Taoiseach

Head of government of Ireland

Taoiseach

Incumbent
Simon Harris

since 9 April 2024

* Executive branch of the Irish Government
* Department of the Taoiseach

Style| Irish: A Thaoisigh
Type| Head of government[a]
Member of|

* Dáil Éireann
* Cabinet
* Council of State
* British–Irish Council
* European Council

Reports to| Oireachtas
Residence| None[b]
Seat| Government Buildings,
Merrion Street, Dublin, Ireland
Nominator| Dáil Éireann
Appointer| President of Ireland
Term length| While commanding the confidence of the majority of Dáil Éireann. No term limits are imposed on the office.
Precursor| President of the Executive Council
Formation| 29 December 1937[c][1]
First holder| Éamon de Valera[c]
Deputy| Tánaiste
Salary| €243,895 annually (2024)[2]
(including €113,679 salary as a TD)[2]
Website| Department of the Taoiseach

Politics of the Republic of Ireland

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Michael D. Higgins

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The Taoiseach (/ˈtiːʃəx/ ⓘ) [d] is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland.[a] The office is appointed by the President of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.

The Irish word taoiseach means "chief" or "leader", and was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title of the "head of the Government or Prime Minister".[a] It is the official title of the head of government in both English and Irish, and is not used for the prime ministers of other countries, who are instead referred to in Irish by the generic term príomh-aire.[e] The phrase an Taoiseach is sometimes used in an otherwise English-language context, and means the same as "the Taoiseach".[4]

The incumbent Taoiseach is Simon Harris, TD, leader of Fine Gael, who took office on 9 April 2024 following the resignation of Leo Varadkar and under a planned rotation as part of the coalition agreement between Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and the Green Party. Varadkar held the post from December 2022 and Micheál Martin, TD held the post from June 2020 until December 2022 as part of that agreement. Varadkar tendered his resignation as Taoiseach to the President on 8 April 2024; he was succeeded by Simon Harris the next day after his Dáil election and appointment, becoming the youngest officeholder in state history.[5]

## Overview

[edit]

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|

Under the Constitution of Ireland, the Taoiseach is nominated by a simple majority of the voting members of Dáil Éireann.[6] They are then formally appointed to office by the President, who is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates, without the option of declining to make the appointment. For this reason, the Taoiseach may, informally, be said to have been "elected" by Dáil Éireann.

If the Taoiseach loses the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann, they are not automatically removed from office. Instead, they are compelled either to resign or to persuade the President to dissolve the Dáil and call new elections. If the President "in his absolute discretion" refuses to grant a dissolution, this effectively forces the Taoiseach to resign. To date, no President has ever refused a dissolution, although the option to exercise this prerogative arose in 1944 and 1994, and twice in 1982. The Taoiseach may lose the support of Dáil Éireann by the passage of a vote of no confidence, or implicitly, through the failure of a vote of confidence. Alternatively, the Dáil may refuse supply.[f] In the event of the Taoiseach's resignation, they continue to exercise the duties and functions of office until the appointment of a successor.

The Taoiseach nominates the remaining members of the Government, who are then, with the consent of the Dáil, appointed by the President. The Taoiseach may advise the President to dismiss cabinet ministers from office; which the President does not have discretion on. The Taoiseach is responsible for appointing eleven members of the sixty members of the Seanad.

The Department of the Taoiseach is the government department which supports and advises the Taoiseach in carrying out their various duties. The Taoiseach is assisted by one or more Ministers of State at the Department of the Taoiseach, one of whom is the Government Chief Whip.

### Salary

[edit]

Since 2013, the Taoiseach's annual salary is €185,350.[8] It was cut from €214,187 to €200,000 when Enda Kenny took office, before being cut further to €185,350 under the Haddington Road Agreement in 2013.

