Tairō

High-ranking position within the Tokugawa Shogunate

Tairō (Japanese: 大老, "great elder")[1] was a high-ranking official position in the Tokugawa shogunate government of Japan, roughly comparable to the office of prime minister.[2] The tairō presided over the governing rōjū council in the event of an emergency. A tairō was nominated from among the fudai daimyōs, who worked closely with the Tokugawa traditionally.[3] Generally, the office holder was the shogunate's chief policymaker, and provided Japan with a capable temporary leader in the absence of a shōgun, or in the event that the shōgun was incapacitated.

## List of tairō

[edit]

Name  | From  | To  | Shogun

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Sakai Tadayo[4] | March 12, 1636  | March 19, 1636  | Tokugawa Iemitsu
Doi Toshikatsu[4] | November 7, 1638  | July 10, 1644  | Tokugawa Iemitsu
Sakai Tadakatsu[4] | November 7, 1638  | May 26, 1656  | Tokugawa Iemitsu
Tokugawa Ietsuna
Sakai Tadakiyo[5] | March 29, 1666  | December 9, 1680  | Tokugawa Ietsuna
Ii Naozumi | November 19, 1668  | January 3, 1676  | Tokugawa Ietsuna
Hotta Masatoshi[6] | November 12, 1681  | August 28, 1684  | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Ii Naooki | June 13, 1696  | March 2, 1700  | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu[7] | January 11, 1706  | June 3, 1709  | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Ii Naooki | February 13, 1711  | February 23, 1714  | Tokugawa Ienobu
Tokugawa Ietsugu
Ii Naoyuki | November 28, 1784  | September 1, 1787  | Tokugawa Ieharu
Tokugawa Ienari
Ii Naoaki | December 28, 1835  | May 13, 1841  | Tokugawa Ienari
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Ii Naosuke[8] | April 23, 1858  | March 24, 1860  | Tokugawa Iesada
Tokugawa Iemochi
Sakai Tadashige | February 1, 1865  | November 12, 1865  | Tokugawa Iemochi

## See also

[edit]

* The Five Tairō

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Deal, William E. (2007). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533126-4.
2. ^ Shiba, Ryotaro; Hori, Tadashi (1986). "Japanese History: From a Personal Viewpoint". Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 1 (1): 40–45\. ISSN 0913-4700. JSTOR 42800063.
3. ^ Reiko, Tanimura (2013). "Tea of the warrior in the late Tokugawa period". In Pitelka, Morgan (ed.). Japanese Tea Culture. doi:10.4324/9781315888071. ISBN 9781134535316.
4. ^ a b c Sansom, George. (1963). A History of Japan: 1615–1867, p. 22., p. 22, at Google Books
5. ^ Sansom, p. 63., p. 63, at Google Books
6. ^ Sansom, p. 131–132., p. 131, at Google Books
7. ^ Sansom, p. 137., p. 137, at Google Books
8. ^ Cullen, Louis. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941, p. 180–186.

## References

[edit]

* Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521821551; ISBN 9780521529181; OCLC 442929163
* Sansom, George Bailey. (1963). A History of Japan: 1615-1867. Stanford: Stanford University Press. OCLC 36820228

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Tokugawa bureaucracy organization chart

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ōmetsuke| | | | | | |

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Metsuke| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | Rōjū| | | | | | | | | | | | Jisha-bugyō| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Tairō| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | Rōjū-kaku| | | | | Edo machi-bugyō| | | | Kita-machi-bugyō| | | |
| | | |
| Shōgun| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Sobayōnin| | | | | Gaikoku-bugyō| | | | | Minami-machi-bugyō| |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Wakadoshiyori| | | | | Gunkan-bugyō| | | | | Honjo machi-bugyō| | | |
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| | | | | | Daimyō| | | | | | | | | Gusoku-bugyō| | | | | | | |

