Teresa of Ávila

Roman Catholic saint (1515–1582)

For other people with a similar name, see List of saints named Teresa.

Saint

Teresa of Ávila

OCD

Saint Teresa of Ávila by Eduardo Balaca

Virgin, Doctor of the Church
Born| Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda Dávila y Ahumada
28 March 1515
Ávila or Gotarrendura, Crown of Castile
Died| 4 October 1582(1582-10-04) (aged 67)[a]
Alba de Tormes, Crown of Castile
Venerated in|

* Roman Catholic Church
* Anglican Communion[web 1][1]
* Lutheranism[web 2]

Beatified| 24 April 1614, Rome by Pope Paul V
Canonized| 12 March 1622, Rome by Pope Gregory XV
Major shrine| Convent of the Annunciation, Alba de Tormes, Spain
Feast| 15 October
Attributes| Carmelite religious habit, biretta, quill, dove (as an attribute of the Holy Spirit), heart with a christogram
Patronage| Spain, sick people, people in religious orders, chess, people ridiculed for their piety, lacemakers; Požega, Croatia; Talisay, Cebu, Malalag, Davao del Sur, Carles, Iloilo, Philippines
Controversy| Her reforms met with determined opposition and interest from the Spanish Inquisition, but no charges were laid against her. Her order split as a result.

* * *

Theology career
Notable work|

* Camino de Perfección
* El Castillo Interior

Theological work
Era| Catholic Reformation
Tradition or movement| Christian mysticism
Main interests| Theology
Notable ideas| Mental prayer, Prayer of Quiet
Part of a series on

Christian mysticism

Theology and philosophy

* Apophatic
* Ascetical
* Cataphatic
* Catholic spirituality
* Hellenistic
* Mystical theology
* Neoplatonic
* Henosis

Practices

Monasticism

* Monasticism
* New
* Silence
* Asceticism
* Mendicant
* Spiritual direction

Meditation

* Meditation
* Lectio Divina
* Invoking of Mystic Saints

Active asceticism

* Contemplation
* Hesychasm
* Jesus Prayer
* Quietism
* Stages of Christian perfection
* Hesychia
* Divinization
* Catharsis
* Theosis
* Kenosis
* Spiritual dryness
* Religious ecstasy

Passive asceticism

* Abstinence

Esoteric

* Charismatic
* Esoteric

People (by era or century)

Antiquity

* Ancient African
* Origen
* Thomasines
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Pseudo-Dionysius

Desert Fathers

* Paul of Thebes
* Anthony the Great
* Arsenius the Great
* Poemen
* Macarius of Egypt
* Moses the Black
* Syncletica
* Athanasius
* John Chrysostom
* Hilarion
* John Cassian

11th · 12th

* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Guigo II
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Symeon the New Theologian

13th · 14th

|  Dominican

* Dominic de Guzmán

Franciscan

* Francis of Assisi
* Anthony of Padua
* Bonaventure
* Jacopone da Todi
* Angela of Foligno

English

* Richard Rolle
* Walter Hilton
* Julian of Norwich
* Margery Kempe

Flemish

* Beatrice of Nazareth
* Lutgardis
* Hadewijch
* John van Ruysbroeck

German

* Meister Eckhart
* Johannes Tauler
* Henry Suso

Female

* Beatrice of Nazareth
* Bridget of Sweden
* Catherine of Siena
* Mechthild of Magdeburg
* Marguerite Porete

15th · 16th

|  Spanish

* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francisco de Osuna
* John of Ávila
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross

Others

* Catherine of Genoa

17th · 18th

|  French

* Margaret Mary Alacoque
* Pierre de Bérulle
* Jean-Jacques Olier
* Louis de Montfort
* Charles de Condren
* John Eudes
* John of St. Samson

Others

* Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
* Anne Catherine Emmerich
* Veronica Giuliani
* Francis de Sales

