TAAR6

Protein and coding gene in humans

TAAR6

Identifiers
Aliases| TAAR6, TA4, TAR4, TAR6, TRAR4, taR-4, taR-6, trace amine associated receptor 6
External IDs| OMIM: 608923; MGI: 2685074; HomoloGene: 27874; GeneCards: TAAR6; OMA:TAAR6 - orthologs
| Gene location (Human)

Chr.| Chromosome 6 (human)[1]

Band| 6q23.2| Start| 132,570,322 bp[1]
End| 132,571,359 bp[1]
| Gene location (Mouse)

Chr.| Chromosome 10 (mouse)[2]

Band| 10|10 A4| Start| 23,860,507 bp[2]
End| 23,861,544 bp[2]
| RNA expression pattern

Bgee| | Human| Mouse (ortholog)

|

| Top expressed in

* ganglionic eminence

* renal cortex

* blood

* Temporal Lobe

* Amygdala

* adrenal gland

* human kidney

| Top expressed in

* Grüneberg ganglion

* nasal septum

More reference expression data
BioGPS| |

More reference expression data
| Gene ontology

Molecular function|

* trace-amine receptor activity
* G protein-coupled receptor activity
* signal transducer activity

Cellular component|

* plasma membrane
* membrane
* integral component of membrane

Biological process|

* G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
* signal transduction

Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
| Orthologs

Species| Human| Mouse
Entrez| |

319100

215855

Ensembl| |

ENSG00000146383

ENSMUSG00000045111

UniProt| |

Q96RI8

Q5QD13

RefSeq (mRNA)| |

NM_175067

NM_001010828

RefSeq (protein)| |

NP_778237

NP_001010828

Location (UCSC)| Chr 6: 132.57 – 132.57 Mb| Chr 10: 23.86 – 23.86 Mb
PubMed search| [3]| [4]
Wikidata
| View/Edit Human| View/Edit Mouse

|

Trace amine associated receptor 6, also known as TAAR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TAAR6 gene.[5][6]

## Function

[edit]

TAAR6 belongs to the trace amine-associated receptor family. Trace amines are endogenous amine compounds that are chemically similar to classic biogenic amines like dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine. Trace amines were thought to be 'false transmitters' that displace classic biogenic amines from their storage and act on transporters in a fashion similar to the amphetamines, but the identification of brain receptors specific to trace amines indicates that they also have effects of their own.[7][8] RNA expression analysis shows hTAAR6 is expressed in the hippocampus, where murine TAAR receptors have been shown to be involved with neurogenesis.[9]

Computational modeling suggests TAAR6 can bind to the foul smelling compounds produced by rotting flesh, putrescine and cadaverine.[10]

TAAR6 mutant mice have differences in behavior compared with wild-type mice.[11] Also, they have elevated brain serotonin levels in several brain regions and enhanced hypothermic response to 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT.[12]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146383 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045111 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. ^ Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, et al. (July 2001). "Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (16): 8966–71\. doi:10.1073/pnas.151105198. PMC 55357. PMID 11459929.
6. ^ Lindemann L, Ebeling M, Kratochwil NA, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Hoener MC (March 2005). "Trace amine-associated receptors form structurally and functionally distinct subfamilies of novel G protein-coupled receptors". Genomics. 85 (3): 372–85\. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.11.010. PMID 15718104.
7. ^ Duan J, Martinez M, Sanders AR, Hou C, Saitou N, Kitano T, et al. (October 2004). "Polymorphisms in the trace amine receptor 4 (TRAR4) gene on chromosome 6q23.2 are associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (4): 624–38\. doi:10.1086/424887. PMC 1182049. PMID 15329799.
8. ^ "Entrez Gene: TAAR6 trace amine associated receptor 6".
9. ^ Katolikova NV, Vaganova AN, Efimova EV, Gainetdinov RR (June 2022). "Expression of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors in the Murine and Human Hippocampus Based on Public Transcriptomic Data". Cells. 11 (11): 1813. doi:10.3390/cells11111813. PMC 9180029. PMID 35681508.
10. ^ Izquierdo C, Gómez-Tamayo JC, Nebel JC, Pardo L, Gonzalez A (January 2018). "Identifying human diamine sensors for death related putrescine and cadaverine molecules". PLOS Computational Biology. 14 (1): e1005945. Bibcode:2018PLSCB..14E5945I. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005945. PMC 5783396. PMID 29324768.
11. ^ Kuvarzin S, Leonova E, Efimova E, Gainetdinov R (December 2019). "Identifying the function of trace amine-associated receptor 6 and its role in behavior, physiology and brain neurochemistry". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 29. Elsevier: S93. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.164. S2CID 209352329.
12. ^ Kuvarzin S, Efimova E, Gainetdinov R (December 2021). "TAAR6 mutant mice have changes in the brain serotonin levels and enhanced hypothermic response to serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 53. Elsevier: S212 – S213. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.279. S2CID 245564698.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Cao Q, Martinez M, Zhang J, Sanders AR, Badner JA, Cravchik A, et al. (July 1997). "Suggestive evidence for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q and a confirmation in an independent series of pedigrees". Genomics. 43 (1): 1–8\. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4815. PMID 9226366.
* Kaufmann CA, Suarez B, Malaspina D, Pepple J, Svrakic D, Markel PD, et al. (July 1998). "NIMH Genetics Initiative Millennium Schizophrenia Consortium: linkage analysis of African-American pedigrees". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 81 (4): 282–9\. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980710)81:4<282::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 9674972.
* Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, et al. (July 2001). "Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (16): 8966–71\. doi:10.1073/pnas.151105198. PMC 55357. PMID 11459929.
* Duan J, Martinez M, Sanders AR, Hou C, Saitou N, Kitano T, et al. (October 2004). "Polymorphisms in the trace amine receptor 4 (TRAR4) gene on chromosome 6q23.2 are associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (4): 624–38\. doi:10.1086/424887. PMC 1182049. PMID 15329799.
* Lindemann L, Ebeling M, Kratochwil NA, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Hoener MC (March 2005). "Trace amine-associated receptors form structurally and functionally distinct subfamilies of novel G protein-coupled receptors". Genomics. 85 (3): 372–85\. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.11.010. PMID 15718104.
* Amann D, Avidan N, Kanyas K, Kohn Y, Hamdan A, Ben-Asher E, et al. (February 2006). "The trace amine receptor 4 gene is not associated with schizophrenia in a sample linked to chromosome 6q23". Molecular Psychiatry. 11 (2): 119–21\. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001752. PMID 16189505. S2CID 43731573.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