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hakodate bugyō| | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Haneda bugyō| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gundai| | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hyōgo bugyō| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Daikan| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kanagawa bugyō| | | | | | | | | | | Kinza (gold monopoly)| | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kane-bugyō| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kanjō bugyō| | | | | | | | | | | Ginza (silver monopoly)| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kura-bugyō| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kinzan-bugyō| | | | | | | | | | Dōza (copper monopoly)| | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kyoto shoshidai| | | | Kyoto machi-bugyō| | | | Shuza (cinnabar monopoly)| | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nagasaki bugyō| | | | | Fushimi bugyō| | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Niigata bugyō| | | | | Nara bugyō| | | | | | |

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nikkō bugyō| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Osaka machi-bugyō| | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Osaka jōdai| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sakai bugyō| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rōya-bugyō| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sado bugyō| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sakuji-bugyō| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Shimada bugyō| | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sunpu jōdai| | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uraga bugyō| | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yamada bugyō| | | | | | |
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Notes

This bureaucracy evolved in an ad hoc manner, responding to perceived needs.

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Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate

Shōgun|

* Ieyasu (1603–1605)
* Hidetada (1605–1623)
* Iemitsu (1623–1651)
* Ietsuna (1651–1680)
* Tsunayoshi (1680–1709)
* Ienobu (1709–1712)
* Ietsugu (1713–1716)
* Yoshimune (1716–1745)
* Ieshige (1745–1760)
* Ieharu (1760–1786)
* Ienari (1787–1837)
* Ieyoshi (1837–1853)
* Iesada (1853–1858)
* Iemochi (1858–1866)
* Yoshinobu (1867–1868)

Tairō|

* Sakai Tadayo (1636)
* Doi Toshikatsu (1638–1644)
* Sakai Tadakatsu (1638–1656)
* Sakai Tadakiyo (1666–1680)
* Ii Naozumi (1668–1676)
* Hotta Masatoshi (1681–1684)
* Ii Naooki (1696–1700, 1711–1714)
* Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu (1706–1709)
* Ii Naoyuki (1784–1787)
* Ii Naoaki (1835–1841)
* Ii Naosuke (1858–1860)
* Sakai Tadashige (1865)

Rōjū|

* Ōkubo Tadachika (1593–1614)
* Ōkubo Nagayasu (1600–1613)
* Honda Masanobu (1600–1615)
* Naruse Masanari (1600–1616)
* Andō Naotsugu (1600–1616)
* Honda Masazumi (1600–1622)
* Naitō Kiyonari (1601–1606)
* Aoyama Tadanari (1601–1606)
* Aoyama Narishige (1608–1613)
* Sakai Tadatoshi (1609–1627)
* Sakai Tadayo (1610–1634)
* Doi Toshikatsu (1610–1638)
* Andō Shigenobu (1611–1621)
* Naitō Kiyotsugu (1616–1617)
* Aoyama Tadatoshi (1616–1623)
* Inoue Masanari (1617–1628)
* Nagai Naomasa (1622–1633)
* Abe Masatsugu (1623–1626)
* Inaba Masakatsu (1623–1634)
* Naitō Tadashige (1623–1633)
* Sakai Tadakatsu (1624–1638)
* Morikawa Shigetoshi (1628–1632)
* Aoyama Yukinari (1628–1633)
* Matsudaira Nobutsuna (1632–1662)
* Abe Tadaaki (1633–1666)
* Hotta Masamori (1635–1651)
* Abe Shigetsugu (1638–1651)
* Matsudaira Norinaga (1642–1654)
* Sakai Tadakiyo (1653–1666)
* Inaba Masanori (1657–1681)
* Kuze Hiroyuki (1663–1679)
* Itakura Shigenori (1665–1668, 1670–1673)
* Tsuchiya Kazunao (1665–1679)
* Abe Masayoshi (1673–1676)
* Ōkubo Tadatomo (1677–1698)
* Hotta Masatoshi (1679–1681)
* Doi Toshifusa (1679–1681)
* Itakura Shigetane (1680–1681)
* Toda Tadamasa (1681–1699)
* Abe Masatake (1681–1704)
* Matsudaira Nobuyuki (1685–1686)
* Tsuchiya Masanao (1687–1718)
* Ogasawara Nagashige (1697–1705, 1709–1710)
* Akimoto Takatomo (1699–1707)
* Inaba Masamichi (1701–1707)
* Honda Masanaga (1704–1711)
* Ōkubo Tadamasu (1705–1713)
* Inoue Masamine (1705–1722)
* Abe Masataka (1711–1717)
* Kuze Shigeyuki (1713–1720)
* Matsudaira Nobutsune (1714–1716)
* Toda Tadazane (1714–1729)
* Mizuno Tadayuki (1717–1730)
* Andō Nobutomo (1722–1732)
* Matsudaira Norisato (1723–1745)
* Matsudaira Tadachika (1724–1728)
* Ōkubo Tsuneharu (1728)
* Sakai Tadaoto (1728–1735)
* Matsudaira Nobutoki (1730–1744)
* Matsudaira Terusada (1730–1745)
* Kuroda Naokuni (1732–1735)
* Honda Tadanaga (1734–1746)
* Toki Yoritoshi (1742–1744)
* Sakai Tadazumi (1744–1749)
* Matsudaira Norikata (1745–1746)
* Hotta Masasuke (1745–1761)
* Nishio Tadanao (1746–1760)
* Honda Masayoshi (1746–1758)
* Matsudaira Takechika (1746–1779)
* Sakai Tadayori (1749–1764)
* Matsudaira Terutaka (1758–1781)
* Inoue Masatsune (1760–1763)
* Akimoto Sumitomo (1747–1764, 1765–1767)
* Abe Masahiro (1837-1857)
* Doi Toshitsura (1838–1844)
* Inoue Masaharu (1840–1843)
* Andō Nobumasa (1860–1862)
* Itakura Katsukiyo (1862–1864, 1865–1868)
* Inoue Masanao (1862–1864)
* Mizuno Tadakiyo (1862–1866)
* Sakai Tadashige (1863–1864)
* Arima Michizumi (1863–1864)
* Makino Tadayuki (1863–1865)
* Matsumae Takahiro (1864–1865)
* Abe Masato (1864–1865)
* Suwa Tadamasa (1864–1865)
* Inaba Masakuni (1864–1865, 1866–1868)
* Matsudaira Munehide (1864–1866)
* Inoue Masanao (1865–1867)
* Matsudaira Yasuhide (1865–1868)
* Mizuno Tadanobu (1866)
* Matsudaira Norikata (1866–1868)
* Inaba Masami (1866–1868)
* Matsudaira Sadaaki (1867)
* Ōkōchi Masatada (1867–1868)
* Sakai Tadatō (1867–1868)
* Tachibana Taneyuki (1868)

Wakadoshiyori|

* Nagai Naoyuki (1867–1868)

Kyoto shoshidai|

* Okudaira Nobumasa (1600–1601)
* Itakura Katsushige (1601–1619)
* Makino Chikashige (1654–1668)
* Itakura Shigenori (1668–1670)
* Nagai Naotsune (1670–1678)
* Toda Tadamasa (1678–1681)
* Inaba Masamichi (1681–1685)
* Tsuchiya Masanao (1685–1687)
* Naitō Shigeyori (1687–1690)
* Matsudaira Nobuoki (1690–1691)
* Ogasawara Nagashige (1691–1697)
* Matsudaira Nobutsune (1697–1714)
* Mizuno Tadayuki (1714–1717)
* Matsudaira Tadachika(1717–1724)
* Makino Hideshige (1724–1734)
* Toki Yoritoshi {1734–1742)
* Makino Sadamichi (1742–1749)
* Matsudaira Sukekuni (1749–1752)
* Sakai Tadamochi (1752–1756)
* Matsudaira Terutaka(1756–1758)
* Inoue Masatsune (1758–1760)
* Abe Masasuke (1760–1764)
* Abe Masachika (1764–1768)
* Doi Toshisato (1769–1777)
* Kuze Hiroakira (1777–1781)
* Makino Sadanaga (1781–1784)
* Toda Tadatō (1784–1789)
* Ōta Sukeyoshi (1789–1782)
* Hotta Masanari (1792–1798)
* Makino Tadakiyo (1798–1801)
* Doi Toshiatsu (1801–1802)
* Aoyama Tadayasu (1802–1804)
* Inaba Masanobu (1804–1806)
* Abe Masayoshi (1806–1808)
* Sakai Tadayuki (1808–1815)
* Ōkubo Tadazane (1815–1818)
* Matsudaira Norihiro (1818–1823)
* Naitō Nobuatsu (1823–1825)
* Matsudaira Yasutō (1825–1826)
* Mizuno Tadakuni (1826–1828)
* Matsudaira Muneakira (1828–1832)
* Ōta Sukemoto (1832–1834)
* Matsudaira Nobuyori (1834–1837)
* Doi Toshitsura (1837–1838)
* Manabe Akikatsu (1838–1840)
* Makino Tadamasa (1840–1843)
* Sakai Tadaaki (1843–1850)
* Naitō Nobuchika (1850–1851)
* Wakisaka Yasuori (1851–1857)
* Honda Tadamoto (1857–1858)
* Sakai Tadaaki (1858–1862)
* Matsudaira Munehide (1862)
* Makino Tadayuki (1862–1863)
* Inaba Masakuni (1863–1864)
* Matsudaira Sadaaki (1864–1867)

Bugyō|

* Bugu-bugyō (post-1863)
* Edo machi-bugyō
* Fushimi bugyō
* Gaikoku-bugyō (post-1858)
* Gunkan-bugyō (post-1859)
* Gusoku-bugyō
* Hakodate bugyō
* Haneda bugyō (post-1853)
* Hyōgo bugyō (post-1864)
* Jisha-bugyō
* Kanagawa bugyō (post-1859)
* Kanjō-bugyō (post-1787)
* Kinzan-bugyō
* Kyoto machi-bugyō
* Nara bugyō
* Machi-bugyō
* Nagasaki bugyō
* Niigata bugyō
* Nikkō bugyō
* Osaka jōdai
* Osaka machi-bugyō
* Rōya-bugyō
* Sado bugyō
* Sakai bugyō
* Sakuji-bugyō (post-1632)
* Shimoda bugyō
* Sunpu jōdai
* Uraga bugyō
* Yamada bugyō

Ōmetsuke|

* Yagyū Munenori (1632–1636)
* Mizuno Morinobu (1632–1636)
* Akiyama Masashige 1632–1640)
* Inoue Masashige (1632–1658)
* Kagazume Tadazumi (1640–1650)
* Nakane Masamori (1650)
* Hōjō Ujinaga (1655–1670)
* Ōoka Tadatane (1670)
* Nakayama Naomori (1684)
* Sengoku Hisanao (1695–1719)
* Shōda Yasutoshi (1699–1701)
* Sakakibara Tadayuki (1836–1837)
* Atobe Yoshisuke (1839–1841, 1855–1856)
* Tōyama Kagemoto (1844)
* Ido Hiromichi 1853–1855)
* Tsutsui Masanori (1854–1857)
* Ōkubo Tadahiro (1862)
* Matsudaira Yasuhide (1864)
* Nagai Naoyuki (1864–1865, 1865–1867)
* Yamaoka Takayuki (1868)
* Oda Nobushige (1868)

Kyoto Shugoshoku|

* Matsudaira Katamori (1862–1864)
* Matsudaira Yoshinaga (1864)
* Matsudaira Katamori (1864–1867)

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