Television in Russia

Television is the most popular medium in Russia, with 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional channels.[1] There are 6,700 television channels in total.[2] Before going digital television, 3 channels have a nationwide outreach (over 90% coverage of the Russian territory): Channel One, Russia-1 and NTV.[3]

## History

[edit]

See also: History of the Soviet television

Between 1941 and 1945 all television broadcasts in the nation were interrupted because of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. During these early years, most television programs were about life in the Soviet Union, cultural activities and sports.

In 1956 a second national television channel was established. This initial expansion of activity encompassed mostly the city of Moscow, but to a lesser extent also Leningrad, the Urals, Siberia and the Ukrainian SSR. Each republic, area or region had its own television station.

In the 1970s and 1980s, television become the preeminent mass medium. In 1988 approximately 75 million households owned television sets, and an estimated 93 percent of the population watched television. Moscow, the base from which most of the television stations broadcast, transmitted some 90 percent of the country's programs, with the help of more than 350 stations and nearly 1,400 relay facilities.

Updating the television in the Soviet Union, the release of its censorship by the Central Committee, began with the proclamation at the XXVII Congress of the new General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's new political course of the party in relation to the country. Chairman of the Radio and Television was Alexander Aksenov.

In 1991, the Soviet era Gosteleradio state system included six national television channels, 52 stations in the former Soviet republics and 78 regional stations in the Russian Federation.

Today, there are about 15,000 transmitters in the country. Development of domestic digital TV transmitters, led within "Multichannel" research program, had already been finished. New domestic digital transmitters have been developed and installed in Nizhniy Novgorod and Saint Petersburg in 2001–2002.

## Legislation

[edit]

The Russian Constitution was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993. Article 29 "On the Rights and Freedoms of the Person and Citizen" establishes the universal right to freedom of thought and opinion, freedom of expression of beliefs and convictions, and freedom to seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information. This right can be limited only by law and only "in the interests of protecting the Constitution, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, or for the defence of the country and national security". According to the Constitution, only the law can limit freedom of speech and establish limits for its expression. The fundamental piece of media-specific federal legislation is the Law on Mass Media, which was passed on 27 December 1991 and took effect on 13 February 1992.

The law reinforces the freedom of information and the unacceptability of censorship. It also contains provisions regulating the founding, ownership and use of mass media, and dissemination of information. The law regulates relations between mass media and citizens and/or organisations, determines the rights and obligations of journalists and establishes responsibility for violations of mass media-related laws. The Law on Mass Media allows private broadcasting and limits the rights of foreign individuals to found mass media in Russia.

## Satellite television

[edit]

The first Soviet communication satellite, called Molniya, was launched in 1965. By November 1967 the national system of satellite television, called Orbita was deployed. The system consisted of 3 highly elliptical Molniya satellites, with Moscow-based ground uplink facilities and about 20 downlink stations, located in cities and towns of remote regions of Siberia and the Far East. Each station had a 12-meter receiving parabolic antenna and transmitters for re-broadcasting TV signals to local householders.

However, a large part of the Soviet central regions were still not covered by transponders of Molniya satellites. By 1976 Soviet engineers developed a relatively simple and inexpensive system of satellite television (especially for Central and Northern Siberia). It included geostationary satellites called Ekran equipped with powerful 300-watt UHF transponders, a broadcasting uplink station and various simple receiving stations located in various towns and villages of Siberia. The typical receiving station, also called Ekran, included a home-use analog satellite receiver equipped with a simple Yagi-Uda antenna. Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced Ekran-M series satellites.

In 1979 Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or Moscow) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. New types of geostationary communication satellites, called Gorizont, were launched. They were equipped with powerful onboard transponders, so the size of the receiving station's parabolic antennas were reduced to 4 and 2.5 meters (in comparison to the early 12- meter dishes of the standard orbital downlink stations).

By 1989 an improved version of the Moskva system, called Moskva Global'naya, (or Moscow Global) was introduced. The system included a few geostationary Gorizont and Express type communication satellites. TV signals from Moscow Global's satellites could be received in any country on the planet except Canada and the Northwest USA.

Modern Russian satellite broadcasting services are based on powerful geostationary satellite buses such as Gals (satellite), Ekspress, USP and Eutelsat which provide a large quantity of free-to-air television channels to millions of householders. Pay-TV is growing in popularity amongst Russian TV viewers. The NTV Russia news company, owned by Gazprom, broadcasts the NTV Plus package to 560,000 households, reaching over 1.5 million viewers.[4]

Six out of these seven satellites are new vehicles. Four belong to the "Express-AM" family (sent into orbit in 2003–2005), and two to the "Express-A" family (sent into orbit in 2000–2002). SESC also uses the centre for TV/Radio signal compression standard along with the formation of data transport flows as per the MPEG-2/DVB standard, which ensures the formation of standardized signal packages from federal TV/radio channels.

By May 2013, of the 53 million TV homes in Russia, 24% were equipped for Direct-to-Home satellite reception, making satellite the country's leading platform for digital television. The number of satellite homes across Russia continues to grow, increasing by 25% between 2011 and 2013 from 8 million to 12.6 million. 10% of these homes receive signals from more than one satellite position, taking the total number of antennas to 13.8 million.[5]

## Cable television

[edit]

Cable television was introduced in the 2000s, and grew significantly in the early 2010s. Cable operators began upgrading their networks to DVB-C and adding new services such as video on demand, catch-up-TV and others. In 2012, cable television accounted for more than half of all pay-TV subscribers (58%).[6] Most of Pay-TV channels were closed due to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine due to the fact that they were non-Government owned.

## Distribution of the terrestrial channels

[edit]

The distribution of the terrestrial channels is the task of the Unitary Enterprise Russian Satellite Communications Company, which has 11 satellites, and the Federal unitary enterprise "Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network" serving 14,478 TV transmitters in Russia (90.9% of the total number). TV and radio channels are broadcast through the terrestrial satellite communications complexes owned by the Russian Satellite Communications Company at teleports located in Medvezhy Ozera (Russian: Медвежьи озера), Vladimir and Dubna, which ensure the transmission of channels to all five time zones in Russia via the space vehicles of RTRN.

