Television channel frequencies

Tables of radio frequencies assigned to television channels

The following tables show the frequencies assigned to broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter designator for the system used. The frequencies shown are for the analogue video and audio carriers. The channel itself occupies several megahertz of bandwidth. For example, North American channel 1 occupies the spectrum from 44 to 50 MHz. See Broadcast television systems for a table of signal characteristics, including bandwidth, by ITU letter designator.

## International normalization for analog TV systems[edit]

Analog television system by nation

International broadcasting television frequencies are divided in two part of the spectrum; the Very high frequency or "VHF“ band and the Ultra high frequency or "UHF“ band.

## VHF[edit]

A plan showing frequency ranges for each television channel used on VHF

### Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan, Myanmar, and the Philippines[edit]

Main article: Pan-American television frequencies § Terrestrial television

During World War II, the frequencies originally assigned as channels 13 to 18 were appropriated by the U.S. military, which still uses them to this day. It was also decided to move the allocation for FM radio from the 42-50 MHz band to a larger 88-106 MHz band (later extended to the current 88-108 MHz FM band). This required a reassignment of the VHF channels to the plan currently in use.[1]

#### Assignments since February 25, 1946[edit]

* System M 525 lines (most countries in the Americas and Caribbean, South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines)
* System N 625 lines (used in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)

VHF low-band (band I)  Channel | Lower edge | ATSC 1 pilot | Video carrier | ISDB-T/Tb center | Audio carrier | Upper edge

|
|
|
|
|
|

1 | 44 | 44.31 | 45.25 | 47.142857 | 49.75 | 50
2 | 54 | 54.31 | 55.25 | 57.142857 | 59.75 | 60
3 | 60 | 60.31 | 61.25 | 63.142857 | 65.75 | 66
4 | 66 | 66.31 | 67.25 | 69.142857 | 71.75 | 72
5 | 76 | 76.31 | 77.25 | 79.142857 | 81.75 | 82
6 | 82 | 82.31 | 83.25 | 85.142857 | 87.75 | 88

* FM channel 200, 87.9 MHz, overlaps TV 6. This is used only by K200AA. Channel 6A is only used in South Korea, and the Philippines.
* TV 6 analog audio can be heard on FM 87.75 on most broadcast radio receivers as well as on a European TV tuned to channel 4A or channel C, but at lower volume than wideband FM broadcast stations, because of the lower deviation.
* Channel 1 audio is the same as European Channel 2 audio and the video is the same as European Channel 2A. Channel 2 video is the same as European Channel 3 video.

VHF high-band (band III)  Channel | Lower edge | ATSC 1 pilot | Video carrier | ISDB-T/Tb center | Audio carrier | Upper edge

|
|
|
|
|
|

7 | 174 | 174.31 | 175.25 | 177.142857 | 179.75 | 180
8 | 180 | 180.31 | 181.25 | 183.142857 | 185.75 | 186
9 | 186 | 186.31 | 187.25 | 189.142857 | 191.75 | 192
10 | 192 | 192.31 | 193.25 | 195.142857 | 197.75 | 198
11 | 198 | 198.31 | 199.25 | 201.142857 | 203.75 | 204
12 | 204 | 204.31 | 205.25 | 207.142857 | 209.75 | 210
13 | 210 | 210.31 | 211.25 | 213.142857 | 215.75 | 216

### Japan[edit]

* The frequency spacing for each channel is 6 MHz as the countries above, except between channels 7 and 8 (which overlap).
* Channels 1 through 3 are reallocated for the expansion of the FM band.

VHF low-band  Channel | Lower edge | Video carrier | ISDB-T center frequency | Audio carrier | Upper edge

|
|
|
|
|

1 | 90 | 91.25 | 93.142857 | 95.75 | 96
2 | 96 | 97.25 | 99.142857 | 101.75 | 102
3 | 102 | 103.25 | 105.142857 | 107.75 | 108
VHF high-band  Channel | Lower edge | Video carrier | ISDB-T center frequency | Audio carrier | Upper edge

|
|
|
|
|

4 | 170 | 171.25 | 173.142857 | 175.75 | 176
5 | 176 | 177.25 | 179.142857 | 181.75 | 182
6 | 182 | 183.25 | 185.142857 | 187.75 | 188
7 | 188 | 189.25 | 191.142857 | 193.75 | 194
8 | 192 | 193.25 | 195.142857 | 197.75 | 198
9 | 198 | 199.25 | 201.142857 | 203.75 | 204
10 | 204 | 205.25 | 207.142857 | 209.75 | 210
11 | 210 | 211.25 | 213.142857 | 215.75 | 216
12 | 216 | 217.25 | 219.142857 | 221.75 | 222

### United Kingdom, Ireland, and Hong Kong[edit]

Further information: Analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom#405 line system

System A 405 lines (discontinued in 1985)  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

1 | 45.00 | 41.50
2 | 51.75 | 48.25
3 | 56.75 | 53.25
4 | 61.75 | 58.25
5 | 66.75 | 63.25
6 | 179.75 | 176.25
7 | 184.75 | 181.25
8 | 189.75 | 186.25
9 | 194.75 | 191.25
10 | 199.75 | 196.25
11 | 204.75 | 201.25
12 | 209.75 | 206.25
13 | 214.75 | 211.25

#### Ireland[edit]

System I 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

A | 45.75 | 51.75
B | 53.75 | 59.75
C | 61.75 | 67.75
D | 175.25 | 181.25
E | 183.25 | 189.25
F | 191.25 | 197.25
G | 199.25 | 205.25
H | 207.25 | 213.25
I | 215.25 | 221.25
J | 223.25 | 229.25

* Channel A was never used terrestrially. The only System I Band I transmitter on Channel B was RTÉ One from the Maghera, Co. Clare transmitter during 1963–1999. Channel A was initially intended for use at Maghera but Channel B was used instead because of the risk of interference to (overspill) reception of BBC 405 line transmissions.[2] It was moved to Channel E due to interference from distant transmitters on channel 3 and channel A via certain atmospheric conditions and other reasons. Channel C was used by a relay transmitter in Glanmire, Co. Cork.
* Channel B video is the same as Italian Channel A video and Channel C audio is the same as Channel 4 audio.
* There are currently no Band I Channels used in Ireland (except on cable TV, and these have mostly been phased out for DOCSIS use) and no plans to resume using them.
* Most Irish Cable TV systems do not follow the above channel plan as their analogue (video) carriers are usually at multiples of 8 MHz (i.e. 176, 184, 192 MHz etc. in Band III)

### Western Europe; Greenland; and most countries in Asia, Africa, and Oceania[edit]

System B 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz)  | DVB-T/T2 (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|
|

