Telugu people

Ethnolinguistic group native to southeastern India

"Andhra people" redirects here. For the ancient tribe, see Andhras. For other uses, see Andhra (disambiguation).

Ethnic group

Telugu people

Teluguvāru
తెలుగువారు

Telugu Talli, the personification of Telugu people and culture

Total population
c. 83 million[1][2]
(native speakers)
Regions with significant populations
Majority
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Yanam
Minority
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
Maharastra
Orissa
Chhattisgarh
Pondicherry
West Bengal.
India| 81,127,740 (2011)[2]
United States| 1,230,000 (2024) (Telugu Americans)[3]
United Arab Emirates| 408,000[4]
Saudi Arabia| 383,000[1]
Myanmar| 139,000[5]
Malaysia| 127,000[6] (Malaysian Telugus)
Australia| 59,400[7]
Canada| 54,685[8]
Bangladesh| 40,000[9]
Fiji| 34,000[10]
United Kingdom| 33,000[11]
Mauritius| 20,000[12]
Bahrain| 18,700[1]
Oman| 13,300[1]
New Zealand| 5,754[13]
South Africa| 5,000[1]
Other| See Telugu diaspora
Languages
Telugu
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
Other Dravidian peoples:

* Chenchus
* Kannadigas
* Tamils
* Tuluvas
* Kodavas
* Malayalis
* Gonds
* Radala

Person| Telugu

|

People| Teluguvāru
Language| Telugu
Country| Telugu Nāḍu

Telugu people (Telugu: తెలుగువారు, romanized: Teluguvāru), also called Āndhras, are an ethno-linguistic group who speak the Telugu language and are native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry. They are the most populous of the four major Dravidian linguistic groups. Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in India[14] and the 14th most spoken native language in the world.[15] A significant number of Telugus also reside in the Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Maharashtra. Members of the Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States, Australia, Malaysia, Mauritius, UAE and others.[16] Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.[17] It is also a protected language in South Africa.[18]

Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity.[19] The earliest mention of the Andhras occurs in Aitareya Brahmana (c. 800 BCE) of the Rigveda.[20] In the Mahabharata, the infantry of Satyaki was composed of a tribe called the Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They were also mentioned in the Buddhist Jataka tales.[21] Megasthenes reported in his Indica (c. 310 BCE) that the Andhras, living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas, were famous for their formidable military strength, which was second only to that of the Maurya Empire in the entire Indian subcontinent.[22] The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and even distant areas of western and central India.[23] They established trade relations with the Roman Empire, and their capital city near Amaravathi was the most prosperous city in India during the 2nd century CE.[24] Inscriptions in Old Telugu script (Vengi script) were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar.[25]

In the 13th century, Kakatiyas unified various Telugu-speaking areas under one realm.[26] Later, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached its zenith during the late Vijayanagara Empire.[27][28] After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, various Telugu rulers called Nayakas established independent kingdoms across South India serving the same function as Rajput warriors clans of northern India.[29] Kandyan Nayaks, the last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka were of Telugu descent.[30] In this era, Telugu became the language of high culture throughout South India.[31] Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era.[32] Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music.[33]

The architecture developed by Andhras in Krishna river valley in early first centuries CE, called the Amaravati School of Art, is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.[34] Mahayana, the predominant Buddhist tradition in China, Japan, and Korea and the largest Buddhist denomination in the world, was developed among Telugus in Andhra.[35]

Telugu is one of six languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India. It has been in use as an official language for over 1,400 years[36] and has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years.[37][38] Telugu performing arts include the classical dance form Kuchipudi, as well as Perini Sivatandavam, and Burra Katha. The Telugu shadow puppetry tradition, Tholu Bommalata, dates back to the 3rd century BCE,[39] and is the ancestor of Wayang, the popular Indonesian art form that has been a staple of Indonesian tourism.[40] Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box office as well as admissions.[41][42] The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films, influencing Indian popular culture well beyond Telugu-speaking regions.[43]

## Etymology

[edit]

### Telugu

[edit]

Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo.[44] Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu.[45] Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south")[46] to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction". The name Telugu, then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.[47][48]

P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Shabdānushāsana (or Trilinga Grammar).[49] However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled Atharvana Karikavali.[50][51][52][53] Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga. Scholar Charles P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.[54]

George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it.[55][56] If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum, Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "Trilinga".[57]

### Andhra

[edit]

Main article: Andhras

Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity.[19] As per Iravatham Mahadevan, non-Aryan people living beyond the borders of the region inhabited by the Indo-Aryan speakers were known as the Andhras.[58] Mahadevan notes that since most Dravidian-speaking men had names ending with the suffIx -(a)nṟ, the Dravidian etymon -(a)nṟ was borrowed as a loanword into Indo-Aryan as andha and later as āndhra to denote the name of the neighbouring Dravidian-speaking people.[58]

## History

[edit]

See also: History of Andhra Pradesh and History of Telangana

### Ancient era

[edit]

Andhra (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర) was a kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata.[21] It was a southern kingdom, currently identified as Indian state of Andhra Pradesh where it got its name from. Andhra communities are also mentioned in the Vayu, Skanda, Markandeya and Matsya Purana. In the Mahabharata the infantry of Satyaki was composed by a tribe called Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They lived along the banks of the Godavari river. Andhras and Kalingas supported the Kauravas during the Mahabharata war. Sahadeva defeated the kingdoms of Pandya, Andhra, Kalinga, Dravida, Odra and Chera while performing the Rajasuya Yajna. Buddhist references to Andhras are also found.[59][60][61]

Approximate extent of the Satavahana Empire (Andhra Empire) in the late 1st century CE.[62]

Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit sources such as Aitareya Brahmana (c. 800 BCE). According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda, the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India.[63][64] They were also mentioned in the Mahabharata and Buddhist Jataka tales.[65] In the seventh century BCE, Asmaka was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Andhras were mentioned by Megasthenes in his Indica (c. 310 BCE) as being second only to Mauryans in military strength in the entire Indian subcontinent. They had 30 fortified towns along the Godavari River and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants.[66] They are mentioned at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King Ashoka in 232 BCE.[67][68][69]

The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and established trade relations with the Roman Empire.[70][71][72] The kingdom reached its zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni. Their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.[24] At the end of the Satavahana rule, the Telugu region was divided into Kingdoms ruled by lords. In the late second century CE, the Andhra Ikshvakus ruled the eastern region along the Krishna River. During the fourth century, the Pallava dynasty extended their rule across southern Andhra Pradesh and Tamilakam and established their capital at Kanchipuram. Their power increased during the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the ninth century. Later, various dynasties have ruled the area, including the Salankayanas, Cholas, Vishnukundinas and Eastern Chalukyas.[73]

### Medieval era

[edit]

Map of the Kakatiyas, circa 1150–1300 CE.[74] Extent of Vijayanagara Empire, around 1520 CE.

Between 1163 and 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty emerged, bringing the distinct upland and lowland cultures of Telugu lands, which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language.[26] Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.[75] Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda, Ramappa Temple in Palampet, Warangal Fort, Golconda Fort and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur.[76] During this period, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium with the writings of Nannaya, Tikkana, Eranna, Pothana etc. are the translators and poets of the great Hindu epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Bhagavatha etc.

Telingana, a term referring to the land inhabited by Telugus, was first used during the 14th century CE.[77][78] In 1323 the sultan of Delhi, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Delhi sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay siege to Warangal. The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty led to an era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the Musunuri Nayaks over the Turkic Delhi Sultanate.

The Telugus achieved independence under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646). The Qutb Shahi dynasty of the Bahmani Sultanate succeeded that empire. The Qutub Shahis were tolerant of Telugu culture from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries.[79]

### Modern era

[edit]

The arrival of Europeans (the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the English under Robert Clive) altered polity of the region. In 1765, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained the Northern Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam. The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792.

