Syrian National Army

Coalition of armed Syrian opposition groups

Not to be confused with Syrian Armed Forces, Syrian Army, or Free Syrian Army.

Syrian National Army

الجيش الوطني السوري

Emblem

Flag[a]
Leaders| Hadi al-Bahra
(President of SIG)
Abdurrahman Mustafa
(Prime Minister of SIG)
Brig. Gen. Hassan Hamada
(Minister of Defense and Chief of Staff)
Brig. Gen. Adnan al-Ahmad
Deputy Chief of Staff)
Brig. Gen. Fadlallah al-Haji
(Deputy Chief of Staff)
Dates of operation| 2017[5]–present
Allegiance|  Syrian Interim Government[5]
Headquarters| Azaz, Syria
Active regions| Northern Syria

* Idlib Governorate
* Latakia Governorate
* Aleppo Governorate
* Hama Governorate
* Raqqa Governorate
* Hasakah Governorate

Western Libya[6]

* Tripolitania Region
* Fezzan Region

Karabakh (during the 2020 war)[7]
Ideology| Syrian opposition
Anti-Assadism
Size|

* 22,000[8]–35,000[9] (2017–19, prior to merger with NFL)
* 80,000–100,000 (since October 2019, after merger with NFL, reported)[10][11][12]

Allies|  Turkey[13]
Qatar[14]
Azerbaijan[15]
Government of National Accord[16]
Tahrir al-Sham (sometimes)
Opponents|  Syrian Arab Armed Forces (until 2024)[13]
Armenia (until 2023)[7]
Artsakh (until 2023)[7]
Syrian Democratic Forces[17][18]
Northern Democratic Brigade (sometimes)[19]
Tahrir al-Sham (sometimes)[20][21][22]
Islamic State[23]
Libyan National Army
Russia[24]
Iran[24]
Battles and wars| Syrian civil war

* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Siege of Northern Homs[25]
* Operation Olive Branch
* SDF insurgency in northern Syria
* Idlib Governorate clashes (January 2019)
* 2019 Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)[26][27]
* 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
* Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)
* 2020–21 Ayn Issa clashes
* 2024 Syrian opposition offensives
* Battle of Aleppo (2024)
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* 2024 Hama offensive
* 2024 Homs offensive
* 2024 Manbij offensive

Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)[16]

* 2019–20 Western Libya campaign
* Central Libya offensive (2020)

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict[7]

* 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

The Syrian National Army (SNA;[28] Arabic: الجيش الوطني السوري, romanized: al-Jayš al-Waṭanī as-Sūrī), also known as the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA),[29][30][31] is a coalition of armed Syrian opposition groups that participates in the Syrian civil war. Comprising various rebel factions that emerged at the start of the war in July 2011, it was officially established in 2017 under the auspices of Turkey, which provides funding, training, and military support.[32]

The SNA has its roots in the Free Syrian Army (FSA), a loose collection of armed opposition groups founded on 29 July 2011 by defected Syrian military officers.[33] After Turkey formally condemned the regime of Bashar al-Assad in November 2011,[34] it provided arms, training, and sanctuary to the FSA.[35] Initially the principal opponent of the Syrian government,[36] the FSA was gradually weakened by infighting, lack of funding, and rival Islamist groups.[37] In August 2016, Turkey began assembling a new coalition of Syrian rebel groups, which included many former FSA fighters, in an effort to create a more cohesive and effective opposition force;[32] following Operation Euphrates Shield, the Turkish government coordinated with the Syrian Interim Government to form a "National Army" to secure Turkish territorial gains.[38]

The official aims of the SNA are to create a "safe zone" in northern Syria, consolidate with other rebel factions, and combat both Syrian government forces and Islamists.[39][40] Its presence expanded to the neighboring Idlib Governorate during the Syrian government's 2019 northwestern offensive,[26][27] after which it incorporated the National Front for Liberation on 4 October 2019.[32]

Closely aligned with the Turkish government,[41] the SNA has been described as an auxiliary army of the Turkish Armed Forces,[42] and also as "mercenaries" by their critics.[43][44] Outside Syria, SNA fighters have been deployed by Turkey as a proxy force,[45][46] for example in conflicts from Libya to the south Caucasus.[47][48] The SNA mostly consists of Arabs and Syrian Turkmen.[49]

## Composition

[edit]

Members of the al-Bab military council, which is part of the SNA's Hawar Kilis Operations Room, during the Battle of al-Bab