19th

* Dina Bélanger
* Catherine Labouré
* Mélanie Calvat
* Maximin Giraud
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Conchita de Armida
* Luisa Piccarreta
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* Gemma Galgani

20th

* Padre Pio
* Therese Neumann
* Marthe Robin
* Alexandrina of Balazar
* Faustina Kowalska
* Sister Lúcia of Fátima
* Edgar Cayce
* Simone Weil
* Alfred Delp
* Thomas Merton
* Charles de Foucauld
* Edvige Carboni
* Elena Aiello

Contemporary papal views

Aspects of meditation
(Orationis Formas, 1989)

Reflection on the New Age (2003)

Literature and media

* Lingua ignota
* Ordo Virtutum
* Scivias
* Ascent of Mount Carmel
* Dark Night of the Soul
* Spiritual Canticle
* Way of Perfection
* Book of the First Monks
* The Interior Castle
* Abbey of the Holy Ghost
* A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation
* From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart
* The Glories of Mary
* The Imitation of Christ
* The Ladder of Divine Ascent
* Philokalia
* Revelations of Divine Love
* The Story of a Soul
* Theologia Germanica
* Devotio Moderna
* Fatima in Lucia's Own Words
* Calls from the Message of Fatima
* The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima
* Sol de Fátima
* The Cloud of Unknowing
* On the Consolation of Philosophy
* The Mirror of Simple Souls
* Sister Catherine Treatise
* Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii
* The Vision of Adamnán
* Divine Comedy
* Inferno
* Purgatorio
* Paradiso
* Fatima

* v
* t
* e

Teresa of Ávila[b] OCD (born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda Dávila y Ahumada;[c] 28 March 1515 - 4 or 15 October 1582),[a] also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, was a Carmelite nun and prominent Spanish mystic and religious reformer.

Active during the Counter-Reformation, Teresa became the central figure of a movement of spiritual and monastic renewal, reforming the Carmelite Orders of both women and men.[2] The movement was later joined by the younger Carmelite friar and mystic Saint John of the Cross, with whom she established the Discalced Carmelites. A formal papal decree adopting the split from the old order was issued in 1580.[web 3]

Her autobiography, The Life of Teresa of Jesus, and her books The Interior Castle and  The Way of Perfection are prominent works on Christian mysticism and Christian meditation practice. In her autobiography, written as a defense of her ecstatic mystical experiences, she discerns four stages in the ascent of the soul to God: mental prayer and meditation; the prayer of quiet; absorption-in-God; ecstatic consciousness. The Interior Castle, written as a spiritual guide for her Carmelite sisters, uses the illustration of seven mansions within the castle of the soul to describe the different states one's soul can be in during life.

Forty years after her death, in 1622, Teresa was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. On 27 September 1970 Pope Paul VI proclaimed Teresa the first female Doctor of the Church in recognition of her centuries-long spiritual legacy to Catholicism.[3][web 4]

## Biography

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda Dávila y Ahumada was born on 28 March 1515.[4] Her birthplace was either Ávila or Gotarrendura.[5] Her paternal grandfather, Juan Sánchez de Toledo, was a marrano or converso, a Jew forced to convert to Christianity or emigrate. When Teresa's father was a child, Juan was condemned by the Spanish Inquisition for allegedly returning to Judaism, but he was later able to assume a Catholic identity.[6] Her father, Alonso Sánchez de Cepeda, was a successful wool merchant and one of the wealthiest men in Ávila. He bought a knighthood and assimilated successfully into Christian society.