A proposed increase of €38,000 in 2007 was deferred when Brian Cowen became Taoiseach[9] and in October 2008, the government announced a 10% salary cut for all ministers, including the Taoiseach.[10] However this was a voluntary cut and the salaries remained nominally the same with both ministers and Taoiseach essentially refusing 10% of their salary. This caused controversy in December 2009 when a salary cut of 20% was based on the higher figure before the refused amount was deducted.[11] The Taoiseach is also allowed an additional €118,981 in annual expenses.

### Residence

[edit]

There is no official residence of the Taoiseach. In 2008, it was reported speculatively that the former Steward's Lodge at Farmleigh adjoining the Phoenix Park would become the official residence of the Taoiseach. However, no official statements were made nor any action taken.[12] The house, which forms part of the Farmleigh estate acquired by the State in 1999 for €29.2 million, was renovated at a cost of nearly €600,000 in 2005 by the Office of Public Works. Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern did not use it as a residence, but his successor Brian Cowen used it occasionally,[13] as did later Taoisigh Enda Kenny and Leo Varadkar, who each paid €50 per night for the use of the house to avoid benefit-in-kind tax being levied on them for use of the house as a grace and favour mansion.[14]

### Salute

[edit]

"Mór Chluana" ("More of Cloyne") is a traditional air collected by Patrick Weston Joyce in 1873.[15][16] "Amhrán Dóchais" ("Song of Hope") is a poem written by Osborn Bergin in 1913.[16][17] John A. Costello chose the air as his musical salute.[17] The salute is played by army bands on the arrival of the Taoiseach at state ceremonies. Though the salute is often called "Amhrán Dóchais", Brian Ó Cuív argued "Mór Chluana" is the correct title.[17][18]

## History

[edit]

### Origins and etymology

[edit]

The words Taoiseach and Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) are both from the Irish language and of ancient origin. Though the Taoiseach is described in the Constitution of Ireland as "the head of the Government or Prime Minister",[a] its literal translation is 'chieftain' or 'leader'.[20] Although Éamon de Valera, who introduced the title in 1937, was a democratic politician who had in the past associated with paramilitaries, some have remarked that the meaning 'leader' in 1937 made the title similar to the titles of fascist dictators of the time, such as Führer (for Adolf Hitler), Duce (for Benito Mussolini) and Caudillo (for Francisco Franco).[21][22][23] Tánaiste, in turn, refers to the system of tanistry, the Gaelic system of succession whereby a leader would appoint an heir apparent while still living.

In Scottish Gaelic, tòiseach translates as 'clan chief' and both words originally had similar meanings in the Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland.[g][24][25][h] The related Welsh language word tywysog (current meaning: 'prince') has a similar origin and meaning.[i] It is hypothesised that both derive ultimately from the proto-Celtic *towissākos 'chieftain, leader'.[26][27]

The plural of taoiseach is taoisigh (Northern and Western Irish: [ˈt̪ˠiːʃiː], Southern: [ˈt̪ˠiːʃɪɟ]).[20]

Although the Irish form An Taoiseach is sometimes used in English instead of 'the Taoiseach',[28] the English version of the Constitution states that they "shall be called … the Taoiseach".[a]

### Debate on the title

[edit]

In 1937 when the draft Constitution of Ireland was being debated in the Dáil, Frank MacDermot, an opposition politician, moved an amendment to substitute "Prime Minister" for the proposed "Taoiseach" title in the English text of the Constitution. It was proposed to keep the "Taoiseach" title in the Irish language text. The proponent remarked:[29]

> It seems to me to be mere make-believe to try to incorporate a word like "Taoiseach" in the English language. It would be pronounced wrongly by 99 percent of the people. I have already ascertained it is a very difficult word to pronounce correctly. That being so, even for the sake of the dignity of the Irish language, it would be more sensible that when speaking English we should be allowed to refer to the gentleman in question as the Prime Minister... It is just one more example of the sort of things that are being done here as if for the purpose of putting off the people in the North. No useful purpose of any kind can be served by compelling us, when speaking English, to refer to An Taoiseach rather than to the Prime Minister.