The SNA, which includes at least 25,000 fighters, with some sources estimating it to be 70,000,[41] mostly consists of Arabs and Turkmens.[49] The number of Syrian Kurds among the SNA is much smaller. In January 2018, senior SNA commander Azad Shabo said that there were "dozens" among the FSA units[50] such as the Azadî Battalion,[51] while Almodon Online reported about 500 Kurdish fighters overall, including in non-FSA formations such as Ahrar al-Sham, the Levant Front and the Army of Grandchildren.[52] By February 2018, a SNA commander said that 350 Kurds were part of the Syrian National Army.[53]

By the end of June 2017, most Turkish-backed FSA groups reorganized themselves into three military blocs: Victory, Sultan Murad and the Levant. A number of other groups remained independent.[54] On 30 December 2017, the groups unified to form the National Army. By this time, three "legions" (corps) were established as part of the SNA: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. On 15 March 2018, rebel factions in northern Homs Governorate formed the 4th Legion, though it later transferred to northern Aleppo. Factions also moved from Rif Dimashq Governorate and Damascus to northern Aleppo.

On 4 October 2019, the National Front for Liberation joined the National Army's command structure, planning to become its 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th legions.[55] Both NFL and SNA fighters were uninformed of the merger, which took place in a press conference in Urfa, southern Turkey, amid Turkish plans to launch an offensive against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).[56]

According to a 2019 research paper published by the pro-government Turkish think tank SETA, "Out of the 28 factions in the Syrian National Army, 21 were previously supported by the United States, three of them via the Pentagon’s program to combat Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Eighteen of these factions were supplied by the CIA via the MOM Operations Room in Turkey, a joint intelligence operation room of the "Friends of Syria" to support the armed opposition. Fourteen factions of the 28 were also recipients of the U.S.-supplied TOW anti-tank guided missiles."[57]

In April 2021, an additional military formation was made in Idlib, named 'al-Quwat al-Radifa' (Auxiliary Forces).[42]

By September 2021, groups under the Syrian National Army have coalesced into two main blocs: the Azm Operations Room and the Syrian Front for Liberation.[58] Speaking of these blocs, a freelance journalist based in the region said that "These formations are only for show and they are not united in reality. Each faction still has its own leaders and members who do not take orders from the leaders of other factions. These formations only aim to protect themselves. Whenever factions feel threatened, they form new military bodies to protect themselves, but once the threat is gone, the formations fall apart."[59]

List of member groups

Syrian National Army

* 1st Corps[60]
* 1st Division[61]
* 9th Special Forces Division of Aleppo
* 111th Brigade (Northern Brigade)[60][62][63]
* 112th Brigade (Army of Grandsons)[60][52]
* 143th Brigade[60][62]
* 11th Division[60]
* 113th Brigade (Army of Grandsons)[60][52]
* 12th Division[60]
* 122nd Brigade (Muntasir Billah Division)[60]
* 123rd Brigade (Ahrar al-Sharqiya)[60][6][17][18][64]
* 13th Division[61]
* 121st Brigade (Samarkand Brigade)[60][65][62]
* 131st Brigade (Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Brigade)[60][66]
* 132nd Brigade (Ghazal base)[60]
* 133rd Brigade (Al-Waqas Brigade)[60]
* 14th Division[60][67]
* 141st Brigade (northern Aleppo contingent of the Sham Legion)[60]
* 142nd Brigade (Sultan Suleiman Shah Brigade)[60]
* 144th Brigade (20th Division)[60][67]
* 145th Brigade (Elite Army)[60]
* 146th Brigade (Jaysh al-Sharqiya)[60]
* Commandos of Islam Brigade[68][69]
* Tala'a Victory Brigade
* 21st Combined Force remnants (northern Aleppo branch)
* 2nd Corps[70][self-published source?]
* 5th Brigade
* Sultan Murad Bloc[71][54]
* Sultan Murad Division[17][6]
* Hamza Division[17][6]
* Kurdish Falcons Brigade[72]
* Al-Mu'tasim Brigade[6]
* Elite Division (also part of the Victory Bloc)
* Jaysh al-Islam (Rif Damascus & Damascus Governorates branches)[73]
* Men of War Brigade[74]
* 3rd Corps[60]
* 333rd Brigade[60]
* Conquest Brigade[60] (also part of the Levant Front)[75]
* Jund al-Islam Brigade[60]
* Suyuf al-Sham[60]
* Sajidun[60]
* Levant Bloc[54]
* Levant Front[52]
* Northern Storm Brigade
* Sword of the Levant Brigade (Azaz branch)
* Soldiers of Islam Brigade[76]
* Northern Army[77]
* Ahrar al-Sham (northern Aleppo branch)[78][52]
* Glory Corps[62]
* 3rd Brigade (Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement elements)
* Auxiliary Forces[42]
* National Front for Liberation[55][10]
* Sham Legion[6]
* Martyrs of Islam Brigade
* Central Division
* Ahrar al-Sham
* Suqour al-Sham Brigades
* Jaysh al-Ahrar
* Damascus Gathering
* Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib Battalions[79]
* Brigades and Battalions to Unite the Capital
* Miqdad ibn Amr Brigade
* Free Idlib Army
* 1st Coastal Division
* 2nd Army
* 2nd Coastal Division
* Elite Army
* 1st Infantry Division
* Army of Victory
* 23rd Division
* Islamic Freedom Brigade
* Unit 82 SWAT Forces[80]
* Free Hayan Brigade[81]
* Free North Brigade[82]
* Imam Ali Battalion[83]