Young Teresa of Ávila and brother run away from home to travel to Africa by Arnold van Westerhout

Previously married to Catalina del Peso y Henao, with whom he had three children, in 1509, Sánchez de Cepeda married Teresa's mother, Beatriz de Ahumada y Cuevas, in Gotarrendura.[7] A brother, Lorenzo de Cepeda y Ahumada, was the father of Teresa de Ahumada.[8]

Teresa's mother brought her up as a dedicated Christian. Fascinated by accounts of the lives of the saints, she ran away from home at age seven, with her brother Rodrigo, to seek martyrdom in the fight against the Moors. Her uncle brought them home, when he spotted them just outside the town walls.[9]

When Teresa was fourteen years old, her mother died, leaving her grief-stricken. This prompted her to embrace a deeper devotion to the Virgin Mary as her spiritual mother. Teresa was also enamored of popular fiction, which at the time consisted primarily of medieval tales of knighthood and works about fashion, gardens and flowers.[10][web 5] Teresa was sent to the Augustinian nuns' school in Ávila.[11]

### Religious life

[edit]

#### Ascetic and mystical practice

[edit]

After completing her education, she initially resisted the idea of a religious vocation, but after a stay with her uncle and other relatives, she relented. In 1534, aged 20,[12] much to the disappointment of her pious and austere father, she decided to enter the local easy-going Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation, significantly built on top of land that had been used previously as a burial ground for Jews. She took up religious reading on contemplative prayer, especially Osuna's Abecedario espiritual ("Third Spiritual Alphabet," 1527), a guide on examination of conscience and "spiritual self-concentration and inner contemplation, known in mystical nomenclature as oratio recollectionis".[13] She also dipped into other mystical ascetical works such as the Tractatus de oratione et meditatione of Peter of Alcantara.[13]

Her zeal for mortification caused her to become ill again and she spent almost a year in bed, causing huge worry to her community and family. She nearly died but she recovered, attributing her recovery to the miraculous intercession of Saint Joseph. She began to experience bouts of religious ecstasy.[7] She reported that, during her illness, she had progressed from the lowest stage of "recollection", to the "devotions of silence" and even to the "devotions of ecstasy", in which was one of perceived in "perfect union with God" (see § Mysticism). She said she frequently experienced the rich "blessing of tears" during this final stage. As the Catholic distinction between mortal and venial sin became clear to her, she came to understand the awful horror of sin and the inherent nature of original sin.

Around the same time, she received a copy of the full Spanish translation of Augustine of Hippo's autobiographical work Confessions, which helped her resolve and to tend to her own bouts of religious scruples. The text helped her realize that holiness was indeed possible and she found solace in the idea that such a great saint was once an inveterate sinner. In her autobiography, she wrote that she "was very fond of St. Augustine [...] for he was a sinner too".[14]

#### Transverberation

[edit]

Around 1556, friends suggested that her newfound knowledge could be of diabolical rather than divine origin. She had begun to inflict mortifications of the flesh upon herself. But her confessor, the Jesuit Francis Borgia, reassured her of the divine inspiration of her thoughts. On St. Peter's Day in 1559, Teresa became firmly convinced that Jesus Christ had presented himself to her in bodily form, though invisible. These visions lasted almost uninterruptedly for more than two years. In another vision, the famous transverberation, a seraph drove the fiery point of a golden lance repeatedly through her heart, causing her an ineffable spiritual and bodily pain:

> I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it ...[d]

The account of this vision was the inspiration for one of Bernini's most famous works, the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa at Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome. Although based in part on Teresa's description of her mystical transverberation in her autobiography, Bernini's depiction of the event is considered by some to be highly eroticized, especially when compared to the entire preceding artistic Teresian tradition.[e]

The memory of this episode served as an inspiration throughout the rest of her life, and motivated her lifelong imitation of the life and suffering of Jesus, epitomized in the adage often associated with her: "Lord, either let me suffer or let me die."[15][page needed]

Teresa, who became a celebrity in her town dispensing wisdom from behind the convent grille, was known for her raptures, which sometimes involved levitation. It was a source of embarrassment to her and she bade her sisters hold her down when this occurred. Subsequently, historians, neurologists and psychiatrists like Peter Fenwick and Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez, among others, have taken an interest in her symptomatology. The fact that she wrote down virtually everything that happened to her during her religious life means that an invaluable and exceedingly rare medical record from the 16th century has been preserved. Examination of this record has led to the speculative conclusion that she may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.[16][17]

