Tax law

Area of law

"Tax code" redirects here. For the alphanumeric code used in the UK, see Tax code (PAYE).

The Internal Revenue Code is the primary statutory basis of federal tax law in the United States. The Code of Federal Regulations is the Treasury Department's regulatory interpretation of the federal tax laws passed by Congress, which carry the weight of law if the interpretation is reasonable. Tax treaties and case law in U.S. Tax Court and other federal courts constitute the remainder of tax law in the United States. Part of a series on

Taxation
An aspect of fiscal policy

Policies

* Economic justice
* Government revenue
* Property tax equalization
* Tax revenue
* Non-tax revenue
* Tax law
* Tax bracket
* Flat tax
* Tax threshold
* Taxation as theft
* Tax shift
* Tax cut
* Tax advantage
* Tax incentive
* Tax reform
* Tax harmonization
* Tax competition
* Double taxation
* Representation
* Medical savings account

Economics

|  General Theory

* Price effect
* Excess burden
* Tax efficiency
* Tax incidence
* Laffer curve
* Optimal tax
* Fiscal illusion
* Theories
* Optimal capital income taxation

Distribution of Tax

* Tax rate
* Flat
* Progressive
* Regressive
* Proportional

Collection

* Revenue service
* Revenue stamp
* Tax assessment
* Taxable income
* Tax lien
* Tax refund
* Tax shield
* Tax residence
* Tax preparation
* Tax protester
* Tax investigation
* Tax collector
* Tax withholding
* Private tax collection

Noncompliance

|  Legal tax avoidance

* Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)
* Double Irish
* Single Malt
* CAIA
* Dutch Sandwich
* Estate planning
* Repatriation tax avoidance
* Share repurchase
* Tariff engineering
* Tax credit
* Tax deduction
* Tax exemption
* Taxpayer groups
* Tax holiday
* Tax inversion
* Tax farming
* Tax patent
* Tax shelter

Illegal tax evasion

* Tax amnesty
* Black market
* Debtors' prison
* Tax exile
* Smuggling
* Tax resistance
* Transfer mispricing
* Unreported employment

Locations

* Tax havens
* Corporate havens
* Offshore financial centres (OFCs)
* Offshore magic circle
* Conduit and sink OFCs
* Financial centres
* Financial Secrecy Index

Major examples

* Ireland as a tax haven
* Ireland v. Commission
* Leprechaun economics
* Liechtenstein tax affair
* Luxembourg Leaks
* Offshore Leaks
* Paradise Papers
* Panama Papers
* Swiss Leaks
* United States as a tax haven
* Panama as a tax haven

Types

* Direct
* Indirect
* Per unit
* Ad valorem
* Aviation
* Airport improvement
* Landing
* Solidarity
* Capital gains
* Expatriation
* Consumption
* Departure
* Hotel
* Sales
* Stamp
* Television
* Tourist
* Value-added
* Digital goods
* Dividend
* Environmental tax
* Carbon
* Eco-tariff
* Landfill
* Natural resources consumption
* Severance
* Steering
* Stumpage
* Excise
* Alcohol
* Cigarette
* Fat
* Meat
* Sin
* Sugary drink
* Tobacco
* General
* Georgist
* Gift
* Gross receipts
* Hypothecated
* Income
* Inheritance (estate)
* Land value
* Luxury
* Payroll
* Pigouvian
* Property
* Resource rent
* Single
* Surtax
* Turnover
* Use
* User charge/fee
* Congestion
* Fuel
* Road/GNSS
* Toll
* Vehicle miles traveled
* Corporate profit
* Excess profits
* Windfall
* Negative (income)
* Wealth

International

* Financial transaction tax
* ATTAC
* Currency transaction tax
* European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB)
* Global minimum corporate tax rate
* Robin Hood tax
* Tobin tax
* Spahn tax
* Tax equalization
* Tax treaty
* Exchange of Information
* Permanent establishment
* Transfer pricing
* European Union FTT
* Foreign revenue rule

Trade

* Custom
* Duty
* Tariff
* Import
* Export
* Tariff war
* Free trade
* Free-trade zone
* Trade agreement
* ATA Carnet

Research

|  Academic

* Mihir A. Desai
* Dhammika Dharmapala
* James R. Hines Jr.
* Ronen Palan
* Joel Slemrod
* Gabriel Zucman