Hawar Kilis Operations Room

* Victory Bloc[84]
* Elite Division[85] (also part of the 2nd Legion)
* Elite Army (northern Aleppo branch)
*         * 141st Brigade
* Elite Battalion[51]
* 1st Brigade
* Sham Legion
* Free North Brigade[86]
* Sham Commandos Brigade[87][self-published source?]
* Sons of Waer Battalion
* Revolutionaries of Waer Battalion
* Authenticity and Development Front (northern Aleppo branch)[88][self-published source?]
* Sultan Murad Division
* Hamza Division
* Army of Grandsons
* Al-Mu'tasim Brigade
* Northern Hawks Brigade[89]
* Mustafa Regiment[54]
* Revolutionaries of Syrian Jazeera
* Sultan Othman Brigade
* 1st Division of Aleppo[90]
* 51st Brigade[89]
* Descendants of Saladin Brigade until July 2017;[91] since then "Saladin Brigade" remnant faction[92][93][53]
*   * 2nd Army (northern Aleppo branch)[94]
* People of the Homeland[95]
* Martyr Mashaal Tammo Brigade[53][92]
* Qamishli Shield[53]
* Afrin Shield[53]

Military councils

* Al-Bab Military Council
* Mare' Military Council[52]
* Qabasin Military Council
* Akhtarin Military Council
* Menagh Military Council[96]
* Tell Rifaat Military Council[97]
* Deir ez-Zor Unified Military Council[98]
* Raqqa Military Council[99]

Other Turkish-backed rebel groups in the area

* Army of Glory elements[100]
* Army of al-Jazeera and Euphrates[101]
* Eastern Shield Army[102]
* Hasakah Shield Brigade
* Sons of Hasaka Union[103]
* Free Men of al-Shaddadah
* al-Ikhlas Brigade
* Unified Syrian Army (northern Aleppo branch)[104][105]
* Azaz Revolutionaries Battalions[106][107]
* Liberation Brigade
* Dhi Qar Brigade
* Al-Mu'tasim Brigade
* Revolutionary Shield Brigade
* Dignity Battalion
* Abbas Battalion
* Sons of Islam Movement
* Brigade of God
* Omar Battalions
* Ali ibn Abi Talib Battalion
* Ansar Battalions
* Descendants of Mustafa Battalion
* Sword of Justice Battalion
* Badr Brigade
* Special Forces Brigade
* Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas Battalions
* Euphrates Commando Battalion
* Muhajir Brigade
* 64th Brigade
* Muhammad Brigades
* Ahrar al-Tabqa Gathering[99]
* Glory to God Brigade
* Lions of Islam Brigade
* Bara Battalion
* Glory Battalions[108]
* Lions of the East Army (Eastern Qalamoun branch)
* Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo (Eastern Qalamoun branch)
* Company of the People of the Levant
* Hold on to God Union
* Men of Qalamoun
* Strangers Brigade
* Qalamoun Shield Brigade
* Al-Nabek Martyrs' Brigade
* Ibn Taymiyyah Brigade
* Martyr Abu Jaafar Brigade
* Martyr Ali Diyab Brigade
* United in the Love of God Brigade
* Al-Qastal Martyrs' Brigades
* Qalamoun Liberation Brigades
* Western Qalamoun Union
* Levant Liberation Division
* Levant Liberation Brigade[109]
* Sadik Unit[109]
* Martyr Mohammed Qassem Brigade
* al-Ghouta Martyrs Battalion
* Omar Haider Brigade
* 11th Special Forces Division (formerly part of the Southern Front)

Former member group

* 4th Legion (2018)
* Ahrar al-Sham (Homs branch)[110]
* Right Brigade[110]
* Several minor units[110]

## Background

[edit]

### Connection with Turkey

[edit]

The Turkish Army bombards the SDF using heavy artillery in the northern Aleppo countryside in July 2017. The Turkish Armed Forces often directly support the SNA during military operations.