#### Monastic reformer

[edit]

Over time, Teresa found herself increasingly at odds with the spiritual malaise prevailing in her convent of the Incarnation. Among the 150 nuns living there, the observance of cloister, designed to protect and strengthen spiritual practice and prayer, became so lax that it appeared to lose its purpose. The daily invasion of visitors, many of high social and political rank, disturbed the atmosphere with frivolous concerns and vacuous conversation. Such intrusions in the solitude essential to develop and sustain contemplative prayer so grieved Teresa that she longed to intervene.[web 6]

The incentive to take the practical steps inspired by her inward motivation was supported by the Franciscan priest, Peter of Alcantara, who met her early in 1560 and became her spiritual adviser. She resolved to found a "reformed" Carmelite convent, correcting the laxity which she had found at the Incarnation convent and elsewhere besides. Doña Guiomar of Ulloa, a friend, was granted permission for the project.[18]

The abject poverty of the new convent, established in 1562 and named St. Joseph's (San José), at first caused a scandal among the citizens and authorities of Ávila, and the small house with its chapel was in peril of suppression. However, powerful patrons, including the local bishop, coupled with the impression of well ordered subsistence and purpose, turned animosity into approval.[18]

In March 1563, after Teresa had moved to the new convent house, she received papal sanction for her primary principles of absolute poverty and renunciation of ownership of property, which she proceeded to formulate into a "constitution". Her plan was the revival of the earlier, stricter monastic rules, supplemented by new regulations including the three disciplines of ceremonial flagellation prescribed for the Divine Office every week, and the discalceation of the religious. For the first five years, Teresa remained in seclusion, mostly engaged in prayer and writing.[citation needed]

Church window at the Convent of St Teresa

#### Extended travels

[edit]

In 1567, Teresa received a patent from the Carmelite General, Rubeo de Ravenna, to establish further houses of the new order. This process required many visitations and long journeys across nearly all the provinces of Spain. She left a record of the arduous project in her Libro de las Fundaciones. Between 1567 and 1571, reformed convents were established at Medina del Campo, Malagón, Valladolid, Toledo, Pastrana, Salamanca, and Alba de Tormes.

As part of the original patent, Teresa was given permission to set up two houses for men who wished to adopt the reforms. She convinced two Carmelite friars, John of the Cross and Anthony of Jesus to help with this. They founded the first monastery of Discalced Carmelite brothers in November 1568 at Duruelo. Another friend of Teresa, Jerónimo Gracián, the Carmelite visitator of the older observance of Andalusia and apostolic commissioner, and later provincial of the Teresian order, gave her powerful support in founding monasteries at Segovia (1571), Beas de Segura (1574), Seville (1575), and Caravaca de la Cruz (Murcia, 1576). Meanwhile, John of the Cross promoted the inner life of the movement through his power as a teacher and preacher.[19]

#### Opposition to reforms

[edit]

In 1576, unreformed members of the Carmelite order began to persecute Teresa, her supporters and her reforms. Following a number of resolutions adopted at the general chapter at Piacenza, the governing body of the order forbade all further founding of reformed convents. The general chapter instructed her to go into "voluntary" retirement at one of her institutions.[19] She obeyed and chose St. Joseph's at Toledo. Meanwhile, her friends and associates were subjected to further attacks.[19]

Several years later, her appeals by letter to King Philip II of Spain secured relief. As a result, in 1579, the cases before the inquisition against her, Gracián and others, were dropped.[19] This allowed the reform to resume. An edict from Pope Gregory XIII allowed the appointment of a special provincial for the newer branch of the Carmelite religious, and a royal decree created a "protective" board of four assessors for the reform.[19]