1 | 41.25  | 43.5 | 46.75
1A | 42.25  | 44.5 | 47.75
2 | 48.25  | 50.5 | 53.75
2A | 49.75  | 52 | 55.25
3 | 55.25  | 57.5 | 60.75
4 | 62.25  | 64.5 | 67.75
4A | 82.25  | 84.5 | 87.75
5 | 175.25  | 177.5 | 180.75
6 | 182.25  | 184.5 | 187.75
7 | 189.25  | 191.5 | 194.75
8 | 196.25  | 198.5 | 201.75
9 | 203.25  | 205.5 | 208.75
10 | 210.25  | 212.5 | 215.75
11 | 217.25  | 219.5 | 222.75
12 | 224.25  | 226.5 | 229.75

* Channels 1 and 1A were used for early experimental broadcasts and are no longer allocated.[3]
* Channels 15 and 16 are allocated for use in the African Broadcasting Area only.[4]
* Channel 2A was only ever used in Austria for the Sendeturm Jauerling to avoid interferences with neighboring Eastern European TV stations.
* Channel 3 in Belgium, RTBF 1 broadcast from the Liège transmitter with 100 kW until the switchover to DVB-T.
* Channel 12 was reserved by the military in some countries (like Germany (West Germany only)) so only relay transmitters operated on this frequency.
* Channel 4A audio carrier's frequency is very close to US Channel 6 audio carrier and overlaps the FM band in Europe

### France[edit]

System E 819 lines (discontinued in 1986)  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

1 | 46.00 | 42.00
2 | 52.40 | 41.25
3 | 56.15 | 67.30
4 | 65.55 | 54.40
5 | 164.00 | 175.15
6 | 173.40 | 162.25
7 | 177.15 | 188.30
8A | 185.25 | 174.10
8 | 186.55 | 175.40
9 | 190.30 | 201.45
10 | 199.70 | 188.55
11 | 203.45 | 214.60
12 | 212.85 | 201.70

* Channel 1 used an earlier 441-line system and was discontinued in 1956.

System L 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

1 | 47.75 | 41.25
2 | 55.75 | 49.25
3 | 60.50 | 54.00
4 | 63.75 | 57.25
5 | 176.00 | 182.50
6 | 184.00 | 190.50
7 | 192.00 | 198.50
8 | 200.00 | 206.50
9 | 208.00 | 214.50
10 | 216.00 | 222.50

### French overseas departments and territories and former French African colonies[edit]

System K 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

2 | 52.25 | 58.75
3 | 60.25 | 66.75
4 | 175.25 | 181.75
5 | 183.25 | 189.75
6 | 191.25 | 197.75
7 | 199.25 | 205.75
8 | 207.25 | 213.75
9 | 215.25 | 221.75
10 | 223.25 | 229.75

### Italy[edit]

System B 625 lines (discontinued in 2009) [5] Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

A | 53.75 | 59.25
B | 62.25 | 67.75
C | 82.25 | 87.75
D | 175.25 | 180.75
E | 183.75 | 189.25
F | 192.25 | 197.75
G | 201.25 | 206.75
H | 210.25 | 215.75
H1 | 217.25 | 222.75
H2 | 224.25 | 229.75

* Channels A through H are indicated in many European TVs as Channels 13–20.
* Channels B, C, D, H, H1, and H2 are identical to Channels E4, E4A, E5, E10, E11, and E12.
* Channel A video carrier is the same as Channel E2 audio carrier and thus it used to be common that the audio from a distant TV station on channel E2 received via Sporadic E interferes with Channel A video and vice versa.
* Channel C audio carrier's frequency falls into the FM band in Europe.

### Eastern Europe, North Korea[edit]

Original OIR assignments
System D 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

I | 41.75 | 48.25
II | 49.75 | 56.25
III | 59.25 | 65.75
IV | 77.25 | 83.75
1 | 145.25 | 151.75
2 | 153.25 | 159.75
3 | 161.25 | 167.75
4 | 169.25 | 175.75
5 | 177.25 | 183.75
6 | 185.25 | 191.75
7 | 193.25 | 199.75
8 | 201.25 | 207.75
9 | 209.25 | 215.75
Assignments since 1965
System D 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

1 | 49.75 | 56.25
2 | 59.25 | 65.75
3 | 77.25 | 83.75
4 | 85.25 | 91.75
5 | 93.25 | 99.75
6 | 175.25 | 181.75
7 | 183.25 | 189.75
8 | 191.25 | 197.75
9 | 199.25 | 205.75
10 | 207.25 | 213.75
11 | 215.25 | 221.75
12 | 223.25 | 229.75

### East Germany (former DDR)[edit]

In its very early days DFF made some test transmissions using the D/K standard (6.5 MHz audio) before reverting (around 1957) to System B/G (5.5 MHz audio) but using some unique frequencies.[6]

Channel  | Channel limits (MHz)  | Vision carrier (MHz)  | Main sound carrier (MHz)  | Notes

|
|
|
|

1 (Pre 1957) | 41.00 - 49.00 | 41.75 | 48.25 | Identical to old OIR Ch I
2 (Pre 1957) | 58.50 - 66.50 | 59.25 | 65.75 | Identical to old OIR Ch III (Overlaps western channels E3 and E4)
3 (Pre 1957) | 99.15 - 107.15 | 99.90 | 106.40 | Overlaps part of Western FM radio broadcast band
4 (Pre 1957) | 144.50 - 152.50 | 145.25 | 151.75 | Overlaps 2m Amateur radio band
1 (1957–1960) | 58.00 - 65.00 | 59.25 | 64.75 | Same video freq as pre-1957 Ch 2 (but 5.5 MHz sound) Overlaps western channels E3 and E4
2 (1957–1960) | 144.00 - 151.00 | 145.25 | 150.75 | Overlaps 2m Amateur radio band
3 (1957–1960) | 154.00 - 161.00 | 155.25 | 160.75 | Overlaps Marine VHF radio band
E5 | 174.00 - 181.00 | 175.25 | 180.75 | Identical to western Channel E5
E6 | 181.00 - 188.00 | 182.25 | 187.75 | Identical to western Channel E6
E8 | 195.00 - 202.00 | 196.25 | 201.75 | Identical to western Channel E8
E11 | 216.00 - 223.00 | 217.25 | 222.75 | Identical to western Channel E11

* [7]
* From 1960 onwards (West) European standard channels were adopted.

### Morocco[edit]

System B 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

4 | 163.25 | 168.75
5 | 171.25 | 176.75
6 | 179.25 | 184.75
7 | 187.25 | 192.75
8 | 195.25 | 200.75
9 | 203.25 | 208.75
10 | 211.25 | 216.75

### Australia[edit]

System B 625 lines (7 MHz / channel)  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | Center (QAM) frequency (MHz)

|
|
|

0* | 46.25 | 51.75 | 48.5
1* | 57.25 | 62.75 | 59.5
2* | 64.25 | 69.75 | 66.5
3* | 86.25 | 91.75 | 88.5
4* | 95.25 | 100.75 | 97.5
5* | 102.25 | 107.75 | 104.5
5A* | 138.25 | 143.75 | 140.5
6 | 175.25 | 180.75 | 177.5
7 | 182.25 | 187.75 | 184.5
8 | 189.25 | 194.75 | 191.5
9 | 196.25 | 201.75 | 198.5
9A | 203.25 | 208.75 | 205.5
10 | 210.25 | 215.75* | 212.5
11 | 217.25 | 222.75* | 219.5
12 | 224.25 | 229.75* | 226.5

* Channels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 5A are no longer used since the transition to digital television.
* With the introduction of digital TV in 2001, the last two channels were moved up by 1 MHz (some existing services affected - one example is AMV11 in the Upper Murray region of Victoria, Australia and VTV-11 in Western Victoria, due to the introduction of digital television at the time in regional Victoria) to allow a full 7 MHz for a new channel 9A and channel 12 was added following the new channel 11.

