Tangerine

Orange-colored citrus fruit

This article is about the citrus fruit. For other uses, see Tangerine (disambiguation).

For the Indonesian city, see Tangerang.

Tangerine

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Clade:  | Rosids
Order:  | Sapindales
Family:  | Rutaceae
Genus:  | Citrus
Species:  |

C. × tangerina

Binomial name
Citrus × tangerina

Tanaka

The tangerine is a type of citrus fruit that is orange in colour, that is considered either a variety of the mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), or a closely related species, under the name Citrus tangerina,[1][2][3] or yet as a hybrid (Citrus × tangerina) of mandarin orange varieties, with some pomelo contribution.

## Etymology

[edit]

The word "tangerine" was originally an adjective meaning "of Tangier", a Moroccan seaport on the Strait of Gibraltar. The name was first used for fruit shipped from Tangier, described as a mandarin variety.[4] The OED cites this usage from Addison's The Tatler in 1710 with similar uses from the 1800s. The fruit was once known scientifically as "Citrus nobilis var. tangeriana"; it grew in the region of Tangiers. This usage appeared in the 1800s.[5]

## Taxonomy

[edit]

Many citrus fruits are hybrids.[6] The tangerine is either a variety of mandarin, or a hybrid of mandarin and pomelo.

Under the Tanaka classification system, Citrus tangerina is considered a separate species. Under the Swingle system, tangerines are considered a group of mandarin (C. reticulata) varieties.[7] Some differ only in disease resistance.[8] The term is also currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including some tangors).[9][10]

## Description

[edit]

Tangerines are smaller and less rounded than oranges. They taste less sour, as well as sweeter and stronger, than oranges do.[11] A ripe tangerine is firm to slightly soft, and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves, as well as orange in color. The peel is thin, with little bitter white mesocarp.[12] All of these traits are shared by mandarins generally.

The peak tangerine season lasts from autumn to spring. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten by hand. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is used fresh or dried as a spice or zest for baking and drinks. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States.

## Production

[edit]

Tangerine production – 2021[13] Country  | Production (millions of tonnes)

|

China | 25.0
Spain | 2.0
Turkey | 1.8
Morocco | 1.2
Brazil | 1.08
United States | 1.05
Egypt | 1.0
World | 42.0

In 2021, world production of tangerines (including mandarins and clementines) was 42 million tonnes (46 million short tons), led by China with 60% of the total (table).

## Varieties

[edit]

See also: Mandarin orange varieties

Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in Palatka, Florida.[14] Atway was said to have imported them from Morocco (more specifically its third-largest city, the port of Tangier), which was the origin of the name. Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.[15]

The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the Dancy tangerine (zipper-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange).[15] Genetic analysis has shown the parents of the Dancy to have been two mandarin orange hybrids each with a small pomelo contribution, a Ponkan mandarin orange and a second unidentified mandarin.[16] The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to Alternaria fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.[17][18] Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many hybrids of the Dancy are grown commercially.

Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the United States;[19] the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation;[9] this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry.[10] Among the most important tangerine hybrids of Florida are murcotts (a late-fruiting type of tangor marketed as "honey tangerine"[20]) and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).[21] The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid (5⁄8 tangerine, 1⁄4 orange and 1⁄8 grapefruit), is also grown.[22]

## Nutrition

[edit]

Tangerines, raw

A murcott, likely a tangerine hybrid

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy| 223 kJ (53 kcal)

Carbohydrates

13.34 g

Sugars| 10.58 g
Dietary fiber| 1.8 g

Fat

0.31 g

Protein

0.81 g

Vitamins and minerals

Vitamins| Quantity

%DV†

Vitamin A equiv.

beta-Carotene

34 μg

155 μg

Thiamine (B1)|

0.058 mg
Riboflavin (B2)|

0.036 mg
Niacin (B3)|

0.376 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)|

0.216 mg
Vitamin B6|

0.078 mg
Folate (B9)|

16 μg
Choline|

10.2 mg
Vitamin C|

30%

26.7 mg
Vitamin E|

0.2 mg
Minerals| Quantity

%DV†

Calcium|

37 mg
Iron|

0.15 mg
Magnesium|

12 mg
Manganese|

0.039 mg
Phosphorus|

20 mg
Potassium|

166 mg
Sodium|

2 mg
Zinc|

0.07 mg
Other constituents| Quantity
Water| 85.2 g

* * *

Link to USDA Database entry

†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[23] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies[24]

Tangerines contain 85% water, 13% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content (30% of the Daily Value) in a 100-gram (3.5 oz) reference serving, with all other micronutrients in low amounts.

* A botanical illustration of a Manurco tangerine, painted by Royal Charles Steadman in January, 1926

* Tangerine tree

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Citrus reticulata Blanco". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
2. ^ Mandal, Shyamapada; Mandal, Manisha (2016). "Tangerine (Citrus reticulata L. Var.) Oils". Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. pp. 803–811\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00091-2. ISBN 978-0-12-416641-7.
3. ^ "Citrus deliciosa Ten.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
4. ^ "Tangerine". Oxford English Dictionary.
5. ^ See the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.
6. ^ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; Borredá, Carles; et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316\. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. hdl:20.500.11939/5741. PMID 29414943. and Supplement
7. ^ Froelicher, Yann; Mouhaya, Wafa; Bassene, Jean-Baptiste; Costantino, Gilles; Kamiri, Mourad; Luro, Francois; Morillon, Raphael; Ollitrault, Patrick (2011). "New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 7: 49–61\. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x. S2CID 32371305.
8. ^ Li, Xiaomeng; Xie, Rangjin; Lu, Zhenhua; Zhou, Zhiqin (2010). "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 135 (4): 341–350\. doi:10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341.
9. ^ a b Commernet (2011). "20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code". State of Florida. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
10. ^ a b Jackson, Larry K.; Futch, Stephen H. "HS178/CH073: Robinson Tangerine". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
11. ^ "Premium Citrus Fruit Gifts – Why Are Tangerines So Tangy?". Pittman & Davis. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
12. ^ Karp, David (28 January 2011). "Market Watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
13. ^ "Crops/World regions/Production quantity (pick lists) of tangerines for 2021". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
14. ^ Hume, H. Harold (1913). Citrus Fruits and Their Culture. O. Judd Company. p. 101\. OCLC 1125917831.
15. ^ a b "dancy". citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
16. ^ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus" (PDF). Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316\. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. PMID 29414943. S2CID 205263645. and Supplement
17. ^ Jackson, Larry K. & Futch, Stephen H. (6 June 2018). "HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine". ufl.edu.
18. ^ "Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst". AL.com. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
19. ^ "Dancy Tangerine". Slowfood USA. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
20. ^ "HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
21. ^ "HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
22. ^ Jackson, Larry K.; Futch, Stephen H. "HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
23. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
24. ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124\. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.

## External links

[edit]

* Data related to Citrus tangerina at Wikispecies
* Tangerine at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
* Media related to Tangerines at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Citrus

True species|

* Australian and Papuan wild limes group
* Citron
* Ichang papeda
* Kaffir lime
* Kumquats group
* Mandarin orange
* Mangshanyegan
* Mountain citron
* Pomelo
* Ryukyu mandarin

Major hybrids|

* Grapefruit
* Lemon
* Lime
* Orange (sweet orange)

True and hybrid
cultivars|

* Alemow
* Amanatsu
* Assam lemon
* Bergamot orange
* Bizzarria
* Bitter orange
* Blood lime
* Blood orange
* Byeonggyul
* Biasong
* Cam sành
* Cara Cara navel orange
* Citrange
* Citrumelo
* Citrus taiwanica
* Clementine
* Coorg orange
* Daidai
* Dekopon
* Encore
* Fairchild tangerine
* Florentine citron
* Forbidden fruit
* Ginger lime
* Haruka
* Hassaku
* Hebesu
* Heen naran
* Hyuganatsu
* Imperial lemon
* Indian wild orange
* Iyokan
* Jabara
* Jaffa orange
* Jamaican tangelo
* Kabbad
* Kabosu
* Kaji Nemu
* Kakadu lime
* Kalpi
* Kanpei
* Kawachi bankan
* Key lime
* Khasi papeda
* Kinkoji unshiu
* Kinnow
* Kishu mikan
* Kiyomi
* Kobayashi mikan
* Koji
* Komikan
* Laraha
* Lemonade fruit
* Limón de Pica
* Lumia
* Mandelo
* Mandora
* Melanesian papeda
* Melogold
* Meyer lemon
* Micrantha
* Midknight Valencia Orange
* Murcott
* Myrtle-leaved orange tree
* Nagpur orange
* Nasnaran
* New Zealand grapefruit
* Ōgonkan
* Orangelo/Chironja
* Oroblanco
* Palestinian sweet lime
* Persian lime
* Pixie mandarin
* Pompia
* Ponderosa lemon
* Ponkan
* Rangpur
* Reikou
* Rhobs el Arsa
* Rough lemon
* Samuyao
* Sanbokan
* Satsuma mandarin
* Setoka
* Shangjuan
* Shonan Gold
* Smith Red Valencia
* Sudachi
* Suruga yuko
* Sweet lemon
* Sweet limetta
* Tangelo
* Tangerine
* Tangor
* Tsunonozomi
* Valencia orange
* Variegated pink lemon
* Volkamer lemon
* Winged lime
* Xã Đoài orange
* Yūkō
* Yuzu