The Free Syrian Army (FSA) was the Syrian rebel faction most aligned with the Turkish state since the beginning of the Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War.[111] For the FSA, Turkey was a sanctuary and a source of supplies. In the aftermath of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict restarting in 2015, the Turkish government became more influential throughout 2016, as other countries began to scale back their involvement and the rebel groups became more dependent on Turkish help.[112] The Turkey-backed FSA's wages are paid for by the Turkish government, they operate alongside the Turkish Armed Forces.[113] Injured Turkey-backed FSA troops have been treated in Turkey.[114]

The Free Police have more overt connections to Turkey, reportedly wearing Turkish police uniforms decorated with the word "Polis" (Turkish for "Police"),[115] while Special Forces wear distinctive light blue berets also worn by Turkish Gendarmerie. Some wore a Turkish flag patch on their uniforms at the inauguration ceremony on 24 January 2017.[116]

On 18 April 2018, the Raqqa Military Council, which consists of 6 groups, was announced in the city of Urfa in southeastern Turkey.[99]

## Operational history

[edit]

See also: Hawar Kilis Operations Room § History

### 2016: Operation Euphrates Shield

[edit]

The organization's first known engagement was a joint operation with the Turkish Armed Forces. In the first day, they took control of Jarabulus from ISIL.[117] After this, they expanded northeast, meeting with units of the Syrian Democratic Forces north of Manbij. They successfully pushed the SDF out of the Jarablus area and captured all its settlements; the Euphrates river was used as a demarcation line, with forces on the opposing sides.[118][119] On at least one occasion, American troops came to form a joint operation with Turkey; however after the TFSA's Ahrar al-Sharqiya Brigade's verbal attacks ("crusaders", "pigs") against them, the US troops withdrew, being escorted from the area by US-backed units in the TFSA, including the Hamza Division and the al-Mu'tasim Brigade.[120] A U.S. defense official confirmed the event, but said that U.S. soldiers were still deployed in the area.[121] The joint forces pushed ISIL to the south. After this success, Turkey-backed FSA made contact near Mare with the SDF forces from the Afrin Canton. Contact between the two saw the group attack some SDF-held towns with Turkish artillery support. The attacks were repelled, with casualties on both sides.[122]

Rebel fighter opening fire with a machine gun during the Battle of al-Bab, 14 December 2016.

In February 2017, the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army and the Turkish Armed Forces advanced to besiege al-Bab.[123][124][125] By 27 February, the group and Turkish Armed Forces seized al-Bab.[126][127] As of February 2017, 470 fighters of the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army died in Operation Euphrates Shield, while the Turkish armed forces lost 68.[66]

As of March 2017, the TFSA and the Turkish army were effectively blocked from moving further east by advances of the SAA. This occurred when the SDF's Manbij Military Council handed over some territory bordering the Turkish positions to the SAA, creating a buffer zone.[128] As a result, the TFSA failed to achieve other stated goals, including capturing the SDF-held city of Manbij and participating in the Coalition offensive on Raqqa.[129]

On 24 September 2017, the Hamza Division announced the opening of a military academy in the city of al-Bab. According to Abdullah Halawa, military commander of the group, 2,200 fighters will undergo two months of training in the academy, with the goal of forming a "Syrian National Army" in northern Syria.[130]

### 2018: Operation Olive Branch

[edit]

Syrian National Army fighters near Jandiris district northern Aleppo's countryside, 11 February 2018

On 20 January 2018, Turkey launched a new operation in Afrin Region, against the Kurdish-led Democratic Union Party (PYD) in Syria. The SNA conducted ground offensives against the YPG and SDF supported by and in conjunction with Turkish armed forces (TAF/TSK) air strikes, artillery, armored units, and special forces units.[131][132] The first phase of the operation is to capture the entire Afrin-Turkey border.[133][better source needed] On 1 February, the SNA captured the strategic town of Bulbul after a fierce battle with the Kurdish-led People's Protection Units (YPG).[134][better source needed] In early March, the second phase of Operation Olive Branch was launched after successfully clearing the entire Afrin-Turkey border.[135] On 3 March, after fierce fighting, the SNA captured the town of Rajo.[136] On 8 March, the SNA captured Jinderes, meaning that they now have control over all major roads leading to the city of Afrin.[137] On 13 March, SNA forces reached Afrin city and encircled it.[138][139] On 18 March, the SNA took full control of Afrin, marking their second big victory after Operation Euphrates Shield.[140] Since the capture of Afrin city, SNA forces have been busy clearing the recently captured areas of mines and providing security and stability to the region.[141] As of 13 June SNA forces have dismantled 240 mines and 1,231 IEDs.[142]