### New Zealand and Indonesia[edit]

System B 625 lines (7 MHz / channel)  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

1A | 44.25 | 49.75
1 | 45.25 | 50.75
2 | 55.25 | 60.75
3 | 62.25 | 67.75
4 | 175.25 | 180.75
5 | 182.25 | 187.75
6 | 189.25 | 194.75
7 | 196.25 | 201.75
8 | 203.25 | 208.75
9 | 210.25 | 215.75
10 | 217.25 | 222.75
11 | 224.25 | 229.75

* VHF analog TV ceased in New Zealand on 1 December 2013.
* Channels 10 and 11 weren't added until the late 1980s (except Indonesia).
* VHF analog TV channel 1A is only used in Indonesia.
* VHF is currently no longer used for television in Indonesia (except in some regions until 2022) and only UHF is used for both analog and digital television, as in the UK.

### Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa[edit]

System I 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | Remarks

|
|
|

1 | 43.25 | 49.25 | Never used terrestrially
2 | 52.25 | 58.25 | Never used terrestrially
3 | 60.25 | 66.25 | Never used terrestrially
4 | 175.25 | 181.25 | Identical to Irish Channel D
5 | 183.25 | 189.25 | Identical to Irish Channel E
6 | 191.25 | 197.25 | Identical to Irish Channel F
7 | 199.25 | 205.25 | Identical to Irish Channel G
8 | 207.25 | 213.25 | Identical to Irish Channel H
9 | 215.25 | 221.25 | Identical to Irish Channel I
10 | 223.25 | 229.25 | Identical to Irish Channel J
11 | 231.25 | 237.25 |
12 | 239.25 | 245.25 | Never used terrestrially
13 | 247.25 | 253.25 |

### China[edit]

Old assignments[8] (1958-1969)[9]
System D 625 lines  Channel | Frequency range (MHz) | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|
|

1 | 48.5-56.5 | 49.75 | 56.25
2[10] | 56.5-64.5 | 57.75 | 64.25
3 | 76-84 | 77.25 | 83.75
4 | 84-92 | 85.25 | 91.75
5 | 92-100 | 93.25 | 99.75

New assignments since 1970[9] System D 625 lines  Channel | Frequency range (MHz) | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | DTMB center frequency (MHz)

|
|
|
|

VHF low-band
DS-1 | 48.5-56.5 | 49.75 | 56.25 | 52.5
DS-2 | 56.5-64.5 | 57.75 | 64.25 | 60.5
DS-3 | 64.5-72.5 | 65.75 | 72.25 | 68.5
DS-4 | 76-84 | 77.25 | 83.75 | 80
DS-5 | 84-92 | 85.25 | 91.75 | 88
VHF high-band (Band III)
DS-6 | 167-175 | 168.25 | 174.25 | 171
DS-7 | 175-183 | 176.25 | 182.75 | 179
DS-8 | 183-191 | 184.25 | 190.75 | 187
DS-9 | 191-199 | 192.25 | 198.75 | 195
DS-10 | 199-207 | 200.25 | 206.75 | 203
DS-11 | 207-215 | 208.25 | 214.75 | 211
DS-12 | 215-223 | 216.25 | 222.75 | 219

### Vietnam[edit]

System D 625 lines  Channel | Frequency range (MHz) | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | DVB-T2 center frequency (Mhz)

|
|
|
|

Band II
3  | 76 - 84  | 77.25  | 83.25  | 80
Band III
6  | 174 - 182  | 175.25  | 181.75  | 178
7  | 182 - 190  | 183.25  | 189.75  | 186
8  | 190 - 198  | 191.25  | 197.75  | 194
9  | 198 - 206  | 199.25  | 205.75  | 202
10  | 206 - 214  | 207.25  | 213.75  | 210
11  | 214 - 222  | 215.25  | 221.75  | 223
12  | 222 - 230  | 223.25  | 229.75  | 231

## UHF[edit]

### Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan, Burma (Myanmar) and the Philippines[edit]

For frequencies used in the Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines, refer to Pan-American television frequencies.

Notes

* The frequencies used by UHF channels 70 through 83 were reallocated to the Land Mobile Radio System (Public Safety and Trunked Radio) and mobile phones in a CCIR worldwide convention in 1982, and thus were never used for digital TV but are highlighted in cyan and listed here for theoretical use.
* In certain metropolitan areas of the United States, Channels 14 through 20 have been allocated to Land Mobile Radio (LMR) use.[11]
* Channels 52 through 69 in the United States have been reallocated now that conversion to digital TV was completed on June 12, 2009. These channels are highlighted in yellow. Channels 70 through 83 in the United States and Canada were re-allocated to AMPS cellular phone use in 1983.
* On August 22, 2011, the United States' Federal Communications Commission announced a freeze on all future applications for broadcast stations requesting to use channel 51,[12] to prevent adjacent-channel interference to the A-Block of the 700 MHz band. Later that year (on December 16, 2011), Industry Canada and the CRTC followed suit in placing a moratorium on future television stations using Channel 51 for broadcast use, to prevent adjacent-channel interference to the A-Block of the 700 MHz band.[13]
* Not all countries listed use ATSC, which has a single VSB carrier wave. Other countries use COFDM modulation for DVB-T (Taiwan, Colombia) or ISDB-Tb (Philippines and Latin America), which has dozens of carriers within the channel. Burma (Myanmar) uses DVB-T2 on 8 MHz channel spacing on Western Europe / Asia DTV frequency along with Southeast Asian countries (except Philippines).
* ISDB-Tb frequency DTV channel 14 uses 473.142857 MHz, but ATSC 3.0, DVB-T/DVB-T2, and DTMB, use 473.0 MHz.
* Channel 37 is reserved for radio astronomy in the United States, Canada, Bermuda, Belize, and the Bahamas, thus there are no television stations assigned to it. Mexico also informally observes a ban on transmitters using this channel.
* Due to the FCC repack in the United States, all TV stations that had been broadcasting from channels 38 to 51 were required to move on or below channel 36 by July 3, 2020. As a result, channels 38-51 are highlighted in magenta.[14] These frequencies would later be used by U.S. mobile carriers like T-Mobile on Band 71.[15]