During the last three years of her life, Teresa founded convents at Villanueva de la Jara in northern Andalusia (1580), Palencia (1580), Soria (1581), Burgos, and Granada (1582). In total, seventeen convents, all but one founded by her, and as many men's monasteries, were owed to her reforms over twenty years.[20]

### Last days

[edit]

Her final illness overtook her on one of her journeys from Burgos to Alba de Tormes. She died in 1582, just as Catholic Europe was making the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which required the excision of the dates of 5–14 October from the calendar. She died either before midnight of 4 October or early in the morning of 15 October, which is celebrated as her feast day. According to the liturgical calendar then in use, she died on the 15th. Her last words were: "My Lord, it is time to move on. Well then, may your will be done. O my Lord and my Spouse, the hour that I have longed for has come. It is time to meet one another."[21]

Avila, Saint Theresa's statue

### After death

[edit]

#### Holy relics

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

She was buried at the Convento de la Anunciación in Alba de Tormes. Nine months after her death the coffin was opened and her body was found to be intact but the clothing had rotted. Before the body was re-interred one of her hands was cut off, wrapped in a scarf and sent to Ávila. Gracián cut the little finger off the hand and – according to his own account – kept it with him until it was taken by the occupying Ottoman Turks, from whom he had to redeem it with a few rings and 20 reales. The body was exhumed again on 25 November 1585 to be moved to Ávila and found to be incorrupt. An arm was removed and left in Alba de Tormes at the nuns' request, to compensate for losing the main relic of Teresa, but the rest of the body was reburied in the Discalced Carmelite chapter house in Ávila. The removal was done without the approval of the Duke of Alba de Tormes and he brought the body back in 1586, with Pope Sixtus V ordering that it remain in Alba de Tormes on pain of excommunication. A grander tomb on the original site was raised in 1598 and the body was moved to a new chapel in 1616.

The body still remains there, except for the following parts:

* Rome – right foot and part of the upper jaw
* Lisbon – hand
* Ronda, Spain – left eye and left hand (the latter was kept by Francisco Franco until his death, after Francoist troops captured it from Republican troops during the Spanish Civil War)
* Museum of the Church of the Annunciation, Alba de Tormes – left arm and heart
* Church of Our Lady of Loreto, Paris, France – one finger
* Sanlúcar de Barrameda – one finger

The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa by Bernini, Basilica of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome

On August 28, 2024, it was made the canonical recognition of Teresa's body. The postulator general of the Order of Discalced Carmelites, Father Marco Chiesa, announced that those present at the scene were able to see that "it is in the same condition as when it was last opened in 1914."[22][23]

#### Canonization

[edit]

Statue of Saint Teresa of Ávila in Mafra National Palace, Mafra

In 1622, forty years after her death, she was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. The Cortes exalted her to patroness of Spain in 1627. The University of Salamanca had granted her the title Doctor ecclesiae (Latin for "Doctor of the Church") with a diploma in her lifetime,[dubious - discuss] but that title is distinct from the papal honour of Doctor of the Church, which is always conferred posthumously. The latter was finally bestowed upon her by Pope Paul VI on 27 September 1970,[3] along with Catherine of Siena,[24] making them the first women to be awarded the distinction. Teresa is revered as the Doctor of Prayer. The mysticism in her works exerted a formative influence upon many theologians of the following centuries, such as Francis of Sales, Fénelon, and the Port-Royalists. In 1670, her coffin was plated in silver.

Teresa of Avila is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 15 October.[web 7][1]

#### Patron saint

[edit]

In 1626, at the request of Philip IV of Spain, the Castilian parliament[f] elected Teresa "without lacking one vote" as copatron saint of Castile.[25] This status was affirmed by Pope Urban VIII in a brief issued on 21 July 1627 in which he stated:

> For these reasons [the king's and Cortes's elections] and for the great devotion which they have for Teresa, they elected her for patron and advocate of these kingdoms in the last Cortes of the aforementioned kingdoms ... And because ... the representatives in the Cortes desired it so greatly that their vote be firm and perpetual, we grant it our patronage and the approval of the Holy Apostolic See.