### 2019: Operation Dawn of Idlib and Operation Peace Spring

[edit]

Syrian National Army fighters on 12 October 2019

By 16 August, the SNA sent considerable reinforcements to the frontlines of Hama and Idlib, where the Syrian Arab Army was launching an offensive against HTS and various rebel groups.[143] Following this, rebel forces launched another heavy attack on the government-held village of Sukayk.

On 9 October 2019, Turkish Armed Forces, together with the Syrian National Army, had launched what they called Operation Peace Spring against SDF to eradicate what Turkish President Erdogan called "the threat of terror" against Turkey.[144] On 13 October, Peace Spring forces captured the border town of tal Abyad.[145] After the conclusion of the Second Battle of Ras al-Ayn on 20 October, SDF fighters retreated from the border town of Ras al Ain during the cease fire, which was brokered by the United States and Turkey.[146] On 25 November, the operation was completed, after securing the territories between Ras al Ayn and Tal Abyad.[147]

### 2024: Operation Dawn of Freedom

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (December 2024)

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## Operations outside Syria

[edit]

### Libya

[edit]

Since 2020, Turkey has been hiring and transporting fighters from the Syrian National Army to support and bolster the manpower of the Libyan GNA.[148] Several SNA member groups volunteered for the operation despite strong objections of the Syrian Interim Government.[6] Up to 481 have died in combat.[149]

### Azerbaijan

[edit]

In September 2020, Turkey deployed 2,580 fighters from the Syrian National Army to fight in Nagorno-Karabakh,[7] where according to SOHR, up to 541 have died in combat.[150]

### Niger

[edit]

In January 2024, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that Turkey had deployed SNA fighters to participate in the anti-ISIS campaign in Niger.[151] By May 2024, an additional 250 members of the SNA's Sultan Murad Division had been dispatched to Niger by Turkey's National Intelligence Organization.[152][153][154]

### Iraq

[edit]

In July 2024, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that Turkey had deployed SNA fighters to participate in the Turkish-PKK conflict in Northern Iraq. According to SOHR sources, the number of Syrian fighters expected to join this mission is estimated to be nearly 400 mercenaries from "Al-Sulta Suleiman Shah," "Al-Hamzah" Divisions and "Al-Sultan Murad" Division.[155] According to the sources, some SNA fighters have been captured by the "Kurdistan Workers’ Party."[155]

## Internal conflict

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)

|

See also: Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War

Turkish-supplied FNSS ACV-15, manned by a SNA crew, during operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

On 26 March 2016, Ahrar ash-Sham ordered the anti-YPG Kurdish FSA group Liwa Ahfad Saladin to remove the flag of Kurdistan from their posts and threatened military action if they did not.[156] However, Liwa Ahfad Saladin's commander denied the incident ever occurred and stated Ahrar ash-Sham to be its ally.[157]

On 27 September 2016, several Ahrar al-Sham fighters publicly burned a FSA flag in Azaz. The Ahrar al-Sham spokesman denied involvement and the incident sparked pro-FSA demonstrations in the city.[158]

On 14 November 2016, the Levant Front and the Sultan Murad Division clashed at the Azaz border gate with Kilis, Turkey.[159] Ahrar al-Sham and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement, a former member of the Levant Front, joined the fighting after they said the Levant Front leaders was "acting like gangs".[160]

On 3 April 2017, Ahrar al-Sham reportedly attacked Liwa Ahfad Saladin in Qabasin and captured more than 8 of their fighters, including a commander. Hours later, the prisoners were released after negotiations, although tensions between the two groups remain.[161]

On 13 April 2017, clashes broke out between the Levant Front and the Sultan Suleyman Shah Brigade 100 kilometers north of Aleppo after both groups said the other was committing corruption. The Sultan Murad Division, the Hamza Division, and the Northern Hawks Brigade sided with the Sultan Suleyman Shah Brigade during the clashes.[162]

On 14 May 2017, two separate clashes in Jarabulus and Gandura pitted the Ahrar al-Sharqiya Brigade against the Sultan Murad Division and the Sham Legion. The fighting stopped after the intervention of the Turkish Army.[163]