* v
* t
* e

Trace amine-associated receptor modulators

TAAR1Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 1|

| Agonists|

| Endogenous|

* Monoamine neurotransmitters
* Dopamine
* Histamine
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)
* Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
* Serotonin
* Trace amines
* 3-Iodothyronamine
* 3-Methoxytyramine
* N-Methylphenethylamine
* N-Methyltyramine
* m-Octopamine
* p-Octopamine
* β-Phenethylamine
* Phenylethanolamine
* Synephrine
* Tryptamine
* m-Tyramine
* p-Tyramine
* Others
* Cyclohexylamine
* Isoamylamine
* Trimethylamine

|

Exogenous|

* 2C-B
* 2C-B-Fly
* 2C-E
* 2C-H
* 2C-P
* 2C-T-7
* A-77636
* 2-Aminoindane
* Amphetamine
* AP163
* Apomorphine
* Asenapine
* Bromocriptine
* Cathinone
* Chlorpromazine
* Clonidine
* Cyproheptadine
* Dihydroergotamine
* Dimethyltryptamine
* DOB
* DOET
* DOI
* DOM
* N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
* Ergometrine
* Fenoldopam
* Fenoterol
* 4-Fluoroamphetamine
* Guanabenz
* Guanfacine
* Halostachine
* Higenamine
* Hordenine
* 4-Hydroxyamphetamine (norpholedrine)
* Idazoxan
* 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
* Isoprenaline
* Isopropyloctopamine
* Lisuride
* LK00764
* LSD
* MDA (tenamfetamine)
* MDAI
* MDMA (midomafetamine)
* Mescaline
* Metergoline
* N-Methyl-2-AI
* 2-Methylphenethylamine
* 3-Methylphenethylamine
* 4-Methylphenethylamine
* β-Methylphenethylamine
* Methamphetamine
* MMA
* MPTP
* Naphazoline
* Nomifensine
* Norfenfluramine
* Oxymetazoline
* Phentermine
* Phentolamine
* o-PIT
* Psilocin
* Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO6889450)
* RG-7351
* RG-7410
* RO5073012
* RO5166017
* RO5203648
* RO5256390
* RO5263397
* S18616
* Selegiline (L-deprenyl)
* Solriamfetol
* Tolazoline
* Ulotaront (SEP-363856)

Antagonists|

* Compound 22
* EPPTB (RO-5212773)
* RTI-7470-44

Inverse agonists|

* EPPTB (RO-5212773)

TAAR5Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 5|

| Agonists|

* N,N-Dimethylethylamine
* Trimethylamine

|

Inverse agonists|

* 3-Iodothyronamine

Notes: (1) TAAR1 activity of ligands varies significantly between species. Some agents that are TAAR1 ligands in some species are not in other species. This navbox includes all TAAR1 ligands regardless of species. (2) See the individual pages for references, as well as the List of trace amines, TAAR, and TAAR1 pages. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators

* v
* t
* e

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin-like

| Neurotransmitter|

| Adrenergic|

* α1 (A
* B
* D)
* α2 (A
* B
* C)
* β1
* β2
* β3

|

Purinergic|

* Adenosine (A1
* A2A
* A2B
* A3)
* P2Y (1
* 2
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14)

Serotonin|

* (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A
* B
* D
* E
* F)
* 5-HT2 (A
* B
* C)
* 5-HT (4
* 5A
* 6
* 7)