## Digital broadcasting

[edit]

### Beginning

[edit]

In December 2005, a project was launched to create a digital television network in the Republic of Mordovia, where the DVB-T standard will be utilised. The project objective was to ensure for the population, the possibility of receiving a large (up to 10) number of TV channels and several radio stations in the stereo broadcasting mode and in the digital DVB-T standard. The project was implemented by OJSC "Volga Telecom" (a subsidiary of OJSC "Sviazinvest") with support from the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communication of Russia, the Ministry of Culture, the National Association of TV Broadcasters and administration of the Republic of Mordovia.[7]

Different alternatives were considered in the process of preparing proposals on shifting the country to digital broadcasting (thematic discussions began in the early 2000s), but the Ministry of IT and Communication decided to focus solely on terrestrial broadcasting as the method of digital TV implementation.[8] In Russia, the first legal act to set the standards for the digital transition was the Government Resolution No. 1700-r of 29 November 2007, which approved a Concept Paper for the Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2008–2015. This document was elaborated by the high-level Governmental Commission on Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting originally headed by Dmitry Medvedev in his capacity as first vice-chair of the government.[9]

The transition of terrestrial TV from analogue into digital format (in DVB-T standard) had been announced as a government priority in Russia and identified in the document Concept of TV Broadcasting Development in the Russian Federation within 2008–2015. The main positive factor in the introduction of terrestrial TV broadcasting in the DVB-T standard, according to the opinion of market players, has been the approval of a TV broadcasting development framework in the Russian Federation for 2008–2015 (approved by resolution of the Government # 1700-p, dated 29 November 2007).[10]

The total investment in the transition of terrestrial TV from analogue to digital format is expected to be Euro 10 billion during the period 2008–2015.[citation needed]

The main factors which have a high positive influence upon the rates of terrestrial DTV introduction tend to be general political and macroeconomic factors. Commercial factors do not have a significant influence upon rates of introduction of digital standards for terrestrial broadcasting. Cable television would gain the largest financial benefits from the introduction of digital television.[citation needed]

On 10 May during Sviaz-Expocomm – 2011, the 23rd International Exhibition of Information Technologies and Communication Services in Moscow, Russia's national telecommunications operator Svyazinvest, together with Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network signed a cooperation agreement to organize the terrestrial transmission of digital content to the RRBN transmitters across the country, thus enabling the broadcasting of eight federal TV channels (Channel One, Russia 1, Russia 24, Russia 2, Russia K, Channel 5, NTV, Karusel) and one local channel, the latter to be transmitted as a "multiplex" channel on one of the main digital channels.[11]

In June 2011 DVB-T2 tests got under way in Moscow. In July 2011 The Russian government commission on the development of TV and radio broadcasting, has supported the Communications and Mass Media Ministry's suggestion to roll out DVB-T2 test zones, the government's press service has announced.[12]

In September 2011 a governmental commission had approved the use of the DVB-T2 standard for the development of digital terrestrial TV in Russia, as proposed by the Ministry of Communications. The digital terrestrial TV network was being tested out in the Tver Oblast. It was planned that new regional networks will be deployed under the DVB-T2 standard and existing DVB-T networks will be upgraded to the new standard[13]

### Digital switchover

[edit]

It took Russia 10 years to move from analogue to digital broadcasting. The Digital Switchover (DSO) was completed in late 2019.[14][15] On December 3, 2009, the Russian Government approved the federal target programme "Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2009-2018".[16] The main objective of the programme was to provide the population of the Russian Federation with free-to-air multichannel digital TV and radio broadcasting.[17]

Before 2010 almost half of Russia's population, 44%, could watch no more than four channels. There was no room left for development of analogue broadcasting.[18] Authorities have envisaged TV multiplexes in 2009. The list of channels in the first of the two of them was approved by a decree of the President of Russia.[19][20]

Over a period of 10 years, about 100 million TV-sets and about 20 million digital set-top boxes were sold. This had set the stage for the analogue switch-off (ASO). On November 29, 2018, the Russian government approved the ASO roadmap.[21] The federal target programme included modernizing the whole structure of terrestrial broadcasting. It is considered the biggest programme of digital TV development in the world.[22][23]

In December 2018, the pilot region, the Tver Region, phased out analogue broadcasting of 20 federal TV channels.[24] In 2019, Russia switched off analogue TV broadcasting in four stages: February 11 (8 regions), April 15 (20 regions), June 3 (36 regions) and October 14 (21 regions).[25]

Russia was the first BRICS country to complete the ASO.[26] Preparation for each stage of the ASO included a number of activities:

1\. Informing the population, both through federal and regional media.[27]

2\. Placing information materials in post offices, social protection centres, retail appliances and electronics stores.

3\. Door-to-door activities in all localities of the Russian Federation.[28]

4\. Attracting volunteers to assist the population in setting up equipment for receiving DTT. 70,000 volunteers, 30,000 social workers and 50,000 Russian Post employees participated in the process.[29][30][31][32]

5\. Creating the Digital Switchover Task Force with representatives of the Russian government, regional authorities and all organizations involved.

6\. Monitoring the cost of the TV reception equipment in retail stores.

7\. Carrying out inspection of сommunity antenna TV systems for DTT broadcasting in apartment buildings and, if necessary, repairing and upgrading them.[33]

8\. Developing mechanisms and conditions for providing the population living outside the DTT coverage area with satellite equipment at a reduced price.

9\. Providing targeted assistance for vulnerable and/or low-income citizens.[34]

A special digital terrestrial TV hotline has been opened in the run-up to the ASO. Operators consulted viewers on buying up-to-date DVB-T2 equipment and adjusting it to their conditions. Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network staff tested equipment from the retail and informed viewers through the hotline about the best choices.[35] 78 DTT Consultation Centers operated in administrative centers of Russian regions.[36]

100% of the Russian population have got the guaranteed public access to 20 must-carry public TV channels and three radio stations, 98,4% of them — through DTT.[37][38]

To complete the Digital Switchover RTRN collaborated with IT software manufacturers Nevion[39] and Progira.[40]

More than 11,000 analogue TV transmitters were put out of operation.[41] The DTT transition has laid the foundations for the development of new services (HD, UHD,[42][43] HbbTV and so on).[44][45][46][47][48][49]

Participation in the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation"[50] and new telecom services implementation are RTRN's main current objectives.