On 22 May, the Levant Front attacked the Sham Legion near Azaz. The Levant Front said the Sham Legion was conspiring with the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement, part of Tahrir al-Sham. The LF besieged the Sham Legion headquarters, captured a number of their fighters, and seized several ammunition dumps.[164]

Between 24 and 25 May, 5 FSA factions including the Levant Front, the Hamza Division, and the Sultan Murad Division conducted a joint attack on the Revolutionary Knights Brigade between Azaz and al-Rai and captured more than 20 of their fighters, in addition to killing and wounding at least 10. The FSA factions said the Revolutionary Knights Brigade was affiliated to the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement and Tahrir al-Sham and partaking in smuggling, looting, extortion, and abuses of civilians.[165]

Between 4 and 15 June, heavy fighting broke out between TFSA factions led by the Sultan Murad Division and Ahrar al-Sham and its allies in and near al-Bab. By 15 June, 33 people were killed and 55 injured in the infighting. On 8 June, between 60 and 70 TFSA fighters, including several Sultan Murad Division commanders, defected to the Syrian Army and the Syrian Democratic Forces during the clashes.[166]

On 3 July 2017, Mahmoud Khallo, commander of the Descendants of Saladin Brigade, declared that his unit would not participate in a planned Turkish-led offensive against the YPG and SDF in the Afrin District and the Shahba region.[167] Following the announcement, the group was attacked by multiple Turkish-backed groups, which captured the group's positions and warehouses with vehicles and equipment. On 14 July, Khallo himself was captured by the Levant Front, which said he was affiliated with both al-Qaeda and the Democratic Union Party (PYD), and was tortured. The Levant Front then handed him over to Turkish security forces, who interrogated him.[168] After being released soon after, Khallo protested against his unit's treatment and criticized that "Turkey was apparently only interested in using the Syrian militias to further its own strategic goals". He also said that Liwa Ahfad Saladin, now without weapons, would set up a political party.[91]

On 25 March 2018, following the capture of Afrin a week earlier, clashes broke out between the Hamza Division and Ahrar al-Sharqiya in the city, resulting in the latter group capturing around 200 fighters from the former. A ceasefire agreement between the two groups was signed on the same day under the auspices of Turkey.[169]

On 18 November 2018, at least 25 militants were killed and dozens wounded in heavy clashes between Turkish-backed insurgent factions in the northwestern Syrian city of Afrin. The clashes primarily occurred in the Mahmudiya and Villat neighborhoods, killing 14 fighters from Ahrar al-Sharqiya and nine from the other groups.[170]

## Reported war crimes

[edit]

Further information: Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War § Free Syrian Army and other armed opposition fighters

SDF supporters protesting in Berlin on 8 October 2019 against the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.

In September 2016, after their capture of Jarabulus from ISIL, Sultan Murad Division fighters published pictures of themselves torturing four YPG prisoners of war.[171][172]

In June 2017, the Kurdish National Council said the rebels kidnapped 55 Kurdish civilians and displaced hundreds of Yazidis in northern Aleppo.[173]

Several cases of Human rights violations have been reported by the Syrian Observatory for Human rights (SOHR).[174] According to Kurdish sources, Kurdish local politician Hevrin Khalaf was executed near Qamishli by the Syrian National Army, her death was later confirmed by the SOHR.[30] SOHR further reported that at least 9 civilians had been executed by the rebel troops.[175]

On 3 October 2018, the Glory Corps attempted to seize 4 houses inhabited by displaced families from Arbin in Afrin city to use as headquarters, but were stopped by the Sultan Murad Division and the rebel military police.[176]

On 27 January 2019, Glory Corps and Sham Legion fighters kidnapped a doctor from his clinic in Afrin and tortured him, and said he was a member of the Democratic Union Party (PYD); the Sham Legion denied its fighters were involved.[177]

After the SNA captured the border town of Tell Abyad and its surroundings during the offensive in northern and eastern Syria in October 2019, Glory Corps fighters reportedly kidnapped several young men from Bîr Atwan village, west of Tell Abyad, and beat and humiliated them.[178] On 22 October, fighters from the group trampled and mutilated the body of what appeared to be a Women's Protection Units (YPJ) fighter they killed in the countryside near Kobanî, laughing while they did so.[179] The SNA captured four unarmed people and promptly executed them on a road.[180]

