Taiwan–European Union relations

This article is about relations between the Republic of China and the European Union. For relations between the People's Republic of China and the European Union, see China–European Union relations.

Bilateral relations

European Union–Taiwan relations

European Union |
Taiwan
Diplomatic mission
European Economic and Trade Office| Taipei Representative Office in Brussels
Envoy
Head of Office Filip Tadeusz Grzegorzewski| Representative Remus Li-Kuo Chen [zh]

Taiwan–European Union relations refers to the international relations between Taiwan (officially known as the Republic of China), and the European Union (EU).

Both the EU and Taiwan (ROC) are informed by their shared democratic tradition and close high-tech economic ties.[1] While historically economic relations have been significant, they were often overshadowed by the EU's relations with larger trading partners like Japan and the US. More recently, relations with Taiwan have been overshadowed by booming economic opportunities in China.[2]

The EU manages the European Economic and Trade Office in Taipei, while the ROC operates the Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium in Brussels.

## History

[edit]

Further information: China–United Kingdom relations, China–France relations, and China–Germany relations

Prior to the existence of the European Community, many European states had relations with the Ming dynasty as early as the 16th century. The most important relationship, apart from Britain-China connected China with France and Germany.[citation needed] Many states had diplomatic relations with the Empire of Japan which held Taiwan from 1895 to 1945.[citation needed]

Relations are complicated by the fact that, pursuant to the One-China policy, all EU member states recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the sole sovereign state under the name 'China'.[3]

### 2000s

[edit]

In 2001, the EU Commission referred Taiwan as a "separate customs territory, but not as a sovereign state", highlighting the role of Taiwan as autonomous economic entity for the purposes of the establishment of relations with the European Union.[4]

In 2009 there were more than 30,000 Taiwanese students studying in Europe. Also in 2009 the EU opened a European Union Centre in Taiwan.[5]

### 2010s

[edit]

Filip Grzegorzewski took over as the chief of the European Economic and Trade Office (EETO) in Taiwan in September 2019.[6]

### 2020s

[edit]

In April 2020 European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen tweeted her appreciation for Taiwan's donation of 5.6 million masks to EU countries to help fight the COVID-19 outbreak.[7]

In December 2020 European Parliament vice president Nicola Beer announced her intention to visit Taiwan as soon as the global COVID-19 pandemic allowed.[8]

In November 2021 a European Parliament delegation composed of members of the Special Committee on Foreign Interference and Disinformation (INGE) visited Taiwan.[9]

In January 2021, the European Parliament passed two Taiwan related resolutions. Within, the EU Parliament affirmed that "the Union will remain vigilant regarding the situation in Taiwan and the upgrading of political and trade relations between the EU and the Republic of China (Taiwan)". The Parliament called "for the EU and its Member States to revisit their engagement policy with Taiwan." In addition, the EU Parliament here advocated Taiwan's continued and increased participation in international organizations. It also acknowledged and criticized the increased military provocation by the People's Republic of China in and around Taiwanese territory. The EU Parliament called for the status quo of Taiwan's de facto independence not to be changed unilaterally. In this context, the resolution also included a warning "against Chinese efforts towards stronger power projection in the region."[10][11]

In September 2021, MEPs from the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs prepared a report vowing for closer relations and a stronger partnership vis-à-vis Taiwan, while hailing Taiwan as a key EU partner and showing grave concern for Chinese military pressure waged against the island.[12]

In July 2022, the new EU ambassador to China Jorge Toledo Albiñana said that the EU does not support Taiwan independence, but “peaceful reunification”, adding: “We believe that there should be only one China, but in the event of a military invasion we have made it very clear that the EU, with the United States and its allies, will impose similar or even greater measures than we have now taken against Russia.”[13][14]

In June 2023 a delegation of seven members of the European Parliament headed by Rasa Juknevičienė visited Taiwan and met with leaders including President Tsai.[15]

