Swedish colonies in the Americas

Part of European colonization of the Americas

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Swedish overseas colonies

Sweden established colonies in the Americas in the mid-17th century, including the colony of New Sweden (1638–1655) on the Delaware River in what is now Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, as well as two possessions in the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th centuries.

## North America

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The colony of New Sweden was founded in 1638 by the first expedition of Swedish South Company, a consortium of Swedish, Dutch and German business interests formed in 1637.[1][2] The colony was located along the Delaware River with settlements in modern Delaware (e.g., Wilmington), Pennsylvania (e.g., Philadelphia) and New Jersey (e.g., New Stockholm and Swedesboro) along locations where Swedish and Dutch traders had been visiting for decades.[3]

At the time (until 1809) Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden, and some of the settlers of Sweden's colonies came from present-day Finland or were Finnish-speaking.[4] The Swedes and Finns brought their log house design to America,[1] where it became the typical log cabin of pioneers. The Swedish colonists established a trading relationship with the Susquehannock, and supported them in their successful war against Maryland colonists.[3][5]

While a Baltic naval power, the international power of the Swedish Empire was rooted in land-based military power, and when another general war engulfed northern Europe, the Royal Swedish Navy was incapable of protecting the colony. Subsequently, the young colony was eventually annexed by the Dutch, who perceived the presence of Swedish colonists in North America as a threat to their interests in the New Netherland colony.

## Caribbean

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The Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy (1784–1878) was operated as a porto franco (free port). The capital city of Gustavia retains its Swedish name. Guadeloupe (1813–1814) came into Swedish possession as a consequence of the Napoleonic Wars. It gave rise to the Guadeloupe Fund.[6] In addition to these the Swedes briefly attempted to settle Tobago in 1733, but were driven away by native tribes, and Tobago was eventually claimed by the British.

## Esequibo

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During the 18th century, the Swedes attempted to colonize the Essequibo region between the lower Orinoco and Barima rivers in Guyana's present-day Barima-Waini region.[7][8][9] The Swedes, settled in the area in July 1732,[10] were expelled in 1737 by forces led by Major Sergeant Carlos Francisco Francois Sucre y Pardo (grandfather of Venezuelan independence leader Antonio José de Sucre).[11]

## Other settlements

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Swedish emigrants continued to go to the Americas to settle within other countries or colonies. The mid-19th and early 20th centuries saw a large Swedish emigration to the United States. In 1841, a group composed of former Upsala University students and a couple of relatives established the first Swedish colony west of the Allegheny Mountains on the east shore of Pine Lake 30 miles west of Milwaukee and named their settlement, New Upsala. Approximately 1.3 million Swedes subsequently settled in the U.S., and there are currently about four million Swedish-Americans, as of 2008.[12]

Dom Pedro II, the second Emperor of Brazil, encouraged immigration, resulting in a sizeable number of Swedes entering Brazil, settling mainly in the cities of Joinville and Ijuí. In the late 19th century, Misiones Province in Argentina was a major centre for Swedish immigration, and laid the foundations of a population of Swedish-Argentines.[13]

## See also

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* Swedish overseas colonies
* Possessions of Sweden
* Swedish Empire
* Colonial governors in 1816
* Swedish Argentines

## References

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1. ^ a b "A Brief History of New Sweden in America (The Swedish Colonial Society)". Archived from the original on 2005-12-11. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
2. ^ Mark L. Thompson (2013). The Contest for the Delaware Valley: Allegiance, Identity, and Empire in the Seventeenth Century. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-5060-3.
3. ^ a b See or copy American Heritage Book of Indian cities, Susquehannock peoples.
4. ^ "A. R. Dunlap & E. J. Moyne. The Finnish Language on the Delaware. American Speech, Vol. 27, No. 2 (May, 1952), pp. 81–90". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
5. ^ See text and cites of Province of Maryland#Relations with the Susquehannock
6. ^ St. Barts island history Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (St.Barths Online)
7. ^ "Arbitramiento sobre los límites entre Venezuela y la Guayana Británica: Alegato y contra-alegato". 1981.
8. ^ "Biblioteca de la Academia Nacional de la Historia: Fuentes para la historia colonial de Venezuela". 1966.
9. ^ "The Swedish-American Historical Quarterly". 1960.
10. ^ "The Swedish-American Historical Quarterly". 1960.
11. ^ "CRONOLOGÍA DE VENEZUELA / Américo Fernández: Carlos de Sucre, gobernador de Nueva Andalucía y Guayana". 6 June 2013.
12. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
13. ^ Svenska Föreningen Historia Archived 2015-12-21 at the Wayback Machine (Svenska Föreningen)

## Other sources

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* Barton, H. Arnold (1994) A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1840–1940. (Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis).
* Benson, Adolph B. and Naboth Hedin, eds. (1938) Swedes in America, 1638–1938 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press) ISBN 978-0-8383-0326-9
* Johnson, Amandus (1927) The Swedes on the Delaware (International Printing Company, Philadelphia)

## Further reading

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* Jameson, J. Franklin (1887) Willem Usselinx: Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies (G.P. Putnam's Sons)

## External links

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* The New Sweden Centre, museum tours and reenactors.
* Mémoire St Barth | History of St Barthélemy (archives & history of slavery, slave trade and their abolition), Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques.

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