* Asia portal

On 15 September 2020, a report by the investigators of the UN's International Independent Commission on Syria denounced the atrocities committed against Kurdish populations by Syrian National Army forces: torture, rape, murder, systematic looting, rackets, forced displacement, forced appropriation of civilian property, arbitrary detentions and kidnappings.[181][182]

The 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report mentioned that factions of the Syrian National Army recruited and used Syrian children as child soldiers in Libya.[183]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Syrian independence flag is the one most commonly used by the SNA and flown on official occasions.[1][2] SNA troops also use the Turkish flag alongside the Syrian independence flag.[3][4]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Syrian National Army flag hung in northern Tal Abyad". AA. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
2. ^ "Syria opposition recapture Jabal Al-Zawiya in Idlib". Middle East Monitor. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
3. ^ Walid Al Nofal (15 October 2019). "The Syrian National Army: For the Syrian revolution or against the Kurds?". Syria:Direct. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
4. ^ "SNA troops cross Ceylanpinar from Ras al-Ayn". Anadolu Agency, Getty Images. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
5. ^ a b "30 rebel groups merge under Interim Govt's banner, form 'The National Army'". Zaman al-Wasl. 31 December 2017. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
6. ^ a b c d e f g Ragip Soylu; Harun al-Aswad (27 December 2019). "Turkey to send Syrian rebel fighters to battle Haftar in Libya". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
7. ^ a b c d e "Turkey deploying Syrian fighters to help ally Azerbaijan, two fighters say". Reuters. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020 - via www.reuters.com.
8. ^ "Syrian opposition forces unite under defense ministry, head of interim gov't says". Daily Sabah. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
9. ^ Khalil Ashawi (13 August 2018). "Syrian rebels build an army with Turkish help, face challenges". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
10. ^ a b Khaled Khatib (5 October 2019). ""National Army" .. What is the feasibility of integration?". Al-Modon. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
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171. ^ "YPG holds Turkey-backed rebels accountable for torturing Kurdish fighters". ARA News. 1 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
172. ^ "Syrian rebels captured by YPG confess to torturing Kurdish fighters". Rudaw Media Network. 1 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
173. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (13 June 2017). "Hundreds of Yezidi Kurds displaced, kidnapped by Turkey-backed rebels northwest Syria: Kurdish council". ARA News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
174. ^ "Continuous violations against people of Afrin city and countryside by the Turkish Forces and the factions supported by them". SOHR. 19 May 2019.
175. ^ "Female Kurdish politician among nine civilians killed by pro-Turkey forces in Syria, observers say". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 13 October 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
176. ^ "Groups of the Turkish forces, the factions belong to them and the Free Police storm a camp of displaced people in Afrin countryside and civil protests prevail among the displaced people". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 18 October 2018.
177. ^ Raed Borhan (27 January 2019). "National Army fighters torture doctor in Afrin". SMART News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
178. ^ "Tel White: Correspondent bridge monitors violations against civilians by "national factions"". Jesr Press. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
179. ^ "A video showing "Corps of Glory" elements representing a body of a fighter in the women's protection units in the countryside of Ain al-Arab (Kobani)". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 22 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
180. ^ Hubbard, Ben; Shoumali, Karam; Gall, Carlotta; Kingsley, Patrick (12 October 2019). "Syrian Arab Fighters Backed by Turkey Kill Two Kurdish Prisoners". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
181. ^ "Syria: Bombshell report reveals 'no clean hands' as horrific rights violations continue | UN News". news.un.org. 15 September 2020.
182. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (15 September 2020). "U.N. war crimes experts urge Turkey to rein in rebels in Syria". Reuters.
183. ^ "2023 Trafficking in Persons Report: Libya". Archived from the original on 13 September 2023.

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Overviews

| Main overviews|

* Syria
* Rojava
* Syrian civil war
* Timeline
* Background and causes
* Syrian peace process
* Syrian government reactions
* Belligerents
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Spillover
* Cities and towns
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)

|

Effects and ongoing concerns|

* Casualties of the Syrian civil war
* Refugees of the Syrian civil war
* Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
* Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

Phases and processes|

* Syrian revolution
* Early insurgency phase
* 2012–2013 escalation
* Ceasefires
* Syrian peace process

World reaction|

* International reactions to the Syrian civil war
* Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime

Specific groups and countries|

* Russian involvement
* Russian intervention
* Turkish involvement
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* US intervention in the Syrian civil war
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* Kurdish Area in Syria
* Syrian Democratic Forces
* Rojava conflict
* U.S. task force