System M 525 lines (most countries in the Americas and Caribbean,
South Korea, Burma (Myanmar) Taiwan and the Philippines)
System N 625 lines (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)  Channel | Lower edge | ATSC 1 pilot | Video carrier | ISDB-T/Tb center | Audio carrier | Upper edge

|
|
|
|
|
|

14 | 470 | 470.31 | 471.25 | 473.142857 | 475.75 | 476
15 | 476 | 476.31 | 477.25 | 479.142857 | 481.75 | 482
16 | 482 | 482.31 | 483.25 | 485.142857 | 487.75 | 488
17 | 488 | 488.31 | 489.25 | 491.142857 | 493.75 | 494
18 | 494 | 494.31 | 495.25 | 497.142857 | 499.75 | 500
500 MHz band
19 | 500 | 500.31 | 501.25 | 503.142857 | 505.75 | 506
20 | 506 | 506.31 | 507.25 | 509.142857 | 511.75 | 512
21 | 512 | 512.31 | 513.25 | 515.142857 | 517.75 | 518
22 | 518 | 518.31 | 519.25 | 521.142857 | 523.75 | 524
23 | 524 | 524.31 | 525.25 | 527.142857 | 529.75 | 530
24 | 530 | 530.31 | 531.25 | 533.142857 | 535.75 | 536
25 | 536 | 536.31 | 537.25 | 539.142857 | 541.75 | 542
26 | 542 | 542.31 | 543.25 | 545.142857 | 547.75 | 548
27 | 548 | 548.31 | 549.25 | 551.142857 | 553.75 | 554
28 | 554 | 554.31 | 555.25 | 557.142857 | 559.75 | 560
29 | 560 | 560.31 | 561.25 | 563.142857 | 565.75 | 566
30 | 566 | 566.31 | 567.25 | 569.142857 | 571.75 | 572
31 | 572 | 572.31 | 573.25 | 575.142857 | 577.75 | 578
32 | 578 | 578.31 | 579.25 | 581.142857 | 583.75 | 584
33 | 584 | 584.31 | 585.25 | 587.142857 | 589.75 | 590
34 | 590 | 590.31 | 591.25 | 593.142857 | 595.75 | 596
600 MHz band
35 | 596 | 596.31 | 597.25 | 599.142857 | 601.75 | 602
36 | 602 | 602.31 | 603.25 | 605.142857 | 607.75 | 608
37 | 608 | 608.31 | 609.25 | 611.142857 | 613.75 | 614
38 | 614 | 614.31 | 615.25 | 617.142857 | 619.75 | 620
39 | 620 | 620.31 | 621.25 | 623.142857 | 625.75 | 626
40 | 626 | 626.31 | 627.25 | 629.142857 | 631.75 | 632
41 | 632 | 632.31 | 633.25 | 635.142857 | 637.75 | 638
42 | 638 | 638.31 | 639.25 | 641.142857 | 643.75 | 644
43 | 644 | 644.31 | 645.25 | 647.142857 | 649.75 | 650
44 | 650 | 650.31 | 651.25 | 653.142857 | 655.75 | 656
45 | 656 | 656.31 | 657.25 | 659.142857 | 661.75 | 662
46 | 662 | 662.31 | 663.25 | 665.142857 | 667.75 | 668
47 | 668 | 668.31 | 669.25 | 671.142857 | 673.75 | 674
48 | 674 | 674.31 | 675.25 | 677.142857 | 679.75 | 680
49 | 680 | 680.31 | 681.25 | 683.142857 | 685.75 | 686
50 | 686 | 686.31 | 687.25 | 689.142857 | 691.75 | 692
51 | 692 | 692.31 | 693.25 | 695.142857 | 697.75 | 698[12][13]
700 MHz band
52 | 698 | 698.31 | 699.25 | 701.142857 | 703.75 | 704
53 | 704 | 704.31 | 705.25 | 707.142857 | 709.75 | 710
54 | 710 | 710.31 | 711.25 | 713.142857 | 715.75 | 716
55 | 716 | 716.31 | 717.25 | 719.142857 | 721.75 | 722
56 | 722 | 722.31 | 723.25 | 725.142857 | 727.75 | 728
57 | 728 | 728.31 | 729.25 | 731.142857 | 733.75 | 734
58 | 734 | 734.31 | 735.25 | 737.142857 | 739.75 | 740
59 | 740 | 740.31 | 741.25 | 743.142857 | 745.75 | 746
60 | 746 | 746.31 | 747.25 | 749.142857 | 751.75 | 752
61 | 752 | 752.31 | 753.25 | 755.142857 | 757.75 | 758
62 | 758 | 758.31 | 759.25 | 761.142857 | 763.75 | 764
63 | 764 | 764.31 | 765.25 | 767.142857 | 769.75 | 770
64 | 770 | 770.31 | 771.25 | 773.142857 | 775.75 | 776
65 | 776 | 776.31 | 777.25 | 779.142857 | 781.75 | 782
66 | 782 | 782.31 | 783.25 | 785.142857 | 787.75 | 788
67 | 788 | 788.31 | 789.25 | 791.142857 | 793.75 | 794
68 | 794 | 794.31 | 795.25 | 797.142857 | 799.75 | 800
69 | 800 | 800.31 | 801.25 | 803.142857 | 805.75 | 806
800 MHz band
70 | 806 | 806.31 | 807.25 | 809.142857 | 811.75 | 812
71 | 812 | 812.31 | 813.25 | 815.142857 | 817.75 | 818
72 | 818 | 818.31 | 819.25 | 821.142857 | 823.75 | 824
73 | 824 | 824.31 | 825.25 | 827.142857 | 829.75 | 830
74 | 830 | 830.31 | 831.25 | 833.142857 | 835.75 | 836
75 | 836 | 836.31 | 837.25 | 839.142857 | 841.75 | 842
76 | 842 | 842.31 | 843.25 | 845.142857 | 847.75 | 848
77 | 848 | 848.31 | 849.25 | 851.142857 | 853.75 | 854
78 | 854 | 854.31 | 855.25 | 857.142857 | 859.75 | 860
79 | 860 | 860.31 | 861.25 | 863.142857 | 865.75 | 866
80 | 866 | 866.31 | 867.25 | 869.142857 | 871.75 | 872
81 | 872 | 872.31 | 873.25 | 875.142857 | 877.75 | 878
82 | 878 | 878.31 | 879.25 | 881.142857 | 883.75 | 884
83 | 884 | 884.31 | 885.25 | 887.142857 | 889.75 | 890

### Japan[edit]

Frequency spacing for each channel in Japan is the same as in the countries listed above, but the channel numbers are 1 lower than in those countries; for example, channel 13 in Japan is on the same frequency as channel 14 in North and South America (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines.

Channels 13-62 are used for analog and digital TV broadcasting.