Citrons|

* Balady citron
* Corsican citron
* Diamante citron
* Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
* Greek citron
* Moroccan citron
* Yemenite citron

Mandarin oranges|

* Cleopatra mandarin
* Shīkwāsā
* Nanfengmiju
* Tachibana
* Willowleaf orange

Papedas|

* Celebes papeda
* Mountain "citron"
* Ichang papeda

Pomelos|

* Banpeiyu
* Dangyuja

Kumquats group|

| Kumquat species|

* Hong Kong kumquat
* Meiwa kumquat
* Oval kumquat
* Round kumquat
* Jiangsu kumquat
* Malayan kumquat

|

Kumquat hybrids
(× Citrofortunella)|

* Calamansi
* Citrangequat
* Limequat
* Mandarinquat
* Procimequat
* Sunquat
* Yuzuquat

Australian
and Papuan
wild limes group|

| Eromocitrus
(former genera)|

* Desert lime

|

Microcitrus
(former genera)|

* New Guinea wild lime
* Australian round lime
* Russell River lime
* Maiden's wild lime
* Mount White lime
* Australian finger lime
* Brown River finger lime

Clymenia
(former genera)|

* Clymenia platypoda
* Clymenia polyandra

Oxanthera
(former genera)|

* Orange-flowered oxanthera
* Large-leaf oxanthera
* Wavy-leaf oxanthera
* Oxanthera brevipes

Related genera
(perhaps
properly Citrus)|

* Poncirus/Trifoliate orange

Drinks|

* Calamansi juice
* Chūhai
* Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
* Grapefruit juice
* Lemon liqueur
* Cedratine
* Curaçao
* Limoncello
* Lemonade
* Mint lemonade
* Swiss lemonade
* Lime cordial
* Limeade
* Orange juice
* Triple sec
* Yuja-hwachae
* Yuja tea

Products|

* Calcium citrate
* Citric acid
* Chenpi
* Dried lime
* Lemonene
* Limonene
* Marmalade
* Neroli
* Oleo saccharum
* Orange flower water
* Orange oil
* Orange oil tires
* Orangeat
* Pickled lime
* Chanh muối
* Preserved lemon
* Succade
* Zest
* Twist

Diseases|

* Black spot
* Canker
* CTV/Tristeza
* Exocortis
* Greening
* Mal secco
* Phytophthora
* citricola

Citrus botanists|

* Clara H. Hasse
* Robert Willard Hodgson
* Lena B. Smithers Hughes
* David Mabberley
* Clément Rodier
* Robert Soost
* Walter Tennyson Swingle
* Chōzaburō Tanaka
* Ikuro Takahashi
* Johann Christoph Volkamer
* Herbert John Webber

Citrus production|

* Citrus rootstock
* Kumquat production in China
* Lemon Capital of the World
* Lime production in Mexico
* Orange production in Brazil

Related topics|

* The Citrus Industry
* Citrus taxonomy
* Cold-hardy citrus
* Hesperidium
* Japanese citrus
* List of citrus fruits
* Mother Orange Tree
* Orangery
* University of California Citrus Experiment Station
* University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection

* Category
* Production
* Commons

Taxon identifiers

Citrus ×tangerina|

* Wikidata: Q516494
* EPPO: CIDTG
* GBIF: 3837628
* GRIN: 314342
* IPNI: 772075-1
* NCBI: 237575
* Open Tree of Life: 1088781
* Plant List: kew-2724391
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:772075-1
* Tropicos: 50159125
* WFO: wfo-0000608291

Authority control databases: National |

* Israel

|

*[%DV]: Percentage of Daily Value
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