Agreements and dialogues|

* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

Timeline

| Background|

* 1963 coup
* 1966 coup
* Corrective Movement
* Islamist uprising
* Latakia protests
* Damascus Spring
* Qamishli riots
* Syrian occupation of Lebanon
* Damascus Declaration
* Human rights in Syria
* 2010s in Syria political history

|

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Syrian revolution
* Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
* Siege of Daraa
* Siege of Baniyas
* May Talkalakh siege
* Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
* June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
* Siege of Hama
* Siege of Homs
* Jabal al-Zawiya operation
* Siege of Latakia
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)
* Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
* Battle of Zabadani
* Battle of Douma
* Daraa Governorate clashes
* Battle of Rastan
* Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* January al-Midan bombing
* Battle of Rastan
* First Battle of Idlib
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
* Battle of Taftanaz
* May Battle of Rastan
* Houla massacre
* Battle of al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir massacre
* Battle of Tremseh
* Battle of Damascus
* 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
* Battle of Aleppo
* Battle of Anadan
* Siege of Base 46
* Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
* Darayya massacre
* Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* First siege of Wadi Deif
* Battle of Harem
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)
* Battle of Darayya
* Aqrab massacre
* Hama offensive
* Halfaya massacre
* Battle of Darayya
* Quneitra Governorate clashes
* Talbiseh bakery massacre

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec|

* Battle of Safira
* Battle of Shadadeh
* Damascus offensive
* Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
* Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
* Daraa offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)
* Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Ghouta chemical attack
* Al-Qusayr offensive
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Bayda and Baniyas massacres
* Hama offensive
* Hatla massacre
* Khan al-Assal chemical attack
* Khan al-Assal massacre
* Adra massacre
* Battle of Ras al-Ayn
* Battle of Tell Abyad
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
* Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* First Inter-rebel conflict
* Battle of Markada
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Morek
* Daraa offensive (Feb–May)
* Maan massacre
* Al-Otaiba ambush
* Idlib offensive
* Battle of Hosn
* Latakia Offensive
* Battle of Al-Malihah
* Kafr Zita chemical attack
* Second siege of Wadi Deif
* Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Battle of Arsal
* First Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Eastern Syria offensive
* Battle of Tabqa Airbase
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)
* Hama Offensive
* Quneitra offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)
* Siege of Kobanî
* Homs school bombing
* Daraa offensive (Oct)
* Al-Safira offensive
* Idlib Raid
* Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
* Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* Air Force An-26 crash
* Daraa Offensive (Jan)
* Southern Syria Offensive
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
* Battle of Bosra
* Idlib Offensive
* Second Battle of Idlib
* Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
* Battle of Yarmouk Camp
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* Palmyra offensive (May)
* Qamishli bombings
* Tell Abyad offensive
* Kobanî massacre
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Al-Hawl offensive
* Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
* East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
* 2015–2016 Latakia offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
* January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi offensive
* February Homs bombings
* February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Khanasir offensive
* Battle of Tel Abyad
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Mar)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
* Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
* May Jableh & Tartous bombings
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
* Manbij offensive
* Tokhar massacre
* Southern Aleppo campaign
* Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Aleppo summer campaign
* Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
* 5 September bombings
* September Deir ez-Zor air raid
* September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
* Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack
* Northern border clashes

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present|

* Opposition offensives
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Aleppo
* Aleppo University Hospital airstrike
* Southern offensive
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* Manbij offensive
* Al-Mustariha strike
* Kobani offensive
* Hama offensive
* Homs offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* Fall of Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime
* Israeli invasion

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

| Syria|

| Politics of Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party

|

Military and militias|

* Syrian Armed Forces
* Syrian Resistance
* PFLP-GC
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves

Foreign support|

* US intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL (Al-Barakah
* Dokumacılar
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade, Islamic Muthanna Movement, Jaysh al-Jihad)
* Liwa al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami
* Katibah Nusantara
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade)

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (Khorasan group, Suqour al-Ezz) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room (Ansar al-Tawhid (Firqat al-Ghuraba), Hurras al-Din, Ansar al-Din Front (Harakat Sham al-Islam), Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan)
* Jaish al-Haramoun
* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (Green Battalion)
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Malhama Tactical
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham
* Ghuraba al-Sham
* Taliban (Pakistani Taliban, Imam Bukhari Jamaat)
* Fatah al-Islam
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Liwaa al-Umma)

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

Investigations/legal cases|

* Investigations
* International Commission
* Chemical weapons
* War crimes cases
* Germany
* Canada + Netherlands vs Syria

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* International recognition of the Syrian National Council
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis
* Syrian civil war in popular culture

* Category

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