System J 525 lines  Ch | Video (MHz) | Audio (MHz) | ISDB-T center

|
|
|

13 | 471.25 | 475.75 | 473.142857
14 | 477.25 | 481.75 | 479.142857
15 | 483.25 | 487.75 | 485.142857
16 | 489.25 | 493.75 | 491.142857
17 | 495.25 | 499.75 | 497.142857
18 | 501.25 | 505.75 | 503.142857
19 | 507.25 | 511.75 | 509.142857
20 | 513.25 | 517.75 | 515.142857
21 | 519.25 | 523.75 | 521.142857
22 | 525.25 | 529.75 | 527.142857
23 | 531.25 | 535.75 | 533.142857
24 | 537.25 | 541.75 | 539.142857
25 | 543.25 | 547.75 | 545.142857
26 | 549.25 | 553.75 | 551.142857
27 | 555.25 | 559.75 | 557.142857
28 | 561.25 | 565.75 | 563.142857
29 | 567.25 | 571.75 | 569.142857
30 | 573.25 | 577.75 | 575.142857
31 | 579.25 | 583.75 | 581.142857
32 | 585.25 | 589.75 | 587.142857
33 | 591.25 | 595.75 | 593.142857
34 | 597.25 | 601.75 | 599.142857
35 | 603.25 | 607.75 | 605.142857
36 | 609.25 | 613.75 | 611.142857
37 | 615.25 | 619.75 | 617.142857
38 | 621.25 | 625.75 | 623.142857
39 | 627.25 | 631.75 | 629.142857
40 | 633.25 | 637.75 | 635.142857
41 | 639.25 | 643.75 | 641.142857
42 | 645.25 | 649.75 | 647.142857
43 | 651.25 | 655.75 | 653.142857
44 | 657.25 | 661.75 | 659.142857
45 | 663.25 | 667.75 | 665.142857
46 | 669.25 | 673.75 | 671.142857
47 | 675.25 | 679.75 | 677.142857
48 | 681.25 | 685.75 | 683.142857
49 | 687.25 | 691.75 | 689.142857
50 | 693.25 | 697.75 | 695.142857
51 | 699.25 | 703.75 | 701.142857
52 | 705.25 | 709.75 | 707.142857
53 | 711.25 | 715.75 | 713.142857
54 | 717.25 | 721.75 | 719.142857
55 | 723.25 | 727.75 | 725.142857
56 | 729.25 | 733.75 | 731.142857
57 | 735.25 | 739.75 | 737.142857
58 | 741.25 | 745.75 | 743.142857
59 | 747.25 | 751.75 | 749.142857
60 | 753.25 | 757.75 | 755.142857
61 | 759.25 | 763.75 | 761.142857
62 | 765.25 | 769.75 | 767.142857

### United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Macau, Falkland Islands and Southern Africa[edit]

System I 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

21 | 471.25 | 477.25
22 | 479.25 | 485.25
23 | 487.25 | 493.25
24 | 495.25 | 501.25
25 | 503.25 | 509.25
26 | 511.25 | 517.25
27 | 519.25 | 525.25
28 | 527.25 | 533.25
29 | 535.25 | 541.25
30 | 543.25 | 549.25
31 | 551.25 | 557.25
32 | 559.25 | 565.25
33 | 567.25 | 573.25
34 | 575.25 | 581.25
35 | 583.25 | 589.25
36 | 591.25 | 597.25
37 | 599.25 | 605.25
38 | 607.25 | 613.25
39 | 615.25 | 621.25
40 | 623.25 | 629.25
41 | 631.25 | 637.25
42 | 639.25 | 645.25
43 | 647.25 | 653.25
44 | 655.25 | 661.25
45 | 663.25 | 669.25
46 | 671.25 | 677.25
47 | 679.25 | 685.25
48 | 687.25 | 693.25
49 | 695.25 | 701.25
50 | 703.25 | 709.25
51 | 711.25 | 717.25
52 | 719.25 | 725.25
53 | 727.25 | 733.25
54 | 735.25 | 741.25
55 | 743.25 | 749.25
56 | 751.25 | 757.25
57 | 759.25 | 765.25
58 | 767.25 | 773.25
59 | 775.25 | 781.25
60 | 783.25 | 789.25
61 | 791.25 | 797.25
62 | 799.25 | 805.25
63 | 807.25 | 813.25
64 | 815.25 | 821.25
65 | 823.25 | 829.25
66 | 831.25 | 837.25
67 | 839.25 | 845.25
68 | 847.25 | 853.25
69 | 855.25 | 861.25

* Channels 21 to 60 used for DVB-T Digital TV broadcasting in the UK, with the exception of Channel 38, which is used for programme making and special events. Channels 61 to 69 used for 4G LTE.
* Channel 69 was not used for TV broadcasting in the UK, it was used by the MOD and until 2012 for programme making and special events.
* PAL I was withdrawn from broadcasting use in the UK during 2012 and 2013.

### Western Europe, Greenland, most countries in Asia and Africa, and most of Oceania[edit]

System G/H 625 lines (8 MHz / channel)  UHF band  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

21 | 471.25 | 476.75
22 | 479.25 | 484.75
23 | 487.25 | 492.75
24 | 495.25 | 500.75
25 | 503.25 | 508.75
26 | 511.25 | 516.75
27 | 519.25 | 524.75
28 | 527.25 | 532.75
29 | 535.25 | 540.75
30 | 543.25 | 548.75
31 | 551.25 | 556.75
32 | 559.25 | 564.75
33 | 567.25 | 572.75
34 | 575.25 | 580.75
35 | 583.25 | 588.75
36 | 591.25 | 596.75
37 | 599.25 | 604.75
38 | 607.25 | 612.75
39 | 615.25 | 620.75
40 | 623.25 | 628.75
41 | 631.25 | 636.75
42 | 639.25 | 644.75
43 | 647.25 | 652.75
44 | 655.25 | 660.75
45 | 663.25 | 668.75
46 | 671.25 | 676.75
47 | 679.25 | 684.75
48 | 687.25 | 692.75
49 | 695.25 | 700.75
50 | 703.25 | 708.75
51 | 711.25 | 716.75
52 | 719.25 | 724.75
53 | 727.25 | 732.75
54 | 735.25 | 740.75
55 | 743.25 | 748.75
56 | 751.25 | 756.75
57 | 759.25 | 764.75
58 | 767.25 | 772.75
59 | 775.25 | 780.75
60 | 783.25 | 788.75
61 | 791.25 | 796.75
62 | 799.25 | 804.75
63 | 807.25 | 812.75
64 | 815.25 | 820.75
65 | 823.25 | 828.75
66 | 831.25 | 836.75
67 | 839.25 | 844.75
68 | 847.25 | 852.75
69 | 855.25 | 860.75
70 | 863.25 | 868.75
71 | 871.25 | 876.75
72 | 879.25 | 884.75
73 | 887.25 | 892.75
74 | 895.25 | 900.75
75 | 903.25 | 908.75
76 | 911.25 | 916.75
77 | 919.25 | 924.75
78 | 927.25 | 932.75
79 | 935.25 | 940.75
80 | 943.25 | 948.75
81 | 951.25 | 956.75

* Former channels 14 to 18 renumbered as 21 to 25 in 1961.[16]
* Channels 70 to 81 no longer allocated to television. They were only used in Italy.