In November 2024, Lai Ching-te called for an economic partnership agreement with the EU, highlighting the potential for enhanced cooperation in semiconductors and other sectors like AI. While the EU has not committed to signing a formal agreement with Taiwan, it continues to recognize Taiwan as a trusted partner, particularly in the areas of economic security and trade.[16]

## Economic relations

[edit]

Over the last two decades, and especially during the presidency of Tsai Ing-wen, EU-Taiwan economic relations have been deepened considerably.[17]

In 2003, the “European Economic and Trade Office” (EETO) was opened by the European Commission in Taipei with the goal to promote economic relations and improve bilateral trade and investment with Taiwan.[18]

One of the most important steps in the development of the economic relations between Taiwan and the EU was the inclusion of Taiwan in the European Commission's trade and investment strategy “Trade for All” as part of its Asia-Pacific strategy in October 2015,[19] in which the EU announced that it “will explore launching negotiations on investment with Taiwan”.[20]

The EETO put in place several initiatives to further business collaboration with Taiwan such as the EU Investment Forum held annually since 2019 that allows Taiwanese enterprises to discover new investment opportunities in the EU and the EU-financed European Business and Regulatory Cooperation (EBRC) program created in 2014 specifically for Taiwan with the aim of enhancing regulatory cooperation between the EU and Taiwan by funding multiple trade-related events and projects in Taiwan intending to facilitate regulatory coherence and business collaboration.[21][22][23]

Over the past several years, the EU and Taiwan have set up several dialogue platforms in order to deepen and enhance cooperation in economy, trade and industrial investment, with the most important ones being the Trade and Investment Dialogue (TID) which has been regularly held since 2021 and the Industrial Policy Dialogue (IPD) which has been held annually since 2015.[24]

Since 1981 there have been annual trade consultations which were upgraded to the Trade and Investment Dialogue in 2021. The Trade and Investment Dialogue had always been co-chaired by the Deputy Minister of Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs and by the Deputy Director-General of the European Commission’s Trade Department until it was upgraded to the ministerial and director-general level in June 2022, demonstrating both the ambition of both sides to strengthen and deepen their economic relations and the growing importance of EU-Taiwan relations.[24][25] In April 2023, during the second dialogue that was held on the minister and director-general level, the main topics of discussion were strategic cooperation and security-related aspects of trade and investment, offshore wind, agri-food and digital trade facilitation measures.[26][27]

The EU-Taiwan Industrial Policy Dialogue was created to facilitate and enhance exchanges on industrial policies and to strengthen industrial cooperation. Another important step in the enhancement of industrial collaboration was the signing by Taiwan and the EU in 2018 of the EU-Taiwan Industrial Cooperation Agreement with the objective to further cooperation between small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In 2023, the main topics of the 9th EU-Taiwan Industrial Dialogue included robotics, research and development collaboration, industrial policy and supply chain resilience.[24]

Apart from these two EU-Taiwan economic cooperation platforms, the European Commission also regularly holds the European Innovation Week in Taiwan to improve and promote cooperation between European and Taiwanese enterprises, industrial clusters as well as scientific institutions.[28]

Moreover, over the recent years, due to Taiwan’s excellence in high-tech fields, it is becoming a major hub for European high-tech companies and an ever more vital economic partner for the EU.[29] The EU and Taiwan have developed a growing cooperation in technology sectors such as 5G and semiconductors.[30] The EU is trying to intensify its cooperation with Taiwan especially in the semiconductor industry due to Taiwan’s pivotal role in the global semiconductor supply chain as the main manufacturer of semiconductors in the world (Taiwan produces 60 percent of the world’s semiconductors and approximately 90 percent of the most advanced ones).[31][29][32][33][34][35] Recognizing the strategic importance of economic and trade relations with Taiwan as it occupies an important place in global supply chains, the EU wishes to improve supply chain coordination and cooperation with Taiwan and to establish more resilient supply chains.[36][35]