Andhra's modern foundation was laid in the struggle for Indian independence. India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. Potti Sreeramulu's campaign for a state independent of the Madras Presidency and Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu and Kandukuri Veeresalingam's social-reform movements led to the formation of Andhra State, with Kurnool as its capital and freedom-fighter Prakasam Pantulu as its first chief minister. Andhra, the first Indian state formed primarily on a linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. Although the Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain independence from India, he was forced to cede his kingdom to the Dominion of India in 1948 to form Hyderabad State. In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of Hyderabad State (the Telangana region) to create the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Lok Sabha approved the formation of Telangana from ten northwestern districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.[80]

## Culture

[edit]

Main articles: Culture of Andhra Pradesh and Culture of Telangana

### Cuisine

[edit]

Main articles: Andhra cuisine and Telangana cuisine

Different regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana all produce distinctive variations of Telugu cuisine. Telugu cuisine is generally known for its tangy, hot, and spicy taste. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of red chili and rice in India. The concentration of red chili production in Andhra Pradesh has led to the liberal use of spices in Andhra cuisine. Rice is the staple in Telugu culture along with Ragi (రాగి) which is popular in Rayalaseema and Palnadu regions.

### Language

[edit]

Main article: Telugu language

Telugu is a South-Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 BCE found at Bhattiprolu in Guntur district.[81] Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, Guntupalli in West Godavari district and Gummadidurru and Ghantasala in Krishna district. The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE were found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district.[81]

### Literature

[edit]

Main article: Telugu literature

Telugu has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years.[37][38] The earliest Telugu literature dates to 11th century CE with Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam. The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the Vijayanagara king-poet Krishnadevaraya.[27]

### Performing arts

[edit]

Two Kuchipudi dancers from Andhra Pradesh, 2011

Kuchipudi, originating from the eponymous village in Krishna district, is of the eight major Indian classical dances.[82][83] It is a dance-drama performance, with its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra.[84] It developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India.[85] Other Telugu performing arts include:

* Andhra Natyam
* Vilasini Natyam
* Nava Janardhanam
* Perini Sivatandavam
* Oggu Katha
* Burra Katha
* Tholu Bommalata

### Architecture

[edit]

#### Amaravati School of Art

[edit]

Amaravati Stupa relief at a museum (1st–2nd century CE)

Amaravati School of Art is an ancient Indian art style that evolved in the region of Amaravati (then known as Dhānyakaṭaka) from 2nd century BCE to the end of the 3rd century CE.[86][87][88] It is also called the Andhra School or Vengi School.[87] Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the Mathura style, and the Gandharan style.[89][90] Amaravati school flourished under the local Sada rulers, Satavahanas, and Andhra Ikshvakus till 325–340 CE. Amaravati Stupa is the most famous monument of this style, and it was for some time "the greatest monument in Buddhist Asia",[91] and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art".[92] Apart from Amaravati, the style is also found in Nagarjunakonda and Chandavaram Buddhist site.

Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school of sculpture had great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and South-East Asia.[93][86][87][90][94] Buddha image in sculptures which later on became the prototype of images in different Buddhist countries was standardised here.[90][95] The Amaravati style of Buddha image retained its popularity in Sri Lanka till the 12th century.[95]

#### Kakatiya architecture

[edit]

Main article: Kakatiya architecture

Ramappa temple (1213–1253 CE), a UNESCO World Heritage Site[96]

Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.[97] It is a fusion of Dravidian architecture and Nagara Bhumija styles in which sandbox technology is used to construct Vimana—horizontal stepped tower. Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda, Ramappa Temple in Palampet, and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur.[76] Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Mulugu.[98]

### Cinema

[edit]

Main article: Telugu cinema

Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office as well as admissions.[99][41][42] The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films of all time over the years.

### Clothing

[edit]

* Masculine

1. Uttareeyam (Uttariya) or Pai Pancha (Angvastram or veil)
2. Pancha (Dhoti)
3. Jubba (Kurta) The top portion
4. Lungi (Casual dress)

* Feminine

1. Langa voni (Half sari)
2. Cheera (sari)

### Festivals

[edit]

See also: List of festivals in Andhra Pradesh

Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include:

* Bhogi, Makara Sankranti, Kanuma in January. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Maha Sivaratri in February/March. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Ugadi or the Telugu New Year in March/April. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Sri Rama Navami celebrated in March/April, 9 days after Ugadi. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Bonalu celebrated in Ashada masam (July/August). (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Hanuman Jayanti in March/May/June. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Vaikunta Ekadasi in December /January. (The exact date may vary as per Hindu calendar.)
* Varalakshmi Vratam in August. (The exact date may vary as per Hindu calendar.)
* Krishna Janmashtami in August. (The exact date may vary as per Hindu calendar.)
* Vinayaka Chaviti in August. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Bathukamma celebrated for nine days during Durga Navaratri.
* Dasara in September/October. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Atla Tadde 3rd day in bright half of Ashviyuja month (falls in September/October in Gregorian calendar). However, the exact date may vary according to the Hindu calendar.
* Deepavali (date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Nagula Chavithi is in October/November. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* Christmas, Easter, Ramzan, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Muharram, Vesak are among the minorities.

### Sport

[edit]

See also: Traditional games of Andhra Pradesh

## Population

[edit]

### Castes and communities

[edit]

Main article: List of Telugu castes

The Telugu people are subdivided into several castes and communities. Some of them include: Yadav, Reddy, Kapu/Balija, Kamma, Brahmin, Raju, Komati, Boya, Devanga, Padmasali, Bhatraju, velama, Goud, Mala, Madiga, Jangam, Kuruba, Relli and Vaddera

### Distribution

[edit]

Telugu is the third most common language in India, right behind Bengali. Telugu is predominantly spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, although it’s also the official language of several other states like Andaman and Nicobar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa, Kharagpur of West Bengal, Bellary Of Karnataka. It is a part of the Dravidian language family, which has been around for about 5,000 years. Outside Telugu states the largest number of Telugu speakers are found in Karnataka (3.7 million) and Tamil Nadu, making them the second largest language groups in those neighbouring states.[100] In Karnataka, Telugu people are predominantly found in the border districts with majority in Bengaluru city and Bellary city. In Maharashtra, the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by 0.7 million in Orissa. Other states with significant populations include West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Gujarat with 200,000, 150,000 and 100,000 respectively.[100]

Members of the overseas Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, New Zealand in the Anglosphere; Malaysia, Myanmar, Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa; UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf.[16][101] Telugu speakers number more than 1,000,000 in the United States, with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey, Texas, and California.[102] There are around 300,000 Telugu people in Malaysia,[103] and 200,000 in Myanmar.[104]

## Notable Telugu people

[edit]

Main article: List of Telugu people

## See also

[edit]

* Telugu states
* List of people from Andhra Pradesh
* List of people from Telangana
* Telugu development
* Telugu cuisine
* Telugu cinema

## References

[edit]