### France, Eastern Europe, Former Soviet Union, French overseas territories and former French colonies in Africa, North Korea[edit]

System K 625 lines
System L 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|

21 | 471.25 | 477.75
22 | 479.25 | 485.75
23 | 487.25 | 493.75
24 | 495.25 | 501.75
25 | 503.25 | 509.75
26 | 511.25 | 517.75
27 | 519.25 | 525.75
28 | 527.25 | 533.75
29 | 535.25 | 541.75
30 | 543.25 | 549.75
31 | 551.25 | 557.75
32 | 559.25 | 565.75
33 | 567.25 | 573.75
34 | 575.25 | 581.75
35 | 583.25 | 589.75
36 | 591.25 | 597.75
37 | 599.25 | 605.75
38 | 607.25 | 613.75
39 | 615.25 | 621.75
40 | 623.25 | 629.75
41 | 631.25 | 637.75
42 | 639.25 | 645.75
43 | 647.25 | 653.75
44 | 655.25 | 661.75
45 | 663.25 | 669.75
46 | 671.25 | 677.75
47 | 679.25 | 685.75
48 | 687.25 | 693.75
49 | 695.25 | 701.75
50 | 703.25 | 709.75
51 | 711.25 | 717.75
52 | 719.25 | 725.75
53 | 727.25 | 733.75
54 | 735.25 | 741.75
55 | 743.25 | 749.75
56 | 751.25 | 757.75
57 | 759.25 | 765.75
58 | 767.25 | 773.75
59 | 775.25 | 781.75
60 | 783.25 | 789.75
61 | 791.25 | 797.75
62 | 799.25 | 805.75
63 | 807.25 | 813.75
64 | 815.25 | 821.75
65 | 823.25 | 829.75
66 | 831.25 | 837.75
67 | 839.25 | 845.75
68 | 847.25 | 853.75
69 | 855.25 | 861.75

### DVB-T/DVB-T2/DTMB/ISDB-T Digital television frequencies (Western Europe, Eastern Europe most countries Asia, Africa and Oceania)[edit]

Ch | DVB-T/T2

(MHz)

|

21 | 474
22 | 482
23 | 490
24 | 498
25 | 506
26 | 514
27 | 522
28 | 530
29 | 538
30 | 546
31 | 554
32 | 562
33 | 570
34 | 578
35 | 586
36 | 594
37 | 602
38 | 610
39 | 618
40 | 626
41 | 634
42 | 642
43 | 650
44 | 658
45 | 666
46 | 674
47 | 682
48 | 690
49 | 698
50 | 706
51 | 714
52 | 722
53 | 730
54 | 738
55 | 746
56 | 754
57 | 762
58 | 770
59 | 778
60 | 786
61 | 794
62 | 802
63 | 810
64 | 818
65 | 826
66 | 834
67 | 842
68 | 850
69 | 858

### Australia[edit]

System B 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz)  | DVB-T (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|
|

28 | 527.25  | 529.5 | 532.75
29 | 534.25  | 536.5 | 539.75
30 | 541.25  | 543.5 | 546.75
31 | 548.25  | 550.5 | 553.75
32 | 555.25  | 557.5 | 560.75
33 | 562.25  | 564.5 | 567.75
34 | 569.25  | 571.5 | 574.75
35 | 576.25  | 578.5 | 581.75
36 | 583.25  | 585.5 | 588.75
37 | 590.25  | 592.5 | 595.75
38 | 597.25  | 599.5 | 602.75
39 | 604.25  | 606.5 | 609.75
40 | 611.25  | 613.5 | 616.75
41 | 618.25  | 620.5 | 623.75
42 | 625.25  | 627.5 | 630.75
43 | 632.25  | 634.5 | 637.75
44 | 639.25  | 641.5 | 644.75
45 | 646.25  | 648.5 | 651.75
46 | 653.25  | 655.5 | 658.75
47 | 660.25  | 662.5 | 665.75
48 | 667.25  | 669.5 | 672.75
49 | 674.25  | 676.5 | 679.75
50 | 681.25  | 683.5 | 686.75
51 | 688.25  | 690.5 | 693.75
52 | 695.25  | 697.5 | 700.75
53 | 702.25  | 704.5 | 707.75
54 | 709.25  | 711.5 | 714.75
55 | 716.25  | 718.5 | 721.75
56 | 723.25  | 725.5 | 728.75
57 | 730.25  | 732.5 | 735.75
58 | 737.25  | 739.5 | 742.75
59 | 744.25  | 746.5 | 749.75
60 | 751.25  | 753.5 | 756.75
61 | 758.25  | 755.5 | 763.75
62 | 765.25  | 767.5 | 770.75
63 | 772.25  | 774.5 | 777.75
64 | 779.25  | 781.5 | 784.75
65 | 786.25  | 788.5 | 791.75
66 | 793.25  | 795.5 | 798.75
67 | 800.25  | 802.5 | 805.75
68 | 807.25  | 809.5 | 812.75
69 | 814.25  | 816.5 | 819.75

Channels 52–69 had been progressively phased out since the introduction of digital television and rationalisation of the spectrum

### China[edit]

Provisional assignments in 1970s[17]

System D 625 lines
Channel | Video carrier (MHz)  | Audio carrier (MHz)
13 | 471.25  | 477.75
14 | 479.25  | 485.75
15 | 487.25  | 493.75
16 | 495.25  | 501.75
17 | 503.25  | 509.75
18 | 511.25  | 517.75
19 | 519.25  | 525.75
20 | 527.25  | 533.75
21 | 535.25  | 541.75
22 | 543.25  | 549.75
23 | 551.25  | 557.75
24 | 559.25  | 565.75
25 | 605.25  | 611.75
26 | 613.25  | 619.75
27 | 621.25  | 627.75
28 | 629.25  | 635.75
29 | 637.25  | 643.75
30 | 645.25  | 651.75
31 | 653.25  | 659.75
32 | 661.25  | 667.75
33 | 669.25  | 675.75
34 | 677.25  | 683.75
35 | 685.25  | 691.75
36 | 693.25  | 699.75
37 | 701.25  | 707.75
38 | 709.25  | 715.75
39 | 717.25  | 723.75
40 | 725.25  | 731.75
41 | 733.25  | 739.75
42 | 741.25  | 747.75
43 | 749.25  | 755.75
44 | 757.25  | 763.75
45 | 765.25  | 771.75
46 | 773.25  | 779.75
47 | 781.25  | 787.75
48 | 789.25  | 795.75