Taiwan’s President Lai Ching-te attended the 2024 EU Investment Forum held on November 18 in Taipei, underlining the growing importance of Taiwan-EU economic cooperation. He stated that Taiwan will work to further expand economic cooperation with the EU and pointed out the potential of establishing an institutional basis for further cooperation through the signing of an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Taiwan and the EU, namely in enhancing cooperation in semiconductors, AI, digital technology, environmental protection and green energy as well as in establishing more resilient and secure global supply chains.[37][38][39]

### Bilateral trade

[edit]

Over the last decade, bilateral trade between Taiwan and the EU has grown significantly. Between 2020 and 2023, bilateral trade between the EU and Taiwan has increased by 42 percent.[40] In 2023, Taiwan was the EU’s 13th biggest trading partner in the world and its 5th largest trading partner in Asia in terms of bilateral trade in goods while the EU was Taiwan’s 4th biggest trading partner after China, the USA and Japan.[41][26] In 2023, Taiwan’s trade in goods with the EU amounted to €77.7 billion, with EU exports to Taiwan totaling €30.5 billion (making the EU Taiwan’s 4th largest import partner) and EU imports from Taiwan reaching €47.8 billion (making the EU Taiwan’s 3rd biggest export partner) which resulted in a trade deficit of €17.3 billion with Taiwan.[41][26][42]

The main exporting goods from Taiwan to the EU consist of information and communication technology products such as integrated circuits which made up 23% of total EU imports from Taiwan in 2023, computers and parts thereof accounting for 21% of total EU imports and telecommunication equipment of which phones made up 7% of total EU imports.[41][26] The most important exporting items from the EU to Taiwan are semiconductor processing equipment which made up 21% of total EU goods exports in 2023, vehicles (12%), integrated circuits (10%) and pharmaceuticals (6%).[41][26]

### Bilateral investment

[edit]

Bilateral investment between Taiwan and the EU has steadily grown in importance since the mid-twentieth century. Between 1952 and 2023, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from the EU to Taiwan totaled €53 billion, which led to the EU nowadays being Taiwan’s most important foreign investor, while Taiwan’s FDI to the EU amounted to €12.5 billion.[43][41]

During the presidency of Tsai Ing-wen (2016-2024), Taiwan's investment in the EU has increased significantly by multiplying tenfold and thus amounting to around €10 billion while the EU's investment in Taiwan reached around €30 billion.[41] In 2023, EU companies have invested €2.91 billion in Taiwan,[43][41] while Taiwanese enterprises have invested around €4.6 billion in the EU so that Taiwan’s total investment in the EU has increased by 750 percent compared to the previous year.[40][38][39] Investments were primarily made in high-tech industry, the manufacturing of electronic components and in the sectors of energy, of finance and insurance, of wholesale and retail and of information and communications.[42][40]

Over the last years, Taiwan has repeatedly emphasized the need for a formalization of its economic cooperation with the EU through a Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA) and the European Parliament has passed over 10 resolutions in favor of a BIA,[41] however, according to the European Commission, such a formal bilateral trade and investment agreement is not necessary as the Commission considers the already existing commercial conditions as being sufficient to guarantee stable relations.[44] It seems that the European Union has adopted a cautious approach in respect of its official position in order to avoid possible negative repercussions on its economic relations with China such as potential trade sanctions.[44]

## Security cooperation

[edit]

In 2011 and 2012 Taiwan worked with the EU's Naval Force in Operation Atalanta to counter piracy off the coast of Somalia. Since then exchanges and information sharing has continued, between 2011 and 2015 EU anti-piracy officials made five visits to Taiwan.[45]

Cybersecurity is a field of strategic cooperation between the EU and Taiwan with both facing a significant cyber threat from the People's Republic of China.[9]

## Representation

[edit]

In December 2021 the EU representative office in Taiwan launched a series of short cooking movies on YouTube called "Taste of Europe" to introduce regional European cuisine to Taiwanese citizens.[46]

## See also

[edit]

* France–Taiwan relations
* Germany–Taiwan relations
* Lithuania–Taiwan relations