Other|

* Acetylcholine (M1
* M2
* M3
* M4
* M5)
* Dopamine
* D1
* D2
* D3
* D4
* D5
* GHB receptor
* Histamine
* H1
* H2
* H3
* H4
* Melatonin (1A
* 1B
* 1C)
* TAAR (1
* 2
* 5
* 6
* 8
* 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules|

| Eicosanoid|

* CysLT (1
* 2)
* LTB4
* 1
* 2
* FPRL1
* OXE
* Prostaglandin
* DP (1
* 2), EP (1
* 2
* 3
* 4), FP
* Prostacyclin
* Thromboxane

|

Other|

* Bile acid
* Cannabinoid (CB1
* CB2, GPR (18
* 55
* 119))
* EBI2
* Estrogen
* Free fatty acid (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)
* Hydroxycarboxylic acids
* 1
* 2
* 3
* Lysophosphatidic acid (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6)
* Lysophospholipid (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8)
* Oxoglutarate
* PAF
* Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5)
* Succinate

Peptide|

| Neuropeptide|

* B/W (1
* 2)
* FF (1
* 2)
* S
* Y (1
* 2
* 4
* 5)
* Neuromedin (B
* U (1
* 2))
* Neurotensin (1
* 2)

|

Other|

* Anaphylatoxin (C3a
* C5a (1
* 2))
* Angiotensin (1
* 2)
* Apelin
* Bombesin
* BRS3
* GRPR
* NMBR)
* Bradykinin (B1
* B2)
* Chemokine
* Cholecystokinin (A
* B)
* Endothelin
* A
* B
* Formyl peptide (1
* 2
* 3)
* FSH
* Galanin (1
* 2
* 3)
* Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1
* 2)
* Ghrelin
* Kisspeptin
* Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
* MAS (1
* 1L
* D
* E
* F
* G
* X1
* X2
* X3
* X4)
* Melanocortin (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5)
* MCHR (1
* 2)
* Motilin
* Opioid (Delta
* Kappa
* Mu
* Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)
* Orexin (1
* 2)
* Oxytocin
* Prokineticin (1
* 2)
* Prolactin-releasing peptide
* Relaxin (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)
* Somatostatin (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5)
* Tachykinin (1
* 2
* 3)
* Thyrotropin
* Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
* Urotensin-II
* Vasopressin (1A
* 1B
* 2)

Miscellaneous|

| Taste, bitter|

* TAS2R
* 1
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 13
* 14
* 16
* 19
* 20
* 30
* 31
* 38
* 39
* 40
* 41
* 42
* 43
* 45
* 46
* 50
* 60
* Vomeronasal receptor type 1

|

Orphan|

* GPR (1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* 12
* 15
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 34
* 35
* 37
* 39
* 42
* 44
* 45
* 50
* 52
* 55
* 61
* 62
* 63
* 65
* 68
* 75
* 78
* 81
* 82
* 83
* 84
* 85
* 87
* 88
* 92
* 101
* 103
* 109A
* 109B
* 119
* 120
* 132
* 135
* 137B
* 139
* 141
* 142
* 146
* 148
* 149
* 150
* 151
* 152
* 153
* 160
* 161
* 162
* 171
* 173
* 174
* 176
* 177
* 182
* 183)

Other|

* Adrenomedullin
* Olfactory
* Opsin (3
* 4
* 5
* 1LW
* 1MW
* 1SW
* RGR
* RRH)
* Protease-activated (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)
* SREB (1
* 2
* 3)

Class B: Secretin-like

| Adhesion|

* ADGRB
* Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
* 1
* 2
* 3
* ADGRC
* Cadherin
* 1
* 2
* 3
* ADGRE
* EMR
* 1
* 2
* 3
* CD97
* ADGRG
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* ADGRL
* Latrophilin
* 1
* 2
* 3
* ELTD1

|

Orphan|

* GPR (56
* 64
* 97
* 98
* 110
* 111
* 112
* 113
* 114
* 115
* 116
* 123
* 124
* 125
* 126
* 128
* 133
* 143
* 144
* 155
* 157)

Other|

* Calcitonin
* CALCRL
* Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1
* 2)
* Glucagon (GR
* GIPR
* GLP1R
* GLP2R)
* Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
* PACAPR1
* GPR
* Methuselah-like proteins
* Parathyroid hormone (1
* 2)
* Secretin
* Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1
* 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

| Taste, sweet|

* TAS1R
* 1
* 2
* 3
* Vomeronasal receptor, type 2

|

Other|

* Calcium-sensing receptor
* GABAB (1
* 2)
* Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8))
* GPRC6A
* GPR (156
* 158
* 179)
* RAIG (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)

Class F: Frizzled & Smoothened

| Frizzled|

* Frizzled (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10)

|

Smoothened|

* Smoothened

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* v
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*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[TAAR1]: Trace amine-associated receptor 1
*[TAAR5]: Trace amine-associated receptor 5