New assignments  System D 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz)  | DTMB/CMMB (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz)

|
|
|

DS-13 | 471.25  | 474 | 477.75
DS-14 | 479.25  | 482 | 485.75
DS-15 | 487.25  | 490 | 493.75
DS-16 | 495.25  | 498 | 501.75
DS-17 | 503.25  | 506 | 509.75
DS-18 | 511.25  | 514 | 517.75
DS-19 | 519.25  | 522 | 525.75
DS-20 | 527.25  | 530 | 533.75
DS-21 | 535.25  | 538 | 541.75
DS-22 | 543.25  | 546 | 549.75
DS-23 | 551.25  | 554 | 557.75
DS-24 | 559.25  | 562 | 565.75
DS-25 | 607.25  | 610 | 613.75
DS-26 | 615.25  | 618 | 621.75
DS-27 | 623.25  | 626 | 629.75
DS-28 | 631.25  | 634 | 637.75
DS-29 | 639.25  | 642 | 645.75
DS-30 | 647.25  | 650 | 653.75
DS-31 | 655.25  | 658 | 661.75
DS-32 | 663.25  | 666 | 669.75
DS-33 | 671.25  | 674 | 677.75
DS-34 | 679.25  | 682 | 685.75
DS-35 | 687.25  | 690 | 693.75
DS-36 | 695.25  | 698 | 701.75
DS-37 | 703.25  | 706 | 709.75
DS-38 | 711.25  | 714 | 717.75
DS-39 | 719.25  | 722 | 725.75
DS-40 | 727.25  | 730 | 733.75
DS-41 | 735.25  | 738 | 741.75
DS-42 | 743.25  | 746 | 749.75
DS-43 | 751.25  | 754 | 757.75
DS-44 | 759.25  | 762 | 765.75
DS-45 | 767.25  | 770 | 773.75
DS-46 | 775.25  | 778 | 781.75
DS-47 | 783.25  | 786 | 789.75
DS-48 | 791.25  | 794 | 797.75
DS-49 | 799.25  | 802 | 805.75
DS-50 | 807.25  | 810 | 813.75
DS-51 | 815.25  | 818 | 821.75
DS-52 | 823.25  | 826 | 829.75
DS-53 | 831.25  | 834 | 837.75
DS-54 | 839.25  | 842 | 845.75
DS-55 | 847.25  | 850 | 853.75
DS-56 | 855.25  | 858 | 861.75
DS-57 | 863.25  | 866 | 869.75
DS-58 | 871.25  | 874 | 877.75
DS-59 | 879.25  | 882 | 885.75
DS-60 | 887.25  | 890 | 893.75
DS-61 | 895.25  | 898 | 901.75
DS-62 | 903.25  | 906 | 909.75
DS-63 | 911.25  | 914 | 917.75
DS-64 | 919.25  | 922 | 925.75
DS-65 | 927.25  | 930 | 933.75
DS-66 | 935.25  | 938 | 941.75
DS-67 | 943.25  | 946 | 949.75
DS-68 | 951.25  | 954 | 957.75

### Vietnam[edit]

System K 625 lines  Channel | Video carrier (MHz) | Audio carrier (MHz) | DVB T2 frequencies (from 2018)

|
|
|

21 | 471.25 | 477.75 | 474
22 | 479.25 | 485.75 | 482
23 | 487.25 | 493.75 | 490
24 | 495.25 | 501.75 | 498
25 | 503.25 | 509.75 | 506
26 | 511.25 | 517.75 | 514
27 | 519.25 | 525.75 | 522
28 | 527.25 | 533.75 | 530
29 | 535.25 | 541.75 | 538
30 | 543.25 | 549.75 | 546
31 | 551.25 | 557.75 | 554
32 | 559.25 | 565.75 | 562
33 | 567.25 | 573.75 | 570
34 | 575.25 | 581.75 | 578
35 | 583.25 | 589.75 | 586
36 | 591.25 | 597.75 | 594
37 | 599.25 | 605.75 | 602
38 | 607.25 | 613.75 | 610
39 | 615.25 | 621.75 | 618
40 | 623.25 | 629.75 | 626
41 | 631.25 | 637.75 | 634
42 | 639.25 | 645.75 | 642
43 | 647.25 | 653.75 | 650
44 | 655.25 | 661.75 | 658
45 | 663.25 | 669.75 | 666
46 | 671.25 | 677.75 | 674
47 | 679.25 | 685.75 | 682
48 | 687.25 | 693.75 | 690
49 | 695.25 | 701.75 | 698
50 | 703.25 | 709.75 | 706
51 | 711.25 | 717.75 | 714
52 | 719.25 | 725.75 | 722
53 | 727.25 | 733.75 | 730
54 | 735.25 | 741.75 | 738
55 | 743.25 | 749.75 | 746
56 | 751.25 | 757.75 | 754
57 | 759.25 | 765.75 | 762
58 | 767.25 | 773.75 | 770
59 | 775.25 | 781.75 | 778
60 | 783.25 | 789.75 | 786
61 | 791.25 | 797.75 | 794
62 | 799.25 | 805.75 | 802

some cable TV providers in Vietnam may use System G.[18]

700MHz band is used for 4G & 5G services.

## See also[edit]

* Television portal

* Asian television frequencies
* Australasian television frequencies
* Autoroll
* Broadcast television systems
* ATSC
* DVB-T
* DVB-T2
* NTSC
* NTSC-J
* PAL
* RCA
* SECAM
* Digital television transition
* Knife-edge effect
* Moving image formats
* Multichannel television sound
* Pan-American television frequencies

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Commercial Television Frequencies". Archived from the original on 1999-10-08.
2. ^ Channel Inquiry [dead link]
3. ^ "World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms". www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-08-30.
4. ^ ITU, Final Acts of the Regional Administrative Conference for the planning of VHF/UHF Television Broadcasting in the African Broadcasting Area and Neighbouring Countries 1989, ITU, 1990 page 60
5. ^ "Il Ministero delle Comunicazioni - Comunicati stampa". Archived from the original on 22 June 2009.
6. ^ "World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms". www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
7. ^ "Telenostalgie.de - Fernsehen von gestern …". www.telenostalgie.de. Archived from the original on 17 May 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
8. ^ 李, 均 (Jan 1959). 北京电视台 (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: 北京出版社. p. 40.
9. ^ a b "上海广播电视志". 上海通 (in Chinese (China)). 上海市地方志办公室. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
10. ^ 章之俭; 陶增鑫 (May 1958). "北京电视台". 电信科学 (in Chinese (China)). 1958 (05): 1–5. ISSN 1000-0801.
11. ^ CFR Ch. I (10–1–07 Edition) edocket.access.gpo.gov
12. ^ a b FCC Public Notice DA-11-1428A1:
* Rcd PDF
* Microsoft Word document
* PDF format
* Plain Text format
13. ^ a b Government of Canada, Innovation (30 December 2011). "Industry Canada Advisory Letter - Moratorium on the Use of Television Channel 51". ised-isde.canada.ca. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
14. ^ "Transition Schedule". Federal Communications Commission. 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
15. ^ "FCC says 600 MHz clearing is ahead of schedule". RCR Wireless News. 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
16. ^ Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Broadcasting Stations of the World (Part IV) 16th Edition 1960, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960 pages 97-98
17. ^ 中央广播事业局技术处; 中央广播事业局电视办公室. "调频广播网和电视广播网规划方法 <暂行>". 广播与电视技术 (in Chinese (China)). 1975 (Z2): 1–32. ISSN 1002-4522.
18. ^ "QCVN 87:2020/BTTTT Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về tín hiệu truyền hình cáp tương tự tại điểm kết nối thuê bao" (PDF). BỘ THÔNG TIN VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG (in Vietnamese). 30 September 2020. p. 5. Retrieved 31 October 2023.