RTRN has successfully tested the main standards of digital broadcasting including DRM.[51][52]

## Internet TV

[edit]

Russian TV is available to many expatriates living abroad, via the internet. There are several OTT service providers, which are targeted on Russian and Ukrainian expatriates in the United States and Canada.[53]

## List of channels

[edit]

This is a list of television channels that broadcast in Russia. Full list of channels

### Terrestrial Nationwide Digital Broadcasting Program

[edit]

#### First Multiplex

[edit]

Channels  Channel  | Name  | Certificate of Broadcast  | Date of first digital Broadcast  | Frame

|
|
|
|

ch. 1  | Channel One | 77 — 50252 07.06.2012 | 2012  | 16:9
ch. 2  | Russia-1 | 77 — 76122 24.06.2019
ch. 3  | Match TV | 77 — 63590 02.11.2015 | 2015
ch. 4  | NTV | 77 — 62736 18.08.2015 | 2012
ch. 5  | Channel Five – Petersburgh | 77 — 71806 08.12.2017
ch. 6  | Russia-K | 77 — 48107 30.12.2011
ch. 7  | Russia-24 | 77 — 48108 30.12.2011
ch. 8  | Carousel | 77 — 51992 11.12.2012
ch. 9  | Public Channel | 77 — 78997 15.09.2020 | 2013
ch. 10  | TV Centre – Moscow | 77 — 62849 20.08.2015 | 2014
Radio networks  Position  | Name

|

RN1  | Vesti FM
RN2  | Radio Mayak
RN3  | Radio Rossii

#### Second Multiplex

[edit]

Channels  Channel  | Name  | Certificate of Broadcast  | Date of first digital Broadcast  | Frame

|
|
|
|

ch. 11  | REN TV | 77 — 66270 01.07.2016 | 2013  | 16:9
ch. 12  | Spas | 77 — 74808 11.01.2019 | 2014
ch. 13  | STS | 77 — 72433 05.03.2018 | 2013
ch. 14  | Domashny | 77 — 71389 01.11.2017
ch. 15  | TV-3 | 77 — 71695 23.11.2017 | 2014
ch. 16  | Friday! | 77 — 71810 13.12.2017 | 2015
ch. 17  | Zvezda | 77 — 61865 18.05.2015 | 2013
ch. 18  | MIR | 77 — 48753 22.02.2012
ch. 19  | TNT | 77 — 71680 23.11.2017
ch. 20  | Muz-TV | 77 — 65731 20.05.2016
ch. 999  | RTRS Plus | 77 - 6717 18.12.2002 | 2022  | HbbTV service

### State-owned

[edit]

Name  | Themes | Owner | Established  | Broadcast area  | Broadcast technology | Website

|
|
|
|
|
|

Russia 1 |  | VGTRK | 1991  | Nationwide  | Terrestrial | russia.tv
Russia K |  | 1997  |  |  | tvkultura.ru
Russia 24 |  | 2006  |  |  | www.vesti.ru
Carousel |  | Channel One Russia and VGTRK | 2010  |  |  | www.karusel-tv.ru
RT (group of channels)  |  | TV-Novosti | 2005  |  |  | rt.com
TV Centre | News, entertainment, educational, sports  | Moscow Media | 1997  | Nationwide  | Terrestrial | tvc.ru
Central Television |  | 2012  | Nationwide  | Cable |
Moskva 24 |  | 2011  | Moscow  | Terrestrial | www.m24.ru
Moskva Doverie |  | 2016  | Moscow  | Cable | www.doverie-tv.ru
360  |  | 2014  | Moscow, Moscow Oblast  | Cable | www.360tv.ru
360 – Moscow News  |  | 2018  | Moscow, Moscow Oblast  | Cable | www.360tv.ru
Zvezda |  | Ministry of Defence | 2005  |  |  | tvzvezda.ru
Zvezda Plus |  | 2021  |  |  | tvzvezda.ru/sp/zvezda-plus/
SPAS |  | Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate | 2006  |  |  | www.spastv.ru
OTR |  | Russian government | 2013  | Nationwide  | Terrestrial | www.otr-online.ru
Mir |  | 10 states from CIS | 1992  |  |  | mirtv.ru
Mir 24 |  | 2013  |  |  | mir24.tv
NTV |  | Gazprom Media (Gazprombank) | 1993  | Nationwide  | Terrestrial | www.ntv.ru
Match TV |  | 2015  |  |  | matchtv.ru
TNT |  | 1998  |  |  | tnt-online.ru
TV3 |  | 1994  |  |  | tv3.ru
Friday! |  | 2013  |  |  | friday.ru
Saturday! |  | 2017  |  |  | subbota.tv
TNT4 |  | 2016  |  |  | tnt4.tnt-online.ru
2x2 | Entertainment (animation) | 1989  | Nationwide  | Terrestrial  | 2x2tv.ru
Channel One Russia |  | Russian government (34.23%), VTB Bank (32.89%), National Media Group (19.46%), Sogaz (13.42%) | 1995  | Nationwide  | Terrestrial | www.1tv.ru
Channel Five – Petersburgh | Serials and films  | National Media Group (72.43%), Sergey Rudnov (18.3%), Government of Saint-Petersburg (6.27%), Sogaz (3%) | 1938  | Nationwide  | Terrestrial | http://5-tv.ru/
REN TV | News & entertainment  | National Media Group (82%), Sogaz (18%) | 1997  | Commonwealth of Independent States  | Terrestrial | http://ren.tv/
Izvestia |  | National Media Group | 2017  |  | Cable | http://iz.ru/
78 |  | National Media Group (25%), Sergey Rudnov (75%) | 2017  |  | Cable | http://78.ru/
CTC TV | Entertainment  | CTC Media (National Media Group) | 1996  |  | Terrestrial | http://ctc.ru/
Domashniy ("Home channel")  | Family entertainment | 2005  | Nationwide  |  | http://domashniy.ru/
Che |  | 2015  |  |  | http://chetv.ru/
CTC Love |  | 2014  |  |  | http://ctclove.ru/
CTC Kids |  | 2018  |  |  | http://ctckids.ru/
Muz-TV |  | Media-1[54] (pending sale to Media Telekom (joint venture National Media Group and Rostelecom)[55][56] | 1996  |  |  | http://muz-tv.ru/
U |  | 2012  |  |  | http://u-tv.ru/
Solntse | Family entertainment | 2022  | Nationwide  |  | http://sun-tv.ru/

### Private

[edit]

Name  | Themes | Owner | Established  | Broadcast area  | Broadcast technology | Website

|
|
|
|
|
|

3ABN Russia  | Religion (Adventist)  | Three Angels Broadcasting Network | 1992  | International  | Satellite?  | http://3angels.ru/
RBC TV | 24/7 News | ESN | 2003  | Nationwide  | ? | http://tv.rbc.ru/
Multilandia |  | Voxell Baltic | 2006  |  |  | http://www.multimania.tv
Kinomania |  | 2005  |  |  | http://www.kinomania.tv
BRIDGE (music channel)  |  | SAFMAR Media/Bridge Media Group | 2005  |  |  | http://bridgetv.ru/en/
Russian Travel Guide |  | RTG Corp. | 2009  |  |  | http://www.rtgtv.com/
BRIDGE Russian Hit |  | SAFMAR Media/Bridge Media Group | 2010  |  |  | http://rusongtv.ru/en/
BRIDGE Hits |  | 2013  |  |  | http://dangetv.ru/en/
Europa plus TV |  | EMG (European Media Group) | 2011  |  |  | http://www.europaplus.tv/
Ru.TV |  | RMG (Russian Media Group) | 2006  |  |  | http://www.ru.tv/
O2TV |  | private investors | 2004  |  |  | http://o2tv.biz/en
RTVi |  | Rostec | 2002  |  |  | http://www.rtvi.ru/english.html
Nostalgiya |  | Veriselintel | 2004  |  |  | http://www.nostalgiatv.ru
Jivi!  |  | Red Media (Gazprom-Media) | 2008  |  |  | http://www.jv.ru
Mosfilm Golden Collection  |  | VGTRK & Mosfilm | 2020  |  |  | http://www.mosfilmgold.ru
Kuhnya TV  |  | Red Media (Gazprom-Media) | 2007  |  |  | http://www.kuhnyatv.ru/
Eda  |  | Pi-Stolet LLC | 2011  |  |  | http://www.tveda.ru/
Evrokino  |  | Strim | 2008  |  |  | http://www.eurokino.tv
Avto Plus  |  | Red Media (Gazprom-Media) | 2006  |  |  | http://www.autoplustv.com/
KVN TV |  | 2016  |  |  | http://www.kvn.ru/tv
Boks TV  |  | 2014  |  |  | http://www.boxingtv.ru/
Vremya  |  | Channel One Russia | 2005  |  |  | http://www.vremya.tv
Pobeda  |  | 2019  |  |  | http://www.pobeda.tv
Dom Kino  |  | 2005  |  |  | http://www.domkino.tv
Gulli Girl |  | Groupe M6 | 2016  |  |  | http://www.gulli.ru
Zee TV Russia |  | Red Media (Gazprom-Media) | 1992  |  |  | http://www.zee-tv.ru
TiJi Russia |  | Groupe M6 | 2009  |  |  | http://www.tiji.ru
Chanson TV  |  | Mediamart | 2006  |  |  | http://www.shanson.tv
O!  |  | Channel One Russia | 2017  |  |  | http://www.kanal-o.ru

### Discontinued

[edit]

Name | Owner | Established | Closed

|
|
|

Ostankino 4 now NTV (Russia) | RSTRC Ostankino | 1991 | 1993
Ostankino 1 now ORT | 1995
Rossiyskiye University now NTV (Russia) | Media Most and VGTRK | 1993 | 1996
AMTV now STS (Russia) | Maraton-TV and Moskva-Revyu | 1994
MTK now Third Channel | Government of Moscow | 1989 | 1997
Channel 24 now Peretz | Kosmos-TV | 1994 | 1999
TeleExpo now Euronews Russia | Moskomimuschestvo and MosExpo | 1995 | 2001
AST/Prometey AST discounted in 2006 | AST, Gazprom | 2002
TV6 now TVS (Russia) | MIBC (Moscow Independent Broadcasting Corporation)
(Since 1999 – Boris Berezovsky and Lukoil-Garant) | 1993
TVS now Russia-2 | Media-Sotsium | 2002 | 2003
M1 now Domashniy | Mediainvest | 1994 | 2005
Jetix now Disney Channel (Russia) | Jetix Europe | 2005  | 2010
Jetix Play Discontinued in 2010
Hallmark Channel now Diva Universal | Universal Networks International | 1999
Bibigon now Karusel | VGTRK | 2007
Seven TV now Disney Channel (Russia) | UTH Russia | 2000 | 2011
Diva Universal now E! | NBCUniversal International Networks | 2010  | 2014
Universal Channel Discontinued in 2015  | 2007  | 2015
E! Discontinued in 2015  | 2014
Russia 2 now Match TV | VGTRK | 2003
NTV Plus channels | NTV Plus | 1996 | 2016
A-One now TNT Music | private investors | 2005
AMC now Hollywood  | AMC Networks International Central Europe | 2014  | 2019
Sony Sci-fi now .sci-fi  | Sony Pictures Television Inc. | 2007  | 2021
Sony Channel now .red  | 2009
Sony Turbo now .black  | 2012
TV Rain Discontinued in 2022 | Natalia Sindeeva | 2010 | 2022
Eurosport 1 Discontinued in 2022  | Warner Bros. Discovery | 1996
Discovery Channel Russia Discontinued in 2022 | 1998
Animal Planet Discontinued in 2022 | 2006
Cartoon Network Discontinued in 2022 | 2009
TLC Russia Discontinued in 2022 | 2011
Boomerang Russia Discontinued in 2022 | 2013
DTX Discontinued in 2022  | 2016
Discovery Ultra Discounted in 2022  | 2020
JimJam Discounted in 2022  | AMC Networks International Central Europe  | 2008
MTV Russia Discounted in 2022  | Paramount | 1998
Nickelodeon Russia Discontinued in 2022
Nick Jr. Russia Discontinued in 2022 | 2011
Paramount Comedy (Russia) Discontinued in 2022 | 2012
Nicktoons Russia Discontinued in 2022 | 2018
National Geographic Discontinued in 2022 now TERRA  | The Walt Disney Company | 1997
National Geographic Wild Discontinued in 2022  | 2007
BabyTV Discontinued in 2022
Fox Russia now Kineko
Fox Life Russia now Sapfir | 2008
Disney Channel now Solntyse | 2010 (Cable)
Media-1[57] | 2011 (terrestrial)
TV1000 now viju TV1000 | Viasat World | 2003 | 2023
Viasat Explorer now viju Explore
Viasat History now viju History | 2004
TV1000 Russkoe Kino now viju TV1000 russkoe | 2005
Viasat Sport East now viju+sport | 2006
TV1000 Action East now viju TV1000 action | 2008
ViP Serial now viju+serial |
Viasat Nature now viju+nature | 2010
ViP Comedy now viju+comedy | 2012
ViP Premiere now viju+premiere
ViP Megahit now viju+megahit

NTV-Plus

Tricolor

## Most-viewed channels

[edit]

Weekly viewing shares, 26 May – 1 June 2025:[58]

Position | Channel | Group | Share of total viewing, age 4+ (%)

|
|
|

1 | Thematical TV channels |  | 14.9
2 | Russia 1 | VGTRK (state-owned) | 14.3
3 | NTV | Gazprom-Media (Gazprombank, state-owned) | 9.3
4 | REN TV | National Media Group (82%), Sogaz (18%) | 7.2
5 | Channel Five | National Media Group (72.43%), Sergey Rudnov (18.3%), Government of Saint-Petersburg (6.27%), Sogaz (3%) | 6.9
6 | Channel One | Government of Russia (34.23%), VTB Bank (32.89%), National Media Group (19.46%), Sogaz (13.42%) | 6.5
7 | Domashny | National Media Group | 5.3
8 | CTC | National Media Group | 4.2
9 | Carousel | VGTRK and Channel One (state-owned) | 3.8
10 | TNT | Gazprom-Media (Gazprombank, state-owned) | 3.5
11 | TV Center | Moscow Media (state-owned) | 3.4

## See also

[edit]

* Russia portal
* Television portal

* List of Russian-language television channels
* Television in the Soviet Union
* Mass media in Russia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Oates, p.128
2. ^ Broadcast media Archived 9 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine CIA World Factbook
3. ^ "19.8 Coverage by TV broadcasting". Federal Statistics Service. 2008.
4. ^ "Broadband TV News | Central and East Europe | Home". Broadbandtvnews.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
5. ^ "Russia's leading satellite TV neighbourhood at 36° East reaches record audience and prepares for new growth" (PDF). Eutelsat Communications. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
6. ^ Robert Briel (25 February 2013). "Pay-TV in Russia to reach 74% in 2017". Broadband TV News. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
7. ^ "Groteck Co., Ltd for the European Audiovisual Observatory". Archived from the original on 31 March 2009.
8. ^ HDTV and the Transition to Digital Broadcasting: Understanding New Television Technologies, Philip J. Cianci
9. ^ Concept of development of TV and radio broadcasting in Russian Federation in 2008–2015 (Концепция развития телерадиовещания в Российской Федерации на 2008 – 2015 годы)
10. ^ The European Audiovisual Observatory
11. ^ Rostelecom’s backbone network to transmit digital TV content across Russia
12. ^ "News – DVB". dvb.org. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
13. ^ Russian govt approves DVB-T2 standard, 26 September 2011, DVB Worldwide
14. ^ "Russia postpones digital switchover in 21 regions". Digital TV Europe. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
15. ^ "Началась последняя волна отключения аналогового вещания в РФ". Interfax.ru (in Russian). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
16. ^ "Russia sets out DTT channel strategy". Broadband TV News. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
17. ^ "Alexey Volin Named 16 Points of Television Development Strategy in Russia". Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
18. ^ "Космонавт Скворцов объявил с орбиты о полном переходе России на цифровое телевидение". ТАСС. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
19. ^ "Об общероссийских обязательных общедоступных телеканалах и радиоканалах". pravo.gov.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
20. ^ "Эфирная стройка завершается". www.rspectr.com. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
21. ^ "Переход на цифровое вещание". Министерство цифрового развития, связи и массовых коммуникаций Российской Федерации (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
22. ^ "Андрей Романченко: Через два года цифровое ТВ войдет в каждый дом". Российская газета (in Russian). 2 August 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
23. ^ Андрей Романченко: "Программа перехода считается самым крупным проектом развития ЦЭТВ в мире", 22 November 2018, archived from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 28 September 2021
24. ^ "В России отключили аналоговое телевещание". Ведомости (in Russian). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
25. ^ "Переход на цифровое телевидение". РИА Новости (in Russian). 13 February 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
26. ^ "Россия перешла на цифровое телевизионное вещание". Российская газета (in Russian). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
27. ^ "Андрей Романченко: Средний человек смотрит не 100, а всего 7-9 каналов". Российская газета (in Russian). 10 July 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
28. ^ Чебоненко, Михаил, Новая эра: как Россия переходила на цифровое вещание (in Russian), retrieved 28 September 2021
29. ^ "В России не возникло проблем при переходе на "цифру"". www.cableman.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
30. ^ "Министр цифрового развития и связи назвал Тюменскую область в числе лучших при переходе на "цифру"". Вслух.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
31. ^ "Константин Носков оценил затраты на цифровую телесеть". telecomdaily.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
32. ^ "От платного кабельного советуют отказаться, а ТНВ будет вещать в эфире ОТР — Реальное время". realnoevremya.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
33. ^ "Романченко: Антенна - самая частая причина проблем с цифровым сигналом". Российская газета (in Russian). 26 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
34. ^ "Андрей Романченко рассказал, почему полный переход на "цифру" отложили". Российская газета (in Russian). 16 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
35. ^ "Виктор Пинчук: РТРС завершил строительство сети вещания первого мультиплекса в 51 регионе РФ". telecomdaily.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
36. ^ "При переходе на цифровое вещание инфраструктуру РТРС необходимо было серьезно модернизировать". www.rspectr.com. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
37. ^ "Рабочая встреча с Игорем Щёголевым и Андреем Романченко". Президент России (in Russian). 12 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
38. ^ Андрей Романченко: "В России самая крупная сеть цифрового телевидения в мире", April 2019, archived from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 28 September 2021
39. ^ "Russia's RTRN picks Nevion to help transition its terrestrial network to digital". Nevion. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
40. ^ Ler, Peggy (23 October 2018). "PROGIRA collaborates with Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network". PROGIRA. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
41. ^ "Роскомнадзор: в 2019 году было отключено 11 тыс. аналоговых передатчиков, осталось - 9 тыс. | Телеспутник". www.telesputnik.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
42. ^ "РТРС в тестовом режиме на Москву и область запустила первый мультиплекс в формате HD". www.nat.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
43. ^ Media, Groteck Business. "Lib". lib.broadcasting.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2021. `{{cite web}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
44. ^ "Broadcasting of second multiplex digital television was launched in Barnaul". Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
45. ^ "Alexey Volin Discussed Development of Digital Television and Radio Broadcasting in Kamchatka". Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
46. ^ "Комиссия по телерадиовещанию решила перевести цифровое ТВ в HDTV". www.comnews.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
47. ^ "РТРС гибридизирует ТВ". www.comnews.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
48. ^ "Будущее в формате ультравысокой четкости от РТРС — Электросвязь" (in Russian). 17 November 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
49. ^ "На Ямале заработали 12 станций цифрового эфирного ТВ". Российская газета (in Russian). 9 November 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
50. ^ "Instructions on implementation of Digital Economy of Russian Federation national programme". President of Russia. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
51. ^ "Digital Radio Mondiale | Main Russian Network Operator (RTRN): DRM delivers more for less". Retrieved 28 September 2021.
52. ^ "Правительство РФ утвердило переход России на европейскую DRM-систему цифрового радиовещания". moscow.rtrs.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2021.
53. ^ "Russian TV Company". Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
54. ^ "группа компаний медиа1" [Media-1 Group of Companies]. Media-1.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
55. ^ [1]
56. ^ [2]
57. ^ "Холдинг ЮТВ стал владельцем 80% российского Disney". Tvkinoradio.ru. 15 January 2016. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
58. ^ "Рейтинги". mediascope.net.

## External links

[edit]

Media related to Television of Russia at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Television in Russia

Broadcasting
and regulation|

* Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media
* Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network
* Russian Satellite Communications Company
* Ostankino Technical Center
* Shabolovka Telecenter
* Moscow Scientific-Research Television Institute
* All-Russian Research Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting
* Gazprom Space Systems
* Orbita broadcasting system
* State Television and Radio Fund
* TSTRS

Terrestrial Nationwide
Digital Broadcasting
Program|

| RTRS-1|

* Channel 1HD
* Channel 2HD
* Channel 3HD
* Channel 4HD
* Channel 5HD
* Channel 6HD
* Channel 7
* Channel 8HD
* Channel 9HD
* Channel 10HD
* Radio 1
* Radio 25.1
* Radio 3

|

RTRS-2|

* Channel 11HD
* Channel 12
* Channel 13HD
* Channel 14HD
* Channel 15HD
* Channel 16HD
* Channel 17HD
* Channel 18HD
* Channel 19HD
* Channel 20HD

Terrestrial and
Analog Broadcasting
or Nationwide channels|

| VGTRK|

* Russia-1
* Russia-24
* Russia-K

|

Gazprom-Media|

* NTV
* Match!
* TNT
* TV-3
* Pyatnitsa!
* Subbota!

National Media Group|

* REN TV (82%)
* Channel Five (72,4%)
* Channel One (19,5%)
* CTC
* Domashny
* Muz-TV
* Solntse
* U
* Che

Other state-owned
channels|

* Carousel2
* TV Center
* OTR
* MIR
* Spas
* Zvezda

Cable/
Satellite/
IPTV/
OTT|

| VGTRK|

* RTR-Planeta
* Solovyov Live (HD)

| Digital Television3|

* My Planet (HD)
* Live Planet
* Nauka (HD)
* Doctor (HD)
* History
* T24
* Russian Roman (HD)
* Russian Bestseller
* Russian Detective
* Komediya
* Mosfilm. Gold collection (HD)
* Patriot (HD)
* Cinema
* Kino TV (HD)
* Sarafan
* NST
* Strashnoe HD
* FAN (HD)
* Mama
* Multimuzyka
* Kinomult (HD)
* Mult (HD)
* ANI

|

RT|

* RT English (HD)
* RT DE (HD)
* RTD Russian (HD)
* RTD English (HD)1
* RT French (HD)1
* RT Spanish (HD)1
* RT Arabic (HD)1

Gazprom-Media|

| GPM Entertainment TV|

* TNT4 (HD)
* 2x2 (HD)

|

GPM Information TV|

* NTV Style (HD)
* NTV Pravo (HD)
* NTV Serial (HD)
* NTV Hit (HD)
* Neizvestnaya Rossiya (HD)

GPM Movies
and Thematic TV|

* Kinopremiera (HD)
* Kinohit (HD)
* Kinosemiya (HD)
* Muzhskoe Kino (HD)
* Kinosvidanie (HD)
* Kinomiks
* Nashe novoe kino
* Rodnoe Kino
* Kinokomediya
* Indiyskoe kino
* Kinoseriya (HD)
* Kinouzhas (HD)
* Kuhnya (HD)
* Tochka RF (HD)
* 365 Dney (HD)
* Muzyka Live (HD)
* Russkaya Noch (HD)

| distribution|

* Rutube TV (HD)
* Boks TV (HD)
* MMA TV
* Dorama (HD)
* India (HD)
* Kino Living (HD)
* Saga TV (HD)
* Auto Plus (HD)
* Zhivi! (HD)
* Nostalgia
* Kto est kto
* Women's Magazine (HD)
* Big Planet (HD)
* KVN TV
* Europa Plus TV (HD)
* Supergeroi (HD)
* V gostyakh u skazki (HD)

|

GPM Match!|

* Match! Planeta
* Match! Arena (HD)
* Match! Igra (HD)
* Match! Strana (HD)
* Match! Boets (HD)
* Match! Premier (HD)
* Match! Football 1 (HD)
* Match! Football 2 (HD)
* Match! Football 3 (HD)
* KHL (HD)
* KHL Prime (HD)
* Konnyi Mir (HD)

National Media Group|

* Izvestia (branded as "iz") (HD)
* 78 (HD)
* CTC Love
* CTC Kids (HD)
* Katyusha (19,5%) (HD)1

| Media Telekom4|

* Kineko (HD)
* Sapfir (HD)
* Terra (HD)
* Udar (HD)
* .Red (HD)
* .Black (HD)
* .Sci-Fi (HD)
* Mi (HD)
* Appetitny (HD)

| distribution|

* Dialogi o rybalke
* Star Media
* Star Cinema (HD)
* Star Family (HD)
* BOLT (HD)
* Russian History (HD)
* Fenix Film
* Fenix plus kino (HD)
* Oruzhie
* Anekdot TV
* Start Broadcasting
* Start (HD)
* Start Triumpf (HD)

|

Moscow Media|

* Moscow 24
* Moscow Doveriye
* Central Television Channel
* 360 - Moscow Region (HD)
* 360 - Moscow News (HD)

SAFMAR Media|

* Bridge (HD)
* Bridge Russian Hits (HD)
* Bridge Classic (HD)
* Bridge Hits (HD)
* Bridge Shlyager (HD)
* Bridge Deluxe (HD)
* Bridge Rock (HD)
* Bridge Fresh (HD)
* Bridge Ethno (HD)
* Baby Time (HD)
* Vkus (HD)

Viasat Russia|

* Viju TV1000 Russkoe (HD)
* Viju TV1000 (HD)
* Viju TV1000 Action (HD)
* Viju TV1000 Novella (HD)
* Viju TV1000 Romantica (HD)
* Viju Explore (HD)
* Viju History (HD)
* Viju Nature (HD)
* Da Vinci Russia (HD)
* Viju+ Premiere (HD)
* Viju+ Megahit (HD)
* Viju+ Comedy (HD)
* Viju+ Serial (HD)
* Viju+ Planet (HD)
* Viju+ Sport (HD)

Tricolor|

| Digital TV Family|

* Dom Kino (HD)
* Dom Kino Premium (HD)
* Muzika Pervogo (HD)
* Vremya (HD)
* Telecafe (HD)
* Bober (HD)
* O! (HD)
* Poekhaly! (HD)
* Pobeda (HD)
* Lapki Live (HD)

|

First HDTV|

* Arsenal (HD)
* Perviy Kosmicheskii (The First Space) (HD)
* Blockbuster (HD)
* Hit (HD)
* Nashe Muzhskoe (HD)
* Nash kinopokaz (HD)
* Pro Lubov (About Love) (HD)
* Comedy (HD)
* Kinopokaz (Film Show) (HD)
* Scream (HD)
* Den Pobedy (Victory Day) (HD)
* Sovetskaya Kinoklassika (Soviet film classics) (HD)
* LoveStory (HD)
* Ohotnik i Rybolov (Hunter and Fisherman) (HD)
* Rybolov (Fisherman) (HD)
* Insight TV (4K)
* Our Siberia 4K (4K)
* Priklucheniya (Adventures) (HD)
* Teleputeshestviya (Teletravels)
* Zagorodnyi (Countryside)
* Our Siberia (HD)
* V Mire Zhivotnyh (Animal World) (HD)
* Zoo TV
* Tonus
* Kapitan Fantastika (Captain Fantastic) (HD)
* Ryzhiy (Redhead)
* TipTop (HD)
* Chizhik (HD)
* Eda (Food)
* FoodTime (HD)
* TV Sport (HD)
* Hockey TV (HD)
* Myach (Ball) (HD)
* Sila (HD)
* Poyedinok (HD)
* Igra (HD)
* Era (HD)
* Bolshoy Efir (HD)
* Tricolor TV Sport (HD)
* Kino UHD (4K)
* Premialnoe (HD)
* Ostrosyuzhetnoe (HD)
* Shockiruyuschee (HD)
* Komediynoe (HD)
* Romantichnoe (HD)
* Dushevnoe (HD)
* Nashe (HD)
* Lubimoe (HD)
* Kriminalnoe (HD)
* Scream (HD)

Others|

* 24.KZ (HD)
* Jibek Joly TV (HD)
* Jibek Joly Cinema (HD)
* Jibek Joly Prime (HD)
* CCTV-4 (HD)
* CGTN (HD)
* CGTN Documentary (HD)
* CGTN Russian (HD)
* Zhara! TV (HD)
* RU.TV (HD)
* RBC TV (HD)
* MIR 24 (HD)
* Zvezda Plus
* RTVI1
* RTVI Retro1
* Russian Music Box (HD)
* Music Box Gold
* TNT Music
* O2TV (HD)
* Shanson TV
* TV channel Strana FM (HD)

| Internet and
satellite only|

* TV Rain (HD)
* eQualitie EQTV (HD)
* Euronews Russian (HD)
* Current Time TV (HD)
* DW Russian (HD)
* Vot Tak (time slots) (HD)
* FreeDom (HD)
* Svoboda Satelite
* Svoboda
* Svoboda News
* Russia's Future

|

Defunct|

* Life
* Life78
* A-One
* AMC Russia
* 1st channel Ostankino
* 4th channel Ostankino
* Russia-2
* Russian Universities
* Telenyanya
* Bibigon
* MGM Russia
* TV-6
* TVS
* Seven
* DTV
* Rambler Teleset
* Otkrytyi Mir
* M1
* Moscow Television Channel
* TeleExpo
* 4Multimania (in Russia)
* Nashe TV
* Tsargrad TV
* MIR Premium
* RT America
* RT UK
* Euronovosti
* Sony Channel
* Sony Turbo
* Sony Sci-Fi
* UFC TV
* FOX
* FOX Life
* National Geographic
* National Geographic Wild
* BabyTV
* Kanal Disney
* Discovery
* Animal Planet
* Discovery Science
* Travel Channel
* ID
* DTX
* TLC
* HGTV
* Food Network
* Motor Trend
* Eurosport 1
* Eurosport 2
* Eurosport Gold
* Eurosport 4K
* Discovery Ultra
* CNN International
* Cartoon Network
* Boomerang
* VH1 Russia
* VH1 Europe
* Club MTV
* MTV Hits
* MTV Russia
* Paramount Comedy
* Paramount Channel
* Nickelodeon
* Nickelodeon HD
* Nick Jr.
* Nicktoons
* Zee TV Russia

1Channels don't broadcast in Russia, 2Joint venture Channel One and VGTRK, 3Joint venture VGTRK and Rostelecom, 4Joint venture National Media Group and Rostelecom

* v
* t
* e

Russia articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Proto-Indo-Europeans
* Scythians
* Sarmatians
* Early Slavs
* East Slavs
* Kievan Rus'
* Mongol invasion
* Appanage Russia
* Novgorod
* Vladimir
* Moscow
* Expansion (1500–1800)
* Tsardom of Russia
* Army
* Russian Empire
* February Revolution
* Russian Republic
* October Revolution
* Civil war
* Russian state
* Russian SFSR
* Establishment of Soviet power
* Soviet Union
* Great Patriotic War
* Eastern Bloc
* Dissolution
* Russian Federation
* Military
* First Chechen War
* Second Chechen War
* Russo-Ukrainian War

|

By topic|

* Economy
* Journalism
* Internet
* Judicial system of the Russian Empire
* LGBT
* Military
* Chechen–Russian conflict
* Postal
* Historical cities

Bibliographies|

* History of the Early Slavs and Rus'
* Russian history (1223–1613)
* Russian history (1613–1917)
* Russo-Japanese War
* Russia during World War I
* Russian Revolution and Civil War
* Stalinism and the Soviet Union
* Soviet Union during World War II
* Post Stalinist Soviet Union
* Russian history (1991–present)

Navigation|

* Outline of Russia
* Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Geography|

* Animal welfare and rights
* Borders
* Cities and towns
* Climate
* Earthquakes
* Environment
* Environmental issues
* Extreme points
* European Russia
* Central Russian Upland
* Northwest Russia
* Meshchera Lowlands
* Oka–Don Lowland
* Smolensk Upland
* Fjords
* Geology
* Glaciers
* Great Russian Regions
* Highest points
* Islands
* Lakes
* Caspian Sea
* Mountains
* Caucasus
* Urals
* Volcanoes
* North Asia
* Siberia
* West Siberian Plain
* Russian Far East
* North Caucasus
* Rivers
* Protected areas
* Wildlife
* Far North

Politics|

* Anarchism
* Capital punishment
* Citizenship
* Civil Service
* Classified information
* Conscription
* Constitution
* Criminal code
* Elections
* Far-right politics
* Federal budget
* Foreign relations
* Foreign relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Freedom of assembly
* Impeachment
* Government (Apparatus)
* Judiciary
* Law
* Law enforcement
* Police
* Prisons
* Department security
* Political abuse of psychiatry
* Political divisions
* Propaganda
* Liberalism
* Conservatism
* Imperialism
* Irredentism
* Nationalism
* Martial law
* Monarchism
* Media freedom
* Neo-Nazism
* Military
* Territorial defense
* Intelligence agencies
* Opposition
* Political parties
* President of Russia
* Prime Minister of Russia
* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Collective Security Treaty Organization
* State Council
* State of emergency
* Civil defense
* Search and rescue
* Urban planning
* Mass surveillance
* Separatism
* Term limits
* Terrorism
* Union State

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Aircraft industry
* Banking
* Droughts and famines
* Car industry
* Central Bank
* Defence industry
* Economic regions
* Energy
* Fishing industry
* Forestry
* Financial districts
* Gambling
* Homelessness
* Mining
* Petroleum industry
* Postal codes
* Russian oligarchs
* Ruble (currency)
* Science and technology
* Academy of Sciences
* Shipbuilding
* Social security system
* Space industry
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Telephone numbers
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transport
* Federal highways
* Waste
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Abortion
* Alcohol
* Anti-American sentiment
* Cannabis
* Censorship
* Corruption
* Crime
* Deafness
* Demographics
* Aging
* Domestic violence
* Doping
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* Feminism
* Forced public apologies
* Funerals
* Gun control
* Health
* Healthcare
* HIV/AIDS
* Mental health
* Human rights
* LGBTQ
* Immigration
* Illegal
* Labour
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Open access
* Orphans
* Polygamy
* Prostitution
* Racism
* Religion
* Irreligion
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Hinduism
* Islam
* Judaism
* Sikhism
* Scouting
* Slavery
* Social entrepreneurship
* Sociology
* Smoking
* Suicide
* Wedding
* Witch trials
* Women
* in army

Culture|

* Architecture
* Armorial
* Army culture
* Honorary weapons
* Arts
* Ballet
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Wine
* Fashion
* Fairy tales
* Fashion
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Traditions and superstitions
* Forms of addressing
* Graffiti
* Heraldry
* Internet
* Inventions
* Literature
* Martial arts
* Mass media
* Music
* Names of Russia
* Russian given name
* Nobility
* National symbols
* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Imperial coat of arms
* Flag
* Russian tsars regalia
* Opera
* Panel buildings
* Personification
* Bear
* Winter
* Playing cards
* Philosophy
* Political jokes
* Public holidays
* Russian language
* Tea culture
* Television
* Seven Wonders
* Sports
* Unified Sports Classification System
* Yoga
* World Heritage sites

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Television in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

* v
* t
* e

Television in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
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* Laos
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* Malaysia
* Maldives
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* Pakistan
* Philippines
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* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

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