> — Rowe 2011, pp. 77–78

More broadly, the 1620s, the entirety of Spain (Castile and beyond) debated who should be the country's patron saint; the choices were either the current patron, James Matamoros, or a pairing of him and the newly canonised Saint Teresa of Ávila. Teresa's promoters said Spain faced newer challenges, especially the threat of Protestantism and societal decline at home, thus needing a more contemporary patron who understood those issues and could guide the Spanish nation. Santiago's supporters (Santiaguistas) fought back and eventually won the argument, but Teresa of Ávila remained far more popular at the local level.[26][page needed] James the Great kept the title of patron saint for the Spanish people, and the most Blessed Virgin Mary under the title Immaculate Conception as the sole patroness for the entire Spanish Kingdom.

#### Legacy regarding the Infant Jesus of Prague

[edit]

"It is love alone that gives worth to all things."

The Spanish nuns who established Carmel in France brought a devotion to the Infant Jesus with them, and it became widespread in France.[27][web 8]

Though there are no written historical accounts establishing that Teresa of Ávila ever owned the famous Infant Jesus of Prague statue, according to tradition, such a statue is said to have been in her possession and Teresa is reputed to have given it to a noblewoman travelling to Prague.[28][web 9][web 10][web 11] The age of the statue dates to approximately the same time as Teresa. It has been thought that Teresa carried a portable statue of the Child Jesus wherever she went; the idea circulated by the early 1700s.[29][page needed]

## Writings

[edit]

Teresa of Ávila, by Rubens. This is the portrait of Teresa that is probably the most true to her appearance. It is a copy of an original 1576 painting of her when she was 61.

### Autobiography

[edit]

The autobiography La Vida de la Santa Madre Teresa de Jesús (The Life of the Holy Mother Teresa of Jesus) was written at Avila between 1562 and 1565, but published posthumously.[30] Editions include:

* The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus ... Written by herself. Translated from the Spanish by D. Lewis, 1870. London: Burns, Oates, & Co
* The Autobiography, written before 1567, under the direction of her confessor, Fr. Pedro Ibáñez, 1882
* The Life of Saint Teresa of Avila by herself. J. M. Cohen, 1957. Penguin Classics
* Life of St. Teresa of Jesus. Translated by Benedict Zimmerman, 1997. Tan Books, ISBN 978-0-89555-603-5
* The Life of Teresa of Jesus: The Autobiography of Teresa of Avila. Translated by E. Allison Peers, 1991. Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-01109-9
* The Book of Her Life, translated, with notes, by Kieran Kavanaugh, OCD and Otilio Rodriguez, OCD, 2008. Introduction by Jodi Bilinkoff. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-87220-907-7
* The Book of My Life. Mirabai Starr, 2008. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, ISBN 978-1-59030-573-7

### The Way of Perfection

[edit]

The Way of Perfection (Spanish: Camino de Perfección) was published in 1566. Teresa called this a "living book" and in it set out to teach her nuns how to progress through prayer and Christian meditation. She discusses the rationale for being a Carmelite, and the rest deals with the purpose of and approaches to spiritual life. The title was inspired by the devotional book The Imitation of Christ (1418) which had become a favourite expression of Teresa much before she wrote this work, as it appeared at several places in her autobiography, The Life of Teresa of Jesus. Like her other books, The Way of Perfection was written on the advice of her counsellors to describe her experiences in prayer during the period when the Reformation was spreading through Europe. Herein she describes ways of attaining spiritual perfection through prayer and its four stages, as in meditation, quiet, repose of soul and finally perfect union with God, which she equates with rapture.