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13. ^ "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated)". Statistics New Zealand. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
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15. ^ Statistics, in Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2023). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (26th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
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18. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions". Government of South Africa. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
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20. ^
* Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 132\. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
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* Mahadevan, Iravatham (1 January 2010). "Harappan Heritage of Andhra: A New Interpretation" (PDF). International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 39 (1): 12, 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2021.
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23. ^
* Wolpert, Stanley A. (1989). A New History of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 75, 76. ISBN 978-0-19-505636-5. "Apparently originating somewhere between the peninsular rivers Godavari and Krishna, homeland of the Dravidian Telugu-speaking peoples whose descendants now live in a state called Andhra, the great Andhra dynasty spread across much of south and central India from the second century BC till the second century AD."
* "History of Andhra Pradesh". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 March 2023. "About the 1st century CE the Satavahanas (or Satakarni), one of the most-renowned of the Andhra dynasties, came to power."
* Shastri, Ajay Mitra (1998). The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: A Historical Framework. Dattsons. pp. 11, 12. ISBN 978-81-7192-031-0.
24. ^ a b Wolpert, Stanley A. (1989). A New History of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 75, 76. ISBN 978-0-19-505636-5. "Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era."
25. ^ Miśra, Bhāskaranātha; Rao, Manjushri; Pande, Susmita, eds. (1996). India's Cultural Relations with South-east Asia. Sharada Publishing House. pp. 70, 71. ISBN 978-81-85616-39-1.
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28. ^ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 75\. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7. "The Telugu language became particularly prominent in ruling circles by the early sixteenth century, because of the large number of warrior lords who were either from Andhra or had served the kingdom there."
29. ^
* Habib, Irfan; Raychaudhuri, Tapan, eds. (2009). Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106, 457. ISBN 978-81-250-2730-0.
* Stein, Burton (1990). The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–132\. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2.
* Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (10 August 2018). "South India's Warrior Lords: The Telugus". The Diplomat. Retrieved 7 August 2024. "Telugu warrior nayaks (chiefs) were the ruling class over much of South India — including ethnic Tamil and Kannada areas — and were in some ways, served the same function as the rajput warrior clans of northern India. The last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka before the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy by the British, were also Telugu nayaks."
30. ^ * Muthiah, S. (27 March 2017). "The Nayaka kings of Kandy". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 October 2020. "All four worshipped at Buddhist and Hindu shrines, used Sinhala and Tamil as court languages (though they spoke Telugu), and encouraged their courtiers to take wives from Madurai and Thanjavur."
* The Journal of Asian studies. Vol. 53\. Issue 1-2. University of California. 1994. p. 14.
31. ^
* Winterbottom, Anna (29 April 2016). Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World. Springer. p. 120\. ISBN 978-1-137-38020-3. "Telugu had become the language of high culture in southern India during the medieval period, and by the seventeenth century its status rivalled that of Sanskrit."
* Miller, Barbara Stoler (1992). The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 132\. ISBN 978-0-19-562842-5. "In Tyagaraja's time, Telugu was the language of high culture even in Tanjore, the heartland of the Tamil linguistic area."
* Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88\. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0. "In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers."
32. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88\. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0. "In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers."
33. ^
* Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. Taylor & Francis. pp. 231, 232, 269. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1.
* Randel, Don Michael (28 November 2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music: Fourth Edition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-41799-1.
* Shulman, David (1 August 2009). Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary. University of Chicago Press. pp. xiii, xiv. ISBN 978-0-226-75578-6.
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* Rowland 1967, p. 210
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* Warder, Anthony Kennedy (2004). Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 336, 355, 402, 464. ISBN 978-81-208-1741-8. "Those of us who have studied the evidence above will prefer to locate this source of most of the Mahāyāna sutras in Andhra. (p. 355) From the internal evidence it appears that this sutra was written in South India, very likely in Andhra, in which case the country of origin of the Mahāyāna continued in the lead in the development of new ideas in India. (p. 402)"
* Guang Xing. The Evolution of the Concept of the Buddha from Early Buddhism to the Formulation of the Trikaya Theory. 2002\. p. 104. "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."
* Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, p. 47.
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* Keith, Rawlings (November 1999). "Observations on the historical development of puppetry - Chapter Two". Retrieved 3 April 2023. "Perhaps the most interesting of the south-Indian puppet types for me, however, were the tholu bommalata -- the articulated, leather, shadow puppets -- which are the probable ancestors of Indonesia's wayang."
* Currell, David (1974). The Complete Book of Puppetry. Pitman. p. 25\. ISBN 978-0-273-36118-3. "The tolu bommalata shadow puppets are found in the Andhra region and may be the origin of the Javanese wayang kulit puppets."
* Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1317\. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. "Puppetry is one of the most ancient Indian folk arts and Andhra history records that this art was in vogue during the Satavahana period in the 4th century B.C. Art critics opine that the puppetry spread from Andhra to Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, and from there to Africa, Greece, Macedonia and the Byzantine empire."
* Rāmarāju, Bi (1991). Glimpses Into Telugu Folklore. Janapada Vijnana Prachuranalu. p. 90\. "Leather puppet shadow play is one of the most ancient performing folk art forms known to Andhras from 3rd century B.C. Historians and art critics opine that it spread to Java, Malaysia, and Indonesia from Andhra."
* Sharma, Manorma (2004). Folk India: A Comprehenseive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 33\. ISBN 978-81-7574-140-9. "Indonesian version of Tholu Bommalata known as "Wayang" has roots in the Telugu-speaking region."
* Autiero, Serena. Tholu Bommalata: Telugu Shadow Puppet Theatre.
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### Bibliography

[edit]

* Rowland, Benjamin (1967). The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain (3rd ed.). Pelican History of Art, Penguin. ISBN 0140561021.

* Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176

## External links

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* Media related to Telugu people at Wikimedia Commons

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