The President of the Executive Council, Éamon de Valera, gave the term's meaning as "chieftain" or "Captain". He said he was "not disposed" to support the proposed amendment and felt the word "Taoiseach" did not need to be changed. The proposed amendment was defeated on a vote and "Taoiseach" was included as the title ultimately adopted by plebiscite of the people.[30]

### Modern office

[edit]

Department of the Taoiseach at Government Buildings, Merrion Street, Dublin

The modern position of Taoiseach was established by the 1937 Constitution of Ireland and is the most powerful role in Irish politics. The office replaced the position of President of the Executive Council of the 1922–1937 Irish Free State.

The positions of Taoiseach and President of the Executive Council differed in certain fundamental respects. Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the latter was vested with considerably less power and was largely just the chairman of the cabinet, the Executive Council. For example, the President of the Executive Council could not dismiss a fellow minister on his own authority. Instead, the Executive Council had to be disbanded and reformed entirely to remove a member. The President of the Executive Council also did not have the right to advise the Governor-General to dissolve Dáil Éireann on his own authority, that power belonging collectively to the Executive Council.

In contrast, the Taoiseach created in 1937 possesses a much more powerful role. The holder of the position can both advise the President to dismiss ministers and dissolve Parliament on his own authority—advice that the President is almost always required to follow by convention.[j] His role is greatly enhanced because, under the Constitution, he is both de jure and de facto chief executive. In most other parliamentary democracies, the head of state is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. In Ireland, however, executive power is explicitly vested in the Government, of which the Taoiseach is the leader.

Since the Taoiseach is the head of government, and may remove ministers at will, many of the powers specified, in law or the constitution, to be exercised by the government as a collective body, are in reality at the will of the Taoiseach. The Government almost always backs the Taoiseach in major decisions, and in many cases often merely formalises that decision at a subsequent meeting after it has already been announced. Nevertheless, the need for collective decision-making on paper acts as a safeguard against an unwise decision made by the Taoiseach.

Generally, where there have been multi-party or coalition governments, the Taoiseach has been the leader of the largest party in the coalition. One exception to this was John A. Costello, who was not the leader of his party, but an agreed choice to head the government, because the other parties refused to accept then Fine Gael leader Richard Mulcahy as Taoiseach. In 2011 Taoiseach Brian Cowen, resigned as party leader and was succeeded by Micheál Martin, but continued as Taoiseach until the formation of a new government following a general election.

## List of office holders

[edit]

Main articles: Irish heads of government since 1919 and Records of Irish heads of government since 1922

Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution, the head of government was the President of the Executive Council. This office was held by W. T. Cosgrave of Cumann na nGaedheal from 1922 to 1932, and by Éamon de Valera of Fianna Fáil from 1932 to 1937. By convention, Taoisigh are numbered to include Cosgrave;[31][32][33][34] therefore, Micheál Martin is considered the 15th Taoiseach, not the 14th.

### President of the Executive Council

[edit]

No. | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency  | Term of office  | Party  | Exec. Council
Composition | Vice President | Dáil
(elected)
1  |

| W. T. Cosgrave
(1880–1965)
TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927
TD for Cork Borough from 1927 | 6 December
1922[k] | 9 March
1932  | Sinn Féin
(Pro-Treaty) | 1st | SF (PT) (minority) |  | Kevin O'Higgins | 3 (1922)
Cumann na nGaedheal | 2nd | CnG (minority) | 4 (1923)
3rd | Ernest Blythe | 5 (Jun.1927)
4th | 6 (Sep.1927)
5th
2  |

| Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare | 9 March
1932[l] | 29 December
1937  | Fianna Fáil | 6th | FF (minority) |  | Seán T. O'Kelly | 7 (1932)
7th | 8 (1933)
8th | 9 (1937)

### Taoiseach

[edit]

No. | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency  | Term of office  | Party  | Government
Composition | Tánaiste | Dáil
(elected)
(2) |

| Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare | 29 December
1937  | 18 February
1948  | Fianna Fáil | 1st | FF (minority) |  | Seán T. O'Kelly | 9 ( ···· )
2nd | FF | 10 (1938)
3rd | FF (minority) | 11 (1943)
4th | FF |  | Seán Lemass | 12 (1944)
3  |

| John A. Costello
(1891–1976)
TD for Dublin South-East | 18 February
1948  | 13 June
1951  | Fine Gael | 5th | FG–Lab–CnP–CnT–NL–Ind |  | William Norton | 13 (1948)
(2) |

| Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare | 13 June
1951  | 2 June
1954  | Fianna Fáil | 6th | FF (minority) |  | Seán Lemass | 14 (1951)
(3) |

| John A. Costello
(1891–1976)
TD for Dublin South-East | 2 June
1954  | 20 March
1957  | Fine Gael | 7th | FG–Lab–CnT |  | William Norton | 15 (1954)
(2) |

| Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare | 20 March
1957  | 23 June
1959  | Fianna Fáil | 8th | FF |  | Seán Lemass | 16 (1957)
4  |

| Seán Lemass
(1899–1971)
TD for Dublin South-Central | 23 June
1959  | 10 November
1966  | Fianna Fáil | 9th | FF |  | Seán MacEntee
10th | FF (minority) | 17 (1961)
11th | FF |  | Frank Aiken | 18 (1965)
5  |

| Jack Lynch
(1917–1999)
TD for Cork Borough until 1969
TD for Cork City North-West from 1969 | 10 November
1966  | 14 March
1973  | Fianna Fáil | 12th | FF
13th | FF |  | Erskine H. Childers | 19 (1969)
6  |

| Liam Cosgrave
(1920–2017)
TD for Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown | 14 March
1973  | 5 July
1977  | Fine Gael | 14th | FG–Lab |  | Brendan Corish | 20 (1973)
(5) |

| Jack Lynch
(1917–1999)
TD for Cork City | 5 July
1977  | 11 December
1979  | Fianna Fáil | 15th | FF |  | George Colley | 21 (1977)
7  |

| Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin Artane | 11 December
1979  | 30 June
1981  | Fianna Fáil | 16th | FF
8  |

| Garret FitzGerald
(1926–2011)
TD for Dublin South-East | 30 June
1981  | 9 March
1982  | Fine Gael | 17th | FG–Lab (minority) |  | Michael O'Leary | 22 (1981)
(7) |

| Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin North-Central | 9 March
1982  | 14 December
1982  | Fianna Fáil | 18th | FF (minority) |  | Ray MacSharry | 23 (Feb.1982)
(8) |

| Garret FitzGerald
(1926–2011)
TD for Dublin South-East | 14 December
1982  | 10 March
1987  | Fine Gael | 19th | FG–Lab
FG (minority) from Jan 1987 |  | Dick Spring | 24 (Nov.1982)
| Peter Barry
(7) |

| Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin North-Central | 10 March
1987  | 11 February
1992  | Fianna Fáil | 20th | FF (minority) |  | Brian Lenihan | 25 (1987)
21st | FF–PD | 26 (1989)
| John Wilson
9  |

| Albert Reynolds
(1932–2014)
TD for Longford–Roscommon | 11 February
1992  | 15 December
1994  | Fianna Fáil | 22nd | FF–PD
FF (minority) from Nov 1992
23rd | FF–Lab
FF (minority) from Nov 1994 |  | Dick Spring | 27 (1992)
| Bertie Ahern
10  |

| John Bruton
(1947–2024)
TD for Meath | 15 December
1994  | 26 June
1997  | Fine Gael | 24th | FG–Lab–DL |  | Dick Spring
11  |