Editions

* The Way of Perfection. Translated and Edited by E. Allison Peers, Doubleday, 1991. ISBN 978-0-385-06539-9
* The Way of Perfection, TAN Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-89555-602-8
* Way of Perfection, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-025-3
* El Camino de Perfección (The Way of Perfection), written also before 1567, at the direction of her confessor.

### Interior Castle

[edit]

The Interior Castle, or The Mansions, (Spanish: El Castillo Interior or Las Moradas) was written in 1577, and published in 1588.[31][32] It contained the basis for what she felt should be the ideal journey of faith, comparing the contemplative soul to a castle with seven successive interior courts, or chambers, analogous to the seven mansions. The work was inspired by her vision of the soul as a diamond in the shape of a castle containing seven mansions, which she interpreted as the journey of faith through seven stages, ending with union with God.[33] Fray Diego, one of Teresa's former confessors wrote that God revealed to Teresa:

> ... a most beautiful crystal globe, made in the shape of a castle, and containing seven mansions, in the seventh and innermost of which was the King of Glory, in the greatest splendour, illumining and beautifying them all. The nearer one got to the centre, the stronger was the light; outside the palace limits everything was foul, dark and infested with toads, vipers and other venomous creatures."[34]

Christia Mercer, Columbia University philosophy professor, claims that the seventeenth-century Frenchman René Descartes lifted some of his most influential ideas from Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years before Descartes, wrote popular books about the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth.[35] She describes a number of striking similarities between Descartes's seminal work Meditations on First Philosophy and Teresa's Interior Castle.[web 12]

#### Translations

[edit]

* The first English translation was published in 1675.
* Fr. John Dalton (1852). John Dalton’s translation of The Interior Castle contains an interesting preface and translations of other letters by St. Teresa.
* Benedictines of Stanbrook, edited by Fr. Zimmerman (1921). The translation of The Interior Castle by the Benedictines of Stanbrook also has an excellent introduction and includes many cross-references to other works by St. Teresa.
* E. Allison Peers (1946). E. Allison Peers’ translation of The Interior Castle is another popular public domain version translated by a professor and scholar of Hispanic studies.
* Fr. Kieran Kavanaugh (1979). This translation also stays true to the text and contains many useful cross-references. An updated study edition contains comprehensive notes, reflection questions and a glossary.
* The Interior Castle – The Mansions, TAN Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-89555-604-2
* Mirabai Starr (2004). Described as "free of religious dogma, this modern translation renders St. Teresa's work a beautiful and practical set of teachings for seekers of all faiths in need of spiritual guidance". Starr’s interpretive version of The Interior Castle eliminates Teresa’s use of words such as "sin", which results in a translation which is more paraphrased than accurate translation and departs significantly from the original's meaning.
* The Interior Castle – Modern update of the spiritual guide by Teresa of Avila. by M.B. Anderson, Root Classics (publisher), 2022. ISBN 978-1-956314-01-4.[g]

#### In popular culture

[edit]

St. Teresa's mystical experiences have inspired several authors in modern times, but not necessarily from Teresa's Christian theological perspective.