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Dekker, Brigitte. "WHY THE EU SHOULD PAY MORE ATTENTION TO TAIWAN". www.clingendael.org. Clingendael. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
2. ^ Ash, Robert (March 2002). "Economic Relations between Taiwan and Europe". The China Quarterly. 169 (169): 154–180. doi:10.1017/S0009443902000104. JSTOR 4618710.
3. ^ Lim & Winkler 2012, p. 170.
4. ^ Lim, Paul; Winkler, Sigrid (2012). "The European Union's Relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan)". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.). European Perspectives on Taiwan. Springer VS. p. 179\. doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94303-9. ISBN 978-3-531-18580-4.
5. ^ Peter Cramer, N. "Why Taiwan-EU relations are improving". www.europeanbusinessreview.eu. European Business Review. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
6. ^ Hou, Elaine; Hsin-Yin, Lee. "EU envoy looking to attract more Taiwan investment to Europe". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
7. ^ Hutt, David. "Taiwan sees doors open in Europe as virus response earns respect". asia.nikkei.com. Nikkei Asia Review. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
8. ^ Wang, Flor; Pei-chun, Tang. "European Parliament vice president hoping to visit Taiwan". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
9. ^ a b LIU, Diana. "As EU-Taiwan ties deepen, cybersecurity is front and centre". france24.com. France 24. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
10. ^ European Parliament. "European Parliament resolution of 15 January 2020 on the implementation of the common security and defence policy – annual report (2019/2135(INI))". www.europarl.europa.eu. European Parliament. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
11. ^ European Parliament. "European Parliament resolution of 20 January 2021 on the implementation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy – annual report 2020 (2020/2206(INI))". www.europarl.europa.eu. European Parliament. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
12. ^ "EU-Taiwan relations: MEPs push for stronger partnership". eureporter. 2 September 2021.
13. ^ "Incoming EU Ambassador to China says Europe supports "peaceful unification"". RTI Radio Taiwan International. 19 July 2022.
14. ^ "Jorge Toledo: "Necesitamos a China para gobernar el mundo"". La Vanguardia. July 17, 2022. "La UE no defiende la independencia de Taiwán, sino la reunificación pacífica. Creemos que debe haber una sola China, pero en caso de una invasión militar hemos dejado muy claro que la UE, con Estados Unidos y sus aliados, impondremos medidas semejantes o incluso mayores a las que hemos tomado ahora contra Rusia."
15. ^ Pei-ju, Teng. "Visiting EU parliamentarians meet with President Tsai". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
16. ^ "Chip powerhouse Taiwan calls for economic partnership deal with EU". 17 November 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
17. ^ Chu, Peter (Hung-Yao) (2024). "Taiwan's Strategic Importance for the EU. A New Era (2016-2024)" (PDF). AIES Focus. 8: 2. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
18. ^ Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium (2016). Trade and Investment Relations between Taiwan and the EU (PDF). pp. 8–9. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
19. ^ Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium (24 July 2024). "Relations with the EU, Belgium and Luxembourg". Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
20. ^ European Commission (2015). Trade for all. Towards a more responsible trade and investment policy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 31. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
21. ^ European Economic and Trade Office (2023). EU-Taiwan Relations 2023 (PDF). Taipei: European Economic and Trade Office. pp. 3, 5. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
22. ^ European Economic and Trade Office in Taiwan (26 July 2021). "The European Union and Taiwan. An overview of the bilateral relations between the EU and Taiwan". European Economic and Trade Office in Taiwan. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
23. ^ Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium (2016). Trade and Investment Relations between Taiwan and the EU (PDF). Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium. pp. 8, 9. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
24. ^ a b c Chu, Peter (Hung-Yao) (2024). "Taiwan's Strategic Importance for the EU. A New Era (2016-2024)" (PDF). AIES Focus. 8: 3. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