| Bertie Ahern
(b. 1951)
TD for Dublin Central | 26 June
1997  | 7 May
2008  | Fianna Fáil | 25th | FF–PD (minority) |  | Mary Harney | 28 (1997)
26th | FF–PD | 29 (2002)
Michael McDowell
27th | FF–Green–PD |  | Brian Cowen | 30 (2007)
12  |

| Brian Cowen
(b. 1960)
TD for Laois–Offaly | 7 May
2008  | 9 March
2011  | Fianna Fáil | 28th | FF–Green–PD
FF–Green–Ind from Nov 2009
FF (minority) from Jan 2011 |  | Mary Coughlan
13  |

| Enda Kenny
(b. 1951)
TD for Mayo | 9 March
2011  | 14 June
2017[35] | Fine Gael | 29th | FG–Lab |  | Eamon Gilmore | 31 (2011)
| Joan Burton
30th | FG–Ind (minority) |  | Frances Fitzgerald | 32 (2016)
14  |

| Leo Varadkar
(b. 1979)
TD for Dublin West | 14 June
2017[36] | 27 June
2020  | Fine Gael | 31st | FG–Ind (minority)
Simon Coveney
15  |

| Micheál Martin
(b. 1960)
TD for Cork South-Central | 27 June
2020  | 17 December
2022  | Fianna Fáil | 32nd | FF–FG–Green |  | Leo Varadkar | 33 (2020)
(14) |

| Leo Varadkar
(b. 1979)
TD for Dublin West | 17 December
2022  | 9 April
2024  | Fine Gael | 33rd | FG–FF–Green |  | Micheál Martin
16  |

| Simon Harris
(b. 1986)
TD for Wicklow | 9 April
2024  | Incumbent  | Fine Gael | 34th | FG–FF–Green |

## Timeline

[edit]

## Further reading

[edit]

* Farrell, Brian (1971). Chairman or Chief?: The Role of the Taoiseach in Irish Government. Gill & Macmillan.
* O'Malley, Eoin (2012). "The Apex of Government: Cabinet and Taoiseach in operation". In O'Malley, Eoin; MacCarthaigh, Muiris (eds.). Governing Ireland: From cabinet government to delegated governance. Dublin: IPA..
* Gwynn Morgan, David (8 March 2016). "What exactly is a caretaker taoiseach?". The Irish Times.

### Biographies

[edit]

Biographies are also available of de Valera, Lemass, Lynch, Cosgrave, FitzGerald, Haughey, Reynolds and Ahern. FitzGerald wrote an autobiography, while an authorised biography was produced of de Valera.

Some biographies and memoirs of former Taoisigh and presidents of the Executive Council:

* Tim Pat Coogan, Éamon de Valera
* John Horgan, Seán Lemass
* Brian Farrell, Seán Lemass
* T. P. O'Mahony, Jack Lynch: A Biography
* T. Ryle Dwyer, Nice Fellow: A Biography of Jack Lynch
* Stephen Collins, The Cosgrave Legacy
* Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life
* Garret FitzGerald, Just Garret: Tales from the Political Frontline
* Raymond Smith, Garret: The Enigma
* T. Ryle Dwyer, Short Fellow: A Biography of Charles Haughey
* Martin Mansergh, Spirit of the Nation: The Collected Speeches of Haughey
* Joe Joyce & Peter Murtagh The Boss: Charles Haughey in Government
* Tim Ryan, Albert Reynolds: The Longford Leader
* Albert Reynolds, My Autobiography
* Bertie Ahern, My Autobiography

## See also

[edit]

* Politics of the Republic of Ireland
* Records of Irish heads of government since 1922
* Irish heads of government since 1919

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Article 13.1.1° and Article 28.5.1° of the Constitution of Ireland. The latter provision reads: "The head of the Government, or Prime Minister, shall be called, and is in this Constitution referred to as, the Taoiseach."[19]
2. ^ The Taoiseach has no official residence, with each taoiseach residing in their own home. They may use the State Guest House at Steward's Lodge in Phoenix Park for official state functions
3. ^ a b Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland, the head of government was referred to as the President of the Executive Council. This office was first held by W. T. Cosgrave from 1922 to 1932, and then by Éamon de Valera from 1932 to 1937.
4. ^ Pronounced /ˈtiːʃəx/ ⓘ,[3] Irish: [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx]. The plural Taoisigh is pronounced /ˈtiːʃi/ TEE-shee, Irish: [ˈt̪ˠiːʃiː].
5. ^ Pronounced /priːˈvɛərə/, Irish: [ˌpʲɾʲiːw ˈaɾʲə].
6. ^ The Dáil refused supply in January 1982, when the then Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition government of Garret FitzGerald lost a vote on the budget.[7]
7. ^ John Frederick Vaughan Campbell Cawdor (1742). Cosmo, Innes (ed.). The book of the thanes of Cawdor: a series of papers selected from the charter room at Cawdor. 1236–1742, Volume 1236, Issue 1742. Spalding Club. p. xiii. Retrieved 23 June 2013. "As we cannot name the first Celtic chieftain who consented to change his style of Toshach and his patriarchal sway for the title and stability of King's Thane of Cawdor, so it is impossible to fix the precise time when their ancient property and offices were acquired."
8. ^ "Tartan Details – Toshach". Scottish Register of Tartans. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013. "Toshach is an early Celtic title given to minor territorial chiefs in Scotland (note Eire Prime Minister's official title is this)."
9. ^ John Thomas Koch (2006), Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 1062, ISBN 1851094407, "An early word meaning 'leader' appears on a 5th- or 6th-century inscribed stone as both ogam Irish and British genitive TOVISACI: tywysog now means 'prince' in Welsh, the regular descriptive title used for Prince Charles, for example; while in Ireland, the corresponding Taoiseach is now the correct title, in both Irish and English, for the Prime Minister of the Irish Republic (Éire)."
10. ^ Notable ministerial dismissals include those of Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney during the Arms Crisis in 1970, Brian Lenihan in 1990, Albert Reynolds, Pádraig Flynn and Máire Geoghegan-Quinn in 1991, and Barry Cowen in 2020.
11. ^ Cosgrave was Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State from 22 August 1922, during the transitional period before the state became officially independent on 6 December 1922 (See Irish heads of government since 1919).
12. ^ De Valera was President of Dáil Éireann in the pre-independence revolutionary Irish Government from 1 April 1919 to 9 January 1922 (See Irish heads of government since 1919).

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Former Taoisigh". www.gov.ie. Government of Ireland. 1 November 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
2. ^ a b "Salaries, Houses of the Oireachtas". Oireachtas. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
3. ^ "Taoiseach". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
4. ^ O'Leary, Brendan (April 1991). "An Taoiseach: The Irish prime minister". West European Politics. 14 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1080/01402389108424849. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
5. ^ "Cabinet members receive seals of office after reshuffle". RTÉ News. 9 April 2024. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
6. ^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 13.1.2°.
7. ^ "RTE Election 2007". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
8. ^ O'Connell, Hugh (4 July 2013). "The Taoiseach, Ministers and every TD are having their pay cut today". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
9. ^ "Taoiseach to receive €38k pay rise". RTÉ News. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
10. ^ "Sharp exchanges in Dáil over Budget". RTÉ News. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
11. ^ Kelly, Fiach (10 December 2009). "Opposition says Lenihan's salary cuts do not add up". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
12. ^ Quinlan, Ronald (18 May 2008). "Opulent Phoenix Park lodge is set to become 'Fortress Cowen'". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
13. ^ O'Regan, Michael (29 January 2009). "Cowen questioned on use of Farmleigh". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
14. ^ Coyle, Colin (3 September 2023). "Over €87,000 spent upgrading underused Steward's Lodge in Dublin's Phoenix Park". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
15. ^ "P. W. Joyce: Ancient Irish Music » 47 – Mór Chluana". Na Píobairí Uilleann. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
16. ^ a b "Joyce, Patrick Weston (1827–1914)". Ainm.ie (in Irish). Cló Iar-Chonnacht. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
17. ^ a b c Ó Cuív, Brian (1 April 2010). "Irish language and literature, 1845–1921". In W. E. Vaughan (ed.). Ireland Under the Union, 1870–1921. A New History of Ireland. Vol. VI. Oxford University Press. p. 425\. ISBN 9780199583744. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
18. ^ "Amhrán Dóchais". Contemporary Music Centre. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
19. ^ "Constitution of Ireland". Irish Statute Book.
20. ^ a b "Youth Zone School Pack" (PDF). Department of the Taoiseach. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
21. ^ McCarthy, John-Paul (10 January 2010). "WT became the most ruthless of them all". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016. "While Taoiseach itself carried with it some initially unpleasant assonances with Caudillo, Fuhrer and Duce, all but one of the 12 men who wielded the prime ministerial sceptre have managed to keep their megalomaniacal tendencies in check."
22. ^ Quigley, Martin (1944). Great Gaels: Ireland at Peace in a World at War. p. 18\. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2016. "Eamon de Valera is An Taoiseach or "boss Gael." That title goes considerably beyond the English "prime minister" or the American "president." It is the Gaelic equivalent of the German "Fuehrer," the Italian "Duce" and the Spanish "Caudillo." " Published in New York, 1944 (publisher not identified); Original from University of Minnesota; Digitised 6 May 2016
23. ^ Administration – Volume 18. IPA. 1970. p. 153\. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2016. "... and let alone the names of the Prime Minister (the Taoiseach, a word that is related to Duce, Fuhrer, and Caudillo) (translated from the original Irish: ... agus fiú amháin ainmeacha [sic] an Phríomh-Aire (An Taoiseach, focal go bhfuil gaol aige le Duce, Fuhrer, agus Caudillo)"Original from the University of California; Digitised 6 December 2006
24. ^ Robertson, E. William (2004). Scotland Under Her Early Kings: A History of the Kingdom to the Close of the Thirteenth Century Part One. Kessinger Publishing. p. 32\. ISBN 9781417946075. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
25. ^ "DSL – SND1 TOISEACH". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
26. ^ Sims-Williams, Patrick (Summer 1992). "The Additional Letters of the Ogam Alphabet". Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies. 23: 48. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
27. ^ Bolling, George Melville; Bloch, Bernard (27 June 1968). "Language". Linguistic Society of America. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020 - via Google Books.
28. ^ "Statement by An Taoiseach on the death of Cardinal Desmond Connell". Department of the Taoiseach. 9 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017. "The Taoiseach has learnt with regret …"
29. ^ Frank Mr. MacDermot of the National Centre Party – Bunreacht na hÉireann (Dréacht)—Coiste (Ath-thógaint) – Wednesday, 26 May 1937; Dáil Éireann Debate Vol. 67 No. 9 Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
30. ^ "Bunreacht na hEireann (Dréacht)—Coiste (Ath-thógaint) – Dáil Éireann (8th Dáil) – Vol. 67 No. 9". Oireachtas Debates. 26 May 1937.
31. ^ "Former Taoisigh". Government of Ireland. November 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
32. ^ "Coughlan new Tánaiste in Cowen Cabinet". The Irish Times. 17 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
33. ^ "Taoiseach reveals new front bench". RTÉ News. 7 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
34. ^ "Cowen confirmed as Taoiseach". BreakingNews.ie. 7 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
35. ^ "Kenny's farewell: 'This has never been about me'". RTÉ News. 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
36. ^ Lord, Miriam (8 June 2017). "Taoiseach-in-waiting meets man waiting to be taoiseach". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

## External links

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Taoisigh of Ireland

* Éamon de Valera
* John A. Costello
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