* She is mentioned in Elizabeth Goudge's play, The Brontës of Haworth (in Three Plays, Duckworth, London, 1939), as one of the authors included by Emily Brontë when she and her sister Charlotte are packing to go to Brussels. In the play, Emily is depicted as very interested in mysticism, and is also packing a book by Saint John of the Cross, and another by John Ruysbroeck (John of Ruusbroec or Jan van Ruusbroec: 1293/94-1381: a medieval mystic from the Low Countries).
* The 2006 book Eat, Pray, Love by Elizabeth Gilbert recognizes St. Teresa as "that most mystical of Catholic figures" and alludes to St. Teresa's Interior Castle as the "mansions of her being" and her journey as one of "divine meditative bliss".[36]
* The 2007 book by American spiritual author Caroline Myss Entering the Castle was inspired by St. Teresa's Interior Castle, but still has a New Age approach to mysticism.[37][38]
* St. Teresa also inspired American author R. A. Lafferty in his novel Fourth Mansions (1969), which was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1970.
* Brooke Fraser's song "Orphans, Kingdoms" was inspired by St. Teresa's Interior Castle.
* Jean Stafford's short story 'The Interior Castle' relates the intense preoccupation of an accident victim with her own brain, which she sees variously as a jewel, a flower, a light in a glass and a set of envelopes within envelopes.
* Jeffrey Eugenides' 2011 novel The Marriage Plot refers to St. Teresa's Interior Castle when recounting the religious experience of Mitchell Grammaticus, one of the main characters of the book.
* Teen Daze's [39] 2012 release The Inner Mansions refers to St. Teresa's Interior Castle in the album's title as well as in the first track. "... have mercy on yourselves! If you realize your pitiable condition, how can you refrain from trying to remove the darkness from the crystal of your souls? Remember, if death should take you now, you would never again enjoy the light of this Sun".[40] This line appears dubbed over the musical introduction to "New Life".[41]
* In Mark Williamson's ONE: a memoir (2018), the metaphor of the Interior Castle is used to describe an inner world of introspective reflection on past events, a set of "memory loci" based on the ancient system of recall for rhetorical purposes.

### Other

[edit]

* Relaciones (Relationships), an extension of the autobiography giving her inner and outer experiences in epistolary form.
* Her rare poems (Todas las poesías, Munster, 1854) are distinguished for tenderness of feeling and rhythm of thought.
* The Complete Poetry of St. Teresa of Avila. A Bilingual Edition – Edición y traducción de Eric W. Vogt. New Orleans University Press of the South, 1996. Second edition, 2015. xl, 116 p. ISBN 978-1-937030-52-0
* "Meditations on Song of Songs", 1567, written nominally for her daughters at the convent of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.
* Conceptos del Amor ("Concepts of Love") and
* Exclamaciones.
* Las Cartas (Saragossa, 1671), or her correspondence, of which there are 342 extant letters and 87 fragments of others. The first edition of Teresa's letters was published in 1658 with the comment of Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Roman Catholic bishop of Osma and an opponent to the Company of Jesus.[42]
* The Complete Works of St Teresa of Jesus, in five volumes, translated and edited by E. Allison Peers, including 2 volumes of correspondence. London: Sheed and Ward, 1982.

## Mysticism

[edit]

> The prayer Nada te turbe (Let nothing disturb you) is attributed to Teresa, having been found within her breviary:[web 13]

>> Let nothing disturb you.
>  Let nothing make you afraid.
>  All things are passing.
>  God alone never changes.
>  Patience gains all things.
>  If you have God you will want for nothing.
>  God alone suffices.[43]

>> — Teresa of Ávila

See also: Christian contemplation

The ultimate preoccupation of Teresa's mystical thought, as consistently reflected in her writings, is the ascent of the soul to God. Aumann notes that "the grades of prayer described in The Life do not correspond to the division of prayer commonly given in the manuals of spiritual life", due to the fact that "St. Teresa did not write a systematic theology of prayer".[44] According to Zimmerman, "In all her writings on this subject she deals with her personal experiences [...] there is no vestige in her writings of any influence of the Areopagite, the Patristic, or the Scholastic Mystical schools, as represented among others, by the German Dominican Mystics. She is intensely personal, her system going exactly as far as her experiences, but not a step further."[45]

Teresa describes in the Interior Castle that the treasure of heaven lies buried within our hearts, and that there is an interior part of the heart which is the centre of the soul.[15]

### Four stages as described in the autobiography

[edit]

In her autobiography she describes four stages,[46] in which she uses the image of watering one's garden as a metaphor for mystical prayer:[h]

* The first, Devotion of the Heart, consists of mental prayer and meditation. It means the withdrawal of the soul from without, penitence and especