Seattle Police Department. seattle.gov. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
25. ^ 18 U.S.C. § 875
26. ^ a b "Individual Pleads Guilty in Swatting Conspiracy Case". FBI (Press release). January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
27. ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1513
28. ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1030
29. ^ "Last Defendant Sentenced in Swatting Conspiracy" (Press release). fbi.gov. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
30. ^ 18 U.S.C. § 371
31. ^ Altman, Larry (April 19, 2013). "Sen. Ted Lieu, author of anti-'swatting' bill, becomes a swatting victim". dailybreeze.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
32. ^ "A3877". www.njleg.state.nj.us. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
33. ^ Friedman, Matt (April 15, 2015). "N.J. lawmaker who wants to combat dangerous 'swatting' prank gets swatted". NJ.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
34. ^ Brush, Chase (May 11, 2015). "Moriarty's 'swatting' bill passes Assembly Homeland Security Committee". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
35. ^ "Text - H.R.4057 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Interstate Swatting Hoax Act". December 4, 2015. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
36. ^ "Bipartisan Bill Aims to Combat Dangerous 'Swatting' Hoaxes". meehan.house.gov (Press release). November 18, 2015. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
37. ^ Machkovech, Sam. "Congressperson asks DoJ to 'intensify enforcement' of online harassment laws". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
38. ^ "Sexism in cyberspace". TheHill. March 10, 2015. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
39. ^ "Police swarm Katherine Clark's home after apparent hoax – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
40. ^ "UK 'swatting' hostage hoaxer led police to shoot man in US". BBC News. April 19, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
41. ^ "First-ever UK 'swatting' sentence passed after man shot in face by armed unit due to hoax call". Sky News. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
42. ^ "Court document reveals more about Sentinel, OK, bomb threat". NewsOK.com. January 22, 2015. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
43. ^ Richinick, Michele (January 19, 2015). "No charges for man who shot police chief in Oklahoma". MSNBC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
44. ^ Denis, Alex (July 14, 2021). "'Swatting' call leads to death of Sumner County man targeted for his Twitter handle". WKRN News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
45. ^ Thubron, Rob (July 20, 2021). "A grandfather died of a heart attack after minors swatted him over his rare Twitter handle". TechSpot. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
46. ^ Gonzalez, Oscar (August 13, 2019). "Fortnite world champion 'swatted' while streaming on Twitch". CNET. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
47. ^ Robinson, Sean (March 3, 2020). "Gamer Face On". Omaha Magazine. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
48. ^ Teng, Elaine (September 18, 2018). "Fortnite legend Ninja is living the stream". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
49. ^ "Diddy the latest swatting prank". 3 News NZ. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
50. ^ "Anti-Swatting Politician Gets 'Swatted'". CBS News. April 19, 2013. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
51. ^ Vaas, Lisa (July 15, 2016). "Serial swatter, stalker and doxer Mir Islam given 2 years prison". Sophos. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
52. ^ Vaas, Lisa (March 17, 2013). "Hackers launch DDoS attack on security blogger's site, send SWAT team to his home". Sophos. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
53. ^ Vaas, Lisa (February 21, 2017). "Thugs who sent Brian Krebs heroin and a SWAT team sentenced". Sophos. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
54. ^ "Ukrainian hacker gets 41 months in prison for leading online theft ring". CBS News. CBS/AP. February 16, 2017. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
55. ^ "Ukrainian Citizen Sentenced To 41 Months In Prison For Using Army Of 13,000 Infected Computers To Loot Log-In Credentials, Payment Card Data". Justice.gov (Press release). February 16, 2017. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
56. ^ McMillan, Robert (December 29, 2014). "An Extortionist Has Been Making Life Hell for Bitcoin's Earliest Adopters". Wired. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
57. ^ Tillman, Zoe (October 1, 2022). "A Jan. 6 Judge Was Targeted in a SWAT Hoax. He Likely Won't Be the Last". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
58. ^ Carruthers, Dale (August 17, 2022). "First 'swatting' and now 'doxing': online harassment of trans activist continues". lfpress. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
59. ^ Dodgson, Lindsay (August 10, 2022). "Trans Twitch streamer Keffals arrested at gunpoint in swatting attack". Insider. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
60. ^ Williams, Steve (August 11, 2022). "Statement From Police Chief Williams August 2022". www.londonpolice.ca (Press release). Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
61. ^ Grayson, Nathan (August 15, 2022). "Twitch streamers traumatized after four 'swattings' in a week". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
62. ^ Breuninger, Kevin (August 24, 2022). "Georgia cops respond to 'swatting' call at home of Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene". CNBC. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
63. ^ Myers, Megan (November 24, 2023). "'Grand Theft Auto 5' actor victim of prank call during livestream: 'Now these a--holes have swatted my house'". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023.
64. ^ Dinsdale, Ryan (November 24, 2023). "Actor Who Played Michael in GTA 5 Swatted While Streaming, Defends Rockstar Despite Fan Outcry". ign.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2023.
65. ^ a b Paybarah, Azi (December 29, 2023). "Marjorie Taylor Greene isn't the only politician to be a swatting target". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
66. ^ Corbett, Jessica (December 31, 2023). "Threats Rise as Courts Decide Trump's 2024 Ballot in Maine, Colorado". Truthout. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
67. ^ Thiessen, Mark (December 31, 2023). "Maine State Official Who Removed Trump From Ballot Was Targeted In Swatting Call At Her Home". Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved December 31, 2023.

## Further reading

[edit]

* "The Crime of 'Swatting' — Fake 9-1-1 Calls Have Real Consequences". Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 3, 2013. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023.
* Wilson, Simone (November 8, 2012). "SWATting, a Deadly Political Game". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022.
* Sterling, Bruce (November 30, 2007). "Guilty Plea: Phone Phreaks Use Caller-ID Spoofing to Get Foes Raided By SWAT". Wired. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023.
* Omega, Jan (September 8, 2014). "Teenager Receiving Life In Prison For 'Swatting' Gamer Is A Satirical Hoax Which Stirred Social Media". Inquisitr. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022.
* Klepek, Patrick (February 17, 2015). "Meet A Teenager Who Says He's A Swatter". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023.

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Bullying

Types|

* Abusive supervision
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* Psychological abuse
* Rudeness
* Sarcasm
* Screaming
* Shame
* Smear campaign
* Social exclusion
* Social undermining
* Swatting
* Taunting
* Workplace incivility
* Verbal abuse

Organizations|

* Act Against Bullying
* Ban Bossy
* Bullying UK
* Bystander Revolution
* Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
* Ditch the Label
* GRIN Campaign
* It Gets Better Project
* Kidscape
* Society Against Violence in Education

Experts|

| Academics|

* Anna Costanza Baldry
* Wendy Craig
* Dorothy Espelage
* David P. Farrington
* Shelley Hymel
* Heinz Leymann
* Gary Namie
* James O'Higgins Norman
* Dan Olweus
* Debra Pepler
* Christina Salmivalli
* Kenneth Westhues

|

Activists|

* Andrea Adams
* Louise Burfitt-Dons
* Tim Field
* SuEllen Fried
* Liam Hackett
* Lizzie Velásquez

Actions|

* Anti-Bullying Day
* Anti-Bullying Week
* Anti-bullying legislation
* International Day of Pink
* International Stand Up to Bullying Day
* Think Before You Speak

Notable suicides
(List)|

* William Arthur Gibbs (1877)
* Kelly Yeomans (1997)
* Hamed Nastoh (2000)
* Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000)
* Nicola Ann Raphael (2001)
* Ryan Halligan (2003)
* Megan Meier (2006)
* Sladjana Vidovic (2008)
* Phoebe Prince (2010)
* Tyler Clementi (2010)
* Jamey Rodemeyer (2011)
* Jamie Hubley (2011)
* Kenneth Weishuhn (2012)
* Audrie Pott (2012)
* Amanda Todd (2012)
* Jadin Bell (2013)
* Rehtaeh Parsons (2013)
* Rebecca Sedwick (2013)
* Leelah Alcorn (2014)
* Conrad Roy (2014)
* Tyrone Unsworth (2016)

Murder–suicides
(incidents)|

* Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
* Columbine, 1999
* Jeff Weise
* Red Lake, 2005
* Seung-Hui Cho
* Virginia Tech, 2007
* Pekka-Eric Auvinen
* Jokela High School, 2007
* Matti Juhani Saari
* Kauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008
* Jose Horacio Reyes
* Sparks Middle School, 2013
* Elliot Rodger
* Isla Vista, 2014

Related topics|

* Emotional blackmail
* Just-world fallacy
* List of LGBT-related suicides
* Machiavellianism in the workplace
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Personal boundaries
* Personality disorders
* Playing the victim
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Scapegoating
* Self-esteem
* Social dominance orientation
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* Victim blaming
* Victimisation
* Victimology

* v
* t
* e

Video game controversies

* List of controversial video games
* Video game culture

Game-specific|

* Death Race
* Custer's Revenge
* Mortal Kombat
* Night Trap
* Jynx
* Islamic Fun
* The Guy Game
* Hot Coffee
* JFK Reloaded
* Super Columbine Massacre RPG!
* Muslim Massacre
* Ethnic Cleansing
* Rule of Rose
* RapeLay
* V-Tech Rampage
* "No Russian"
* Six Days in Fallujah
* Mass Effect 3 ending
* Digital Homicide Studios
* Active Shooter
* Special Force
* Fursan al-Aqsa: The Knights of the Al-Aqsa Mosque

Harassment and
workplace misconduct|

* Crunch culture
* California v. Activision Blizzard
* ABK Workers Alliance
* Finger pinching conspiracy theory
* Gamergate

Other controversies|

* Blitzchung controversy
* Blockchain game
* Cheating in video games
* esports
* online games
* Death of Brandon Crisp
* Swatting
* 2017 Wichita swatting
* Counter-Strike match fixing scandal
* Corrupted Blood incident
* Mobile gambling
* Online casino
* Online gambling

Social aspects|

* Censorship
* banned games
* regionally censored games
* Cyberbullying
* Form of art
* Gender representation
* LGBTQ+ themes
* Health problems
* addiction
* Simulator sickness
* VR sickness
* Race
* Review bomb
* List of incidents
* Religion
* Sexual content
* Eroge
* Lolicon
* Shotacon
* Violence
* Women
* Sexism

Legal|

* Intellectual property rights
* Video Recordings Act 1984
* 1993 U.S. Senate hearings
* Family Entertainment Protection Act
* Shutdown law
* Truth in Video Game Rating Act
* Video Game Decency Act
* Law 3037/2002
* Microtransactions
* Loot boxes
* Notice of the National Press and Publication Administration on Further Strict Management and Effective Prevention of Minors' Addiction to Online Games
* Video game piracy
* Skin gambling
* Virtual crime
* Metaverse law

Lawsuits|

* Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association
* Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Foti
* Epic Games v. Apple
* Epic Games v. Google
* Strickland v. Sony

* v
* t
* e

Miscarriage of justice

Types of misconduct|

* Prosecutorial misconduct
* Police misconduct
* Police corruption
* Selective prosecution
* Malicious prosecution
* Selective enforcement
* Abuse of process
* Attorney misconduct
* Bad apples
* Abuse of discretion
* Entrapment
* False arrest
* Gaming the system
* Justice delayed is justice denied
* Legal malpractice
* Kangaroo court
* Sentencing disparity
* Show trial
* Trial by media
* Sharp practice
* Jury tampering
* Witness tampering
* Brady disclosure
* Spoliation of evidence
* Civil wrong

False evidence|

* False confession
* Forced confession
* False accusation
* Rape
* Child sexual abuse
* Police perjury
* Mistaken identity
* Eyewitness memory
* Eyewitness identification
* Cross-race effect
* Misinformation effect
* Tampering with evidence
* Frameup

Wrongful convictions|

* List of wrongful convictions in the United States
* List of exonerated death row inmates
* List of miscarriage of justice cases
* Overturned convictions in the United States
* Wrongful execution

Advocacy|

* Innocence Project
* National Registry of Exonerations
* Investigating Innocence

Contributing factors|

* Correlates of crime
* Race and crime
* Race in the United States criminal justice system
* Sex differences in crime
* Judicial misconduct
* Innocent prisoner's dilemma
* Obstructionism
* Offender profiling
* Racial profiling
* Perverting the course of justice
* Blue wall of silence
* Loophole
* Ineffective assistance of counsel
* Prosecutor's fallacy

Norms and remedies|

* Legal ethics
* Exculpatory evidence
* Right to a fair trial
* Actual innocence
* Equal Protection Clause
* Innocence Protection Act

Related concepts|

* Capital punishment in the United States
* Batson v. Kentucky
* List of death row inmates in the United States

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