Tangara (bird)

Genus of birds

Tangara

Flame-faced tanager, Tangara parzudakii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Aves
Order:  | Passeriformes
Family:  | Thraupidae
Genus:  | Tangara
Brisson, 1760
Type species
= Aglaia paradisea

Species

See text

Synonyms

* Tanagra Linnaeus, 1764

Tangara  is a large genus of birds of the tanager family. It includes 27 species.[1] All are from the Neotropics, and while most are fairly widespread, some have small distributions and are threatened. They are fairly small, ranging in size from 11.5–15 centimetres (4.5–5.9 in). This genus includes some of the most spectacularly colored birds of the world.

## Taxonomy and species list

[edit]

The genus Tangara was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the paradise tanager (Tangara chilensis) as the type species.[2][3] The name means "dancer" in the extinct Tupi language.[4]

The genus formerly included additional species. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that many of the members of Thraupis was embedded within Tangara.[5] In the reorganization to create monophyletic genera, rather than merging Thraupis into Tangara to create an unusually large genus with around 58 species, taxonomists chose to split off species from Tangara into four other genera. Two of these genera were newly erected (Stilpnia, Poecilostreptus) and two were resurrected: they had been introduced earlier but were not in use (Ixothraupis, Chalcothraupis).[6][7]

The genus now contains 28 species:[6]

Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution

|
|
|

| Blue-and-black tanager | Tangara vassorii | Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela
| Beryl-spangled tanager | Tangara nigroviridis | Colombia through Ecuador and Peru to Bolivia
| Spangle-cheeked tanager | Tangara dowii | Costa Rica and western Panama
| Green-naped tanager | Tangara fucosa | Colombia and Panama
| Blue-browed tanager | Tangara cyanotis | Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
| Rufous-cheeked tanager | Tangara rufigenis | Venezuela
| Metallic-green tanager | Tangara labradorides | Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
| Bay-headed tanager | Tangara gyrola | Ecuador, Bolivia and southern Brazil, and on Trinidad
| Rufous-winged tanager | Tangara lavinia | Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama
| Golden-eared tanager | Tangara chrysotis | eastern Andes of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
| Saffron-crowned tanager | Tangara xanthocephala | northern Andes of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
| Flame-faced tanager | Tangara parzudakii | eastern Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela
| Blue-whiskered tanager | Tangara johannae | Colombia and Ecuador
| Green-and-gold tanager | Tangara schrankii | eastern Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, central Bolivia, and northwestern Brazil
| Golden tanager | Tangara arthus | Andes (from Bolivia and northwards) and Venezuelan Coastal Range in north-western South America
| Emerald tanager | Tangara florida | Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama
| Silver-throated tanager | Tangara icterocephala | Costa Rica, through Panama and western Colombia, to western Ecuador.
| Seven-colored tanager | Tangara fastuosa | north-eastern Brazil
| Green-headed tanager | Tangara seledon | south-eastern Brazil, far eastern Paraguay, and far north-eastern Argentina
| Red-necked tanager | Tangara cyanocephala | Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay
| Brassy-breasted tanager | Tangara desmaresti | Brazil
| Gilt-edged tanager | Tangara cyanoventris | Brazil
| Plain-colored tanager | Tangara inornata | Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama
| Turquoise tanager | Tangara mexicana | Trinidad, Colombia and Venezuela south to Bolivia and much of Brazil
| White-bellied tanager | Tangara brasiliensis | east Brazil
| Paradise tanager | Tangara chilensis | western and northern Amazon Basin in South America, it occurs in Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil and the Guianas
| Opal-crowned tanager | Tangara callophrys | southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru and a region of northwestern Bolivia; for Brazil
| Opal-rumped tanager | Tangara velia | Amazon and Atlantic Forest of South America

## Distribution and habitat

[edit]

These tanagers are mainly found high in forest canopies, but some occupy more open habitat. They are found at all elevations below tree line but are most diverse in the Andean subtropical and foothill forests of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

## Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

### Breeding

[edit]

The female builds a usually well concealed cup nest and lays two brown- or lilac-speckled white eggs. These hatch in 13–14 days and the chicks fledge in a further 15–16 days. The male and female feed the nestlings on insects and fruit, and may be assisted by helpers.

### Food and feeding

[edit]

Tangara tanagers pick insects from leaves, or sometimes in flight, but fruit is a major dietary item, accounting for 53-86% of food items in those species which have been studied.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Sedano, R.E.; Burns, K.J. (2010). "Are the Northern Andes a species pump for Neotropical birds? Phylogenetics and biogeography of a clade of Neotropical tanagers (Aves: Thraupini)". Journal of Biogeography. 37 (2): 325–343\. Bibcode:2010JBiog..37..325S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02200.x. S2CID 53063036.
2. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1 p. 36 and Vol. 3 p. 3.
3. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 13\. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 359.
4. ^ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
5. ^ Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77\. Bibcode:2014MolPE..75...41B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
6. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
7. ^ Burns, K.J.; Unitt, P.; Mason, N.A. (2016). "A genus-level classification of the family Thraupidae (Class Aves: Order Passeriformes)". Zootaxa. 4088 (3): 329–354\. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.2. PMID 27394344.

## Further reading

[edit]

* ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2..
* Hilty, Steven L (2003). Birds of Venezuela. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5..
* Morton, Isler & Isler, Tanagers ISBN 0-7136-5116-4.
* Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica ISBN 0-8014-9600-4.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Tangara at Wikimedia Commons
* Data related to Tangara at Wikispecies

* v
* t
* e

Genera of finches, sparrows and tanagers

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Aves
* Suborder: Passeri
* Infraorder: Passerida
* Superfamily: Passeroidea

Passeroidea

| Estrildidae|

| Amandavinae|

* Amadina
* Amandava
* Ortygospiza

|

Erythrurinae|

* Chloebia
* Erythrura

Estrildinae|

* Brunhilda
* Coccopygia
* Cryptospiza
* Delacourella
* Estrilda
* Glaucestrilda
* Mandingoa
* Nesocharis
* Nigrita
* Parmoptila

Lagonostictinae|

* Clytospiza
* Euschistospiza
* Granatina
* Hypargos
* Lagonosticta
* Pyrenestes
* Pytilia
* Spermophaga
* Uraeginthus

Lonchurinae|

* Euodice
* Lepidopygia
* Lonchura
* Mayrimunia
* Padda
* Spermestes

Poephilinae|

* Aidemosyne
* Bathilda
* Emblema
* Heteromunia
* Neochmia
* Oreostruthus
* Poephila
* Stagonopleura
* Stizoptera
* Taeniopygia

Passeridae|

* Carpospiza
* Gymnoris
* Hypocryptadius
* Montifringilla
* Onychostruthus
* Passer
* Petronia
* Pyrgilauda

Ploceidae|

* Amblyospiza
* Anaplectes
* Brachycope
* Bubalornis
* Dinemellia
* Euplectes
* Foudia
* Histurgops
* Malimbus
* Philetairus
* Plocepasser
* Ploceus
* Pseudonigrita
* Quelea
* Sporopipes

Prunellidae|

* Prunella

Urocynchramidae|

* Urocynchramus

Viduidae|

* Anomalospiza
* Vidua

Nine-primaried oscines|

*     * See below ↓

Nine-primaried oscines

| Fringillidae|

| Carduelinae|

* Acanthis
* Agraphospiza
* †Aidemedia
* †Akialoa
* Bucanetes
* Callacanthis
* Carduelis
* Carpodacus
* †Chloridops
* Chloris
* Chlorodrepanis
* Chrysocorythus
* †Ciridops
* Coccothraustes
* Crithagra
* Drepanis
* †Dysmorodrepanis
* Eophona
* Haemorhous
* Hemignathus
* Hesperiphona
* Himatione
* Leucosticte
* Linaria
* Linurgus
* Loxia
* Loxioides
* Loxops
* Magumma
* †Melamprosops
* Mycerobas
* Oreomystis
* †Orthiospiza
* Palmeria
* Paroreomyza
* Pinicola
* Procarduelis
* Pseudonestor
* †Psittirostra
* Pyrrhula
* Pyrrhoplectes
* †Rhodacanthis
* Rhodopechys
* Rhodospiza
* Rhynchostruthus
* Serinus
* Spinus
* Telespiza
* †Vangulifer
* †Viridonia
* †Xestospiza

|

Euphoniinae|

* Chlorophonia
* Euphonia

Fringillinae|

* Fringilla

Motacillidae|

* Anthus
* Dendronanthus
* Macronyx
* Motacilla
* Tmetothylacus

Peucedramidae|

* Peucedramus

Emberizoidea|

*     * See below ↓

Emberizoidea

| Calcariidae|

* Calcarius
* Plectrophenax
* Rhynchophanes

|

Calyptophilidae|

* Calyptophilus

Cardinalidae|

* Amaurospiza
* Cardinalis
* Caryothraustes
* Chlorothraupis
* Cyanocompsa
* Cyanoloxia
* Granatellus
* Habia
* Passerina
* Periporphyrus
* Pheucticus
* Piranga
* Spiza

Emberizidae|

* Emberiza

Icteridae|

*     * See below ↓

Icteriidae|

* Icteria

Mitrospingidae|

* Lamprospiza
* Mitrospingus
* Orthogonys

Nesospingidae|

* Nesospingus

Parulidae|

* Basileuterus
* Cardellina
* Catharopeza
* Geothlypis
* Helmitheros
* Leucopeza
* Leiothlypis
* Limnothlypis
* Mniotilta
* Myioborus
* Myiothlypis
* Oporornis
* Oreothlypis
* Parkesia
* Protonotaria
* Seiurus
* Setophaga
* Vermivora

Passerellidae|

* Aimophila
* Ammodramus
* Ammospiza
* Amphispiza
* Amphispizopsis
* Arremon
* Arremonops
* Artemisiospiza
* Atlapetes
* Calamospiza
* Centronyx
* Chlorospingus
* Chondestes
* Junco
* Melospiza
* Melozone
* Oreothraupis
* Oriturus
* Passerculus
* Passerella
* †Pedinorhis
* Peucaea
* Pezopetes
* Pipilo
* Pooecetes
* Rhynchospiza
* Spizella
* Spizelloides
* Torreornis
* Xenospiza
* Zonotrichia

Phaenicophilidae|

* Microligea
* Phaenicophilus
* Xenoligea

Rhodinocichlidae|

* Rhodinocichla

Spindalidae|

* Spindalis

Teretistridae|

* Teretistris

Thraupidae|

*     * See below ↓

Icteridae

| incertae sedis|

* †Cremaster
* †Pandanaris
* †Pyelorhamphus

|

Agelaiinae|

* Agelaioides
* Agelaius
* Agelasticus
* Amblyramphus
* Anumara
* Chrysomus
* Curaeus
* Dives
* Euphagus
* Gnorimopsar
* Gymnomystax
* Hypopyrrhus
* Lampropsar
* Macroagelaius
* Molothrus
* Nesopsar
* Oreopsar
* Pseudoleistes
* Ptiloxena
* Quiscalus
* Xanthopsar

Amblycercinae|

* Amblycercus

Cassicinae|

* Cacicus
* Cassiculus
* Psarocolius

Dolichonychinae|

* Dolichonyx

Icterinae|

* Icterus

Sturnellinae|

* Leistes
* Sturnella

Xanthocephalinae|

* Xanthocephalus

Thraupidae

| Catamblyrhynchinae|

* Catamblyrhynchus

|

Charitospizinae|

* Charitospiza
* Parkerthraustes

Coerebinae|

* Asemospiza
* Camarhynchus
* Certhidea
* Coereba
* Euneornis
* Geospiza
* Loxigilla
* Loxipasser
* Melanospiza
* Melopyrrha
* Phonipara
* Pinaroloxias
* Platyspiza
* Tiaris

Dacninae|

* Cyanerpes
* Dacnis
* Tersina

Diglossinae|

* Acanthidops
* Catamenia
* Conirostrum
* Diglossa
* Geospizopsis
* Haplospiza
* Idiopsar
* Melanodera
* Nesospiza
* Phrygilus
* Rowettia
* Sicalis
* Xenodacnis

Emberizoidinae|

* Coryphaspiza
* Emberizoides
* Embernagra

Hemithraupinae|

* Chrysothlypis
* Chlorophanes
* Hemithraupis
* Heterospingus
* Iridophanes

Nemosiinae|

* Compsothraupis
* Cyanicterus
* Nemosia
* Sericossypha

Orchesticinae|

* Orchesticus

Poospizinae|

* Castanozoster
* Cnemoscopus
* Cypsnagra
* Donacospiza
* Kleinothraupis
* Microspingus
* Nephelornis
* Piezorina
* Poospiza
* Poospizopsis
* Pseudospingus
* Sphenopsis
* Thlypopsis
* Urothraupis
* Xenospingus

Porphyrospizinae|

* Incaspiza
* Rhopospina

Saltatorinae|

* Saltator
* Saltatricula

Sporophilinae|

* Sporophila

Tachyphoninae|

* Conothraupis
* Coryphospingus
* Creurgops
* Eucometis
* Heliothraupis
* Lanio
* Loriotus
* Ramphocelus
* Rhodospingus
* Tachyphonus
* Trichothraupis
* Volatinia

Thraupinae|

* Anisognathus
* Bangsia
* Buthraupis
* Calochaetes
* Chalcothraupis
* Chlorochrysa
* Chlorornis
* Cissopis
* Cnemathraupis
* Diuca
* Dubusia
* Iridosornis
* Ixothraupis
* Lophospingus
* Neothraupis
* Paroaria
* Pipraeidea
* Poecilostreptus
* Pseudosaltator
* Rauenia
* Schistochlamys
* Sporathraupis
* Stephanophorus
* Stilpnia
* Tangara
* Tephrophilus
* Thraupis
* Wetmorethraupis

Taxon identifiers

Tangara|

* Wikidata: Q1187535
* Wikispecies: Tangara
* ADW: Tangara
* Avibase: 59D4B2FF0297CD0C
* BOLD: 72042
* CoL: 645HV
* EoL: 45510423
* GBIF: 2488096
* iNaturalist: 9544
* IRMNG: 1419520
* ITIS: 558276
* NCBI: 58206
* Open Tree of Life: 817640

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[†]: Extinct