Advocacy groups

* Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP)
* Oxfam (UK)
* Tax Foundation (US)
* Tax Justice Network (TJN)
* Tax Policy Center (US)

Religious

* Church tax
* Eight per thousand
* Teind
* Tithe
* Fiscus Judaicus
* Leibzoll
* Temple tax
* Tolerance tax
* Jizya
* Kharaj
* Khums
* Nisab
* Zakat

By country

|  All Countries

* List of countries by tax rates
* Tax revenue to GDP ratio
* Tax rates in Europe

Individual Countries

* Albania
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* BVI
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lithuania
* Malta
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* South Africa
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Tanzania
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay

* Business portal
* Money portal

* v
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* e

Taxation by country

* Albania
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Brazil
* British Virgin Islands
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lithuania
* Malta
* Namibia
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Russia
* South Africa
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Tanzania
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay
* European Union

* List of countries by tax rates
* Tax revenue as % of GDP

* v
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* e

Tax law or revenue law is an area of legal study in which public or sanctioned authorities, such as federal, state and municipal governments (as in the case of the US) use a body of rules and procedures (laws) to assess and collect taxes in a legal context. The rates and merits of the various taxes, imposed by the authorities, are attained via the political process inherent in these bodies of power, and not directly attributable to the actual domain of tax law itself.[1]

Tax law is part of public law. It covers the application of existing tax laws on individuals, entities and corporations, in areas where tax revenue is derived or levied, e.g. income tax, estate tax, business tax, employment/payroll tax, property tax, gift tax and exports/imports tax.[1][2] There have been some arguments that consumer law is a better way to engage in large-scale redistribution than tax law because it does not necessitate legislation and can be more efficient, given the complexities of tax law.[3]: 213

## Major issues

[edit]

Primary taxation issues differ among various countries, although similarities might exist.

### Developed countries

[edit]

* Taxes can fail to raise sufficient revenue to cover government spending.[4]
* Taxes are generally complex and can be viewed as benefitting high income earners more than they do to lower income earners (in the payment of relatively less tax).[4][5]
* Tax evasion and avoidance occur, leading to reduced government revenue.[6]
* Taxes can produce poor desired outcomes (lower productivity and provide less incentive for businesses to grow).[4]
* Taxes can curb economic growth through inefficiency, e.g. corporate taxes/hurdles that could impede smaller entities to grow.[4]
* Taxation can be viewed as disproportionate, as in the case of the taxation of capital gains versus labor income, in which investors generally pay less tax on investment income vs workers who proportionally pay more on their wages.[7][5]
* Taxes can remain questionable in achieving desired goals, such the Ecotax which is primarily intended to promote environmentally friendly activities via economic incentives.[8]

### Developing countries

[edit]

* Taxes in developing economies can be hard to standardize since most workers work in small, and often unregulated enterprises.[9]
* Tax systems without sound establishments and competent administration to run and manage them can be burdensome and inefficient.[9][10]
* Tax systems without reliable data are hard to regulate and change.[9][10]
* Tax systems tend to have the rich bear a heavier burden of taxation.[9]

## Education

[edit]

### Australia

[edit]

Tax law education is a specialisation of accountants, tax agents, and lawyers. Accountants are required by either CPA Australia to complete a course in law of taxation and law of financial services. There is a legal obligation to complete taxation law and commercial law for registration as a tax agent with the Tax Practitioner's Board. Law students are not typically required to complete a unit in tax law, but may opt to take it as an elective in Australian universities.

### Pertaining to the US

[edit]

#### Pre-requisites

[edit]

* completion of a bachelor's degree - students contemplating tax law might have to consider majoring in economics, accounting or finance.[11]
* sitting for Law School Admission Test (LSAT).

#### Law school

[edit]

* In law school, the students take foundational courses from "constitutional law to civil procedures."[11]
* At this level, law students can take more specialized courses in taxation, such as "limited partnerships and income taxes, business liquidations and acquisitions."[11]
* Upon completion, the law students graduate with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree—which is sufficient for admission to an LL.M. in Taxation.[11]

#### Post law school

[edit]

* JD graduates may then enroll in a Master of Laws in Taxation (LL.M.), a one-year program. Other concentrations available to students include: estate planning or business taxation.[11]
* The Bar exam.

### Pertaining to other countries

[edit]

#### Post law school

[edit]

* JD graduates enroll in a Master of Laws (LL.M) program, as is seen in Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Netherlands.

##### General requirements

[edit]

* A bachelor's degree - required for entry into law school.
* Law School Admission Test (LSAT) - Required for law school admission in United States, Canada and a growing number of countries. J.D. (Juris Doctor) or First degree in law.
* The Juris Doctor (JD) program is offered by only a number of countries. These include: United States, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Singapore and the United Kingdom. The courses vary in duration of years, curriculum and whether or not further training is required, depending on which country the program is in.

##### In Africa

[edit]

Most African countries use the British legal education curriculum in their law educational system to train lawyers.[12]

Overall, legal education, across African countries, starts at the university level as an undergraduate course although a few universities have promulgated a law degree as a graduate program "akin to [that] … in the United States, Canada, and India."[12]

In most African countries, a law degree does not necessarily qualify one to practice as a lawyer. Further post-graduate practical training is required.[12]

Graduates earn an undergraduate law degree, viz. the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.), via a four-year program (as in Malawi, Kenya, Zambia, and most of South African law universities). Subsequently, graduates with the Bachelor of Laws seek to earn the Master of Laws or greater in order to become practitioners of the law. Some law institutions offer tracks to a Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.), a Doctor of Philosophy degree (Ph.D.), or a Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.) with emphasis on tax law.[12]

A list of tax faculty ranked by publication downloads is maintained by Paul Caron at TaxProf Blog.[13]

## Taxation by jurisdiction

[edit]

Africa

* Taxation in South Africa
* Taxation in Tanzania

Americas

* Taxation in Argentina
* Taxation in Canada
* Taxation in Colombia
* Taxation in the British Virgin Islands
* Taxation in Peru
* Taxation in the United States

Asia

* Taxation in China (*Taxation in the People's Republic of China)
* Taxation in India
* Taxation in Iran
* Taxation in the Palestinian territories

Europe

* Taxation in the European Union
* Taxation in Azerbaijan
* Taxation in Bulgaria
* Taxation in France
* Taxation in Germany
* Taxation in the Republic of Ireland
* Taxation in the Netherlands
* Taxation in Poland
* Taxation in Portugal
* Taxation in Russia
* Taxes in Spain
* Taxation in the United Kingdom

Oceania

* Taxation in Australia
* Taxation in New Zealand

## See also

[edit]

* Corporate law
* Corporate tax

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Houtte & McLure, Baron Jean M.J. van & Charles E. (13 June 2011). "Tax law". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
2. ^ "Tax Law - Guide to Taxation Law". HG.org Legal Resources.
3. ^ Van Loo, Rory (2019-11-01). "Broadening Consumer Law: Competition, Protection, and Distribution". Notre Dame Law Review. 95 (1): 211.
4. ^ a b c d Krupkin & Gale, Aaron and William G. (29 September 2016). "Major tax issues in 2017". Brookings Institution.
5. ^ a b Steverman, Ben (12 September 2017). "Why American Workers Pay Twice as Much in Taxes as Wealthy Investors". Bloomberg.
6. ^ SLEMROD & YITZHAKI, JOEL & SHLOMO (2002). Handbook of Public Economics. Elsevier Science B. V. pp. 1425, Chapter 22.
7. ^ Block & McBride, David & William (27 June 2012). "Why Capital Gains are taxed at a Lower Rate". The Tax Foundation.
8. ^ "Ecotax championed, contested and still marginal in EU". France 24. 7 September 2019.
9. ^ a b c d Tanzi & Zee, Vito & Howell. "Tax Policy for Developing Countries". International Monetary Fund.
10. ^ a b Carnahan, Michael (28 January 2015). "Taxation Challenges in Developing Countries". Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies. 2: 169–182\. doi:10.1002/app5.70. S2CID 154105543.
11. ^ a b c d e "Tax Lawyer: Educational Requirements and Career Summary". Study.com. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
12. ^ a b c d Manteaw, Samuel O. "Legal Education in Africa: What Type of Lawyer Does Africa Need". McGeorge Law Review. 39 (4): 919 to 928 - via Scholarly Commons (2016).
13. ^ Caron, Paul (January 28, 2016). "SSRN Tax Professor Rankings". TaxProf Blog.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Tax law at Wikimedia Commons

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