* v
* t
* e

Analog television broadcasting topics

Systems|

* 180-line
* 343-line
* 375-line
* 405-line (System A)
* 441-line
* 455-line
* 525-line (System M)
* 625-line (System B, System C, System D, System G, System H, System I, System K, System L, System N)
* 819-line (System E, System F)

Color systems|

* NTSC
* NTSC-J
* Clear-Vision
* PAL
* PAL-M
* PAL-S
* PALplus
* SECAM

Video|

* Back porch and front porch
* Black level
* Blanking level
* Chrominance
* Chrominance subcarrier
* Colorburst
* Color killer
* Color TV
* Composite video
* Frame (video)
* Horizontal scan rate
* Horizontal blanking interval
* Luma
* Nominal analogue blanking
* Overscan
* Raster scan
* Safe area
* Television lines
* Vertical blanking interval
* White clipper

Sound|

* Multichannel television sound
* NICAM
* Sound-in-Syncs
* Zweikanalton

Modulation|

* Frequency modulation
* Quadrature amplitude modulation
* Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)

Transmission|

* Amplifiers
* Antenna (radio)
* Broadcast transmitter/Transmitter station
* Cavity amplifier
* Differential gain
* Differential phase
* Diplexer
* Dipole antenna
* Dummy load
* Frequency mixer
* Intercarrier method
* Intermediate frequency
* Output power of an analog TV transmitter
* Pre-emphasis
* Residual carrier
* Split sound system
* Superheterodyne transmitter
* Television receive-only
* Direct-broadcast satellite television
* Television transmitter
* Terrestrial television
* Transposer
* Digital television transition

Frequencies & bands|

* Frequency offset
* Microwave transmission
* Television channel frequencies
* UHF
* VHF

Propagation|

* Beam tilt
* Distortion
* Earth bulge
* Field strength in free space
* Noise (electronics)
* Null fill
* Path loss
* Radiation pattern
* Skew
* Television interference

Testing|

* Distortionmeter
* Field strength meter
* Vectorscope
* VIT signals
* Zero reference pulse

Artifacts|

* Dot crawl
* Ghosting
* Hanover bars
* Sparklies

* v
* t
* e

Radio spectrum (ITU)

ELF
3 Hz/100 Mm
30 Hz/10 Mm

SLF
30 Hz/10 Mm
300 Hz/1 Mm

ULF
300 Hz/1 Mm
3 kHz/100 km

VLF
3 kHz/100 km
30 kHz/10 km

30 kHz/10 km
300 kHz/1 km

300 kHz/1 km
3 MHz/100 m

3 MHz/100 m
30 MHz/10 m

VHF
30 MHz/10 m
300 MHz/1 m

UHF
300 MHz/1 m
3 GHz/100 mm

SHF
3 GHz/100 mm
30 GHz/10 mm

EHF
30 GHz/10 mm
300 GHz/1 mm

THF
300 GHz/1 mm
3 THz/0.1 mm

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Radio portal

* v
* t
* e

Telecommunications

History|

* Beacon
* Broadcasting
* Cable protection system
* Cable TV
* Communications satellite
* Computer network
* Data compression
* audio
* DCT
* image
* video
* Digital media
* Internet video
* online video platform
* social media
* streaming
* Drums
* Edholm's law
* Electrical telegraph
* Fax
* Heliographs
* Hydraulic telegraph
* Information Age
* Information revolution
* Internet
* Mass media
* Mobile phone
* Smartphone
* Optical telecommunication
* Optical telegraphy
* Pager
* Photophone
* Prepaid mobile phone
* Radio
* Radiotelephone
* Satellite communications
* Semaphore
* Phryctoria
* Semiconductor
* device
* MOSFET
* transistor
* Smoke signals
* Telecommunications history
* Telautograph
* Telegraphy
* Teleprinter (teletype)
* Telephone
* The Telephone Cases
* Television
* digital
* streaming
* Undersea telegraph line
* Videotelephony
* Whistled language
* Wireless revolution

Pioneers|

* Nasir Ahmed
* Edwin Howard Armstrong
* Mohamed M. Atalla
* John Logie Baird
* Paul Baran
* John Bardeen
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Emile Berliner
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Francis Blake (telephone)
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Charles Bourseul
* Walter Houser Brattain
* Vint Cerf
* Claude Chappe
* Yogen Dalal
* Daniel Davis Jr.
* Donald Davies
* Amos Dolbear
* Thomas Edison
* Lee de Forest
* Philo Farnsworth
* Reginald Fessenden
* Elisha Gray
* Oliver Heaviside
* Robert Hooke
* Erna Schneider Hoover
* Harold Hopkins
* Gardiner Greene Hubbard
* Internet pioneers
* Bob Kahn
* Dawon Kahng
* Charles K. Kao
* Narinder Singh Kapany
* Hedy Lamarr
* Innocenzo Manzetti
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Robert Metcalfe
* Antonio Meucci
* Samuel Morse
* Jun-ichi Nishizawa
* Charles Grafton Page
* Radia Perlman
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov
* Tivadar Puskás
* Johann Philipp Reis
* Claude Shannon
* Almon Brown Strowger
* Henry Sutton
* Charles Sumner Tainter
* Nikola Tesla
* Camille Tissot
* Alfred Vail
* Thomas A. Watson
* Charles Wheatstone
* Vladimir K. Zworykin

Transmission
media|

* Coaxial cable
* Fiber-optic communication
* optical fiber
* Free-space optical communication
* Molecular communication
* Radio waves
* wireless
* Transmission line
* telecommunication circuit

Network topology
and switching|

* Bandwidth
* Links
* Nodes
* terminal
* Network switching
* circuit
* packet
* Telephone exchange

Multiplexing|

* Space-division
* Frequency-division
* Time-division
* Polarization-division
* Orbital angular-momentum
* Code-division

Concepts|

* Communication protocol
* Computer network
* Data transmission
* Store and forward
* Telecommunications equipment

Types of network|

* Cellular network
* Ethernet
* ISDN
* LAN
* Mobile
* NGN
* Public Switched Telephone
* Radio
* Television
* Telex
* UUCP
* WAN
* Wireless network

Notable networks|

* ARPANET
* BITNET
* CYCLADES
* FidoNet
* Internet
* Internet2
* JANET
* NPL network
* Toasternet
* Usenet

Locations|

* Africa
* Americas
* North
* South
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* (Global telecommunications regulation bodies)

* Telecommunication portal
* Category
* Outline
* Commons

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