25. ^ International Trade Administration (MOEA) (28 June 2024). "Taiwan and EU upgrade the level of Trade and Investment Dialogue". International Trade Administration. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
26. ^ a b c d e Directorate-General for Trade (21 May 2024). "Taiwan. EU trade relations with Taiwan. Facts, figures and latest developments". European Commission. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
27. ^ Directorate-General for Trade (28 April 2023). "EU and Taiwan hold second Trade and Investment Dialogue". European Commission. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
28. ^ Chu, Peter (Hung-Yao) (2024). "Taiwan's Strategic Importance for the EU. A New Era (2016-2024)" (PDF). AIES Focus. 8: 3–4. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
29. ^ a b Ferenczy, Zsuzsa Anna (2024). EU-Taiwan Ties in a New Reality: Time for an Upgrade (PDF). Brussels: Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. p. 1. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
30. ^ Chu, Peter (Hung-Yao) (2024). "Taiwan's Strategic Importance for the EU. A New Era (2016-2024)" (PDF). AIES Focus. 8: 4. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
31. ^ Chu, Peter (Hung-Yao). "Taiwan's Strategic Importance for the EU. A New Era (2016-2024)" (PDF). AIES Focus. 8: 4, 7. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
32. ^ Grano, Simona A. (2024). "Taiwan's Growing Importance for Europe". In Swanström, Niklas; Börjesson, Agust; Chen, Yi-Chieh (eds.). Why Taiwan Matters to Europe (PDF). Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy. pp. 13–16, here 14. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
33. ^ Yang, San-Yi (2024). "Why Taiwan is Important to Europe". In Swanström, Niklas; Börjesson, Agust; Chen, Yi-Chieh (eds.). Why Taiwan Matters to Europe (PDF). Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy. pp. 17–20, here 18. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
34. ^ Luszczykiewicz, Antonina; Mendis, Patrick (2024). "In Search of Political Clarity: The Evolving European Union's "Muddling Through" Policy Towards Taiwan"". In Swanström, Niklas; Börjesson, Agust; Chen, Yi-Chieh (eds.). Why Taiwan Matters to Europe (PDF). Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy. pp. 26–29, here 27. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
35. ^ a b European Economic and Trade Office (2023). EU-Taiwan Relations 2023 (PDF). Taipei: European Economic and Trade Office. p. 3. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
36. ^ Chu, Peter (Hung-Yao) (2024). "Taiwan's Strategic Importance for the EU. A New Era (2016-2024)" (PDF). AIES Focus. 8: 7. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
37. ^ Hsu, Phoebe (27 November 2024). "2024 Investment Forum". European Cluster Collaboration Platform. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
38. ^ a b Office of the President (Taiwan) (18 November 2024). "President Lai attends 2024 EU Investment Forum". Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
39. ^ a b Taiwan Today (19 November 2024). "President Lai addresses EU investment forum in Taipei". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 30 November 2024.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
40. ^ a b c Hsiao, Alison (13 June 2024). "Taiwan-EU relations 'at all-time high': President Lai". Focus Taiwan. CNA English News. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
41. ^ a b c d e f g h Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium (2 May 2024). "Economic Relations between Taiwan and the EU". Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
42. ^ a b International Trade Administration (MOEA) (22 August 2024). "Taiwan-EU Economic Relations". International Trade Administration. Retrieved 28 November 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
43. ^ a b Chu, Peter (Hung-Yao) (2024). "Taiwan's Strategic Importance for the EU. A New Era (2016-2024)" (PDF). AIES Focus. 8: 1, 2. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
44. ^ a b Grano, Simona A. (2024). "Taiwan's Growing Importance for Europe". In Swanström, Niklas; Börjesson, Agust; Chen, Yi-Chieh (eds.). Why Taiwan Matters to Europe (PDF). Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy. pp. 13–16, here 15. Retrieved 29 November 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
45. ^ Glaser, Bonnie S.; Vitello, Jacqueline A. "Taiwan's Marginalized Role in International Security" (PDF). csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
46. ^ Chen, Kelvin. "EU representative office in Taiwan launches YouTube cooking show". taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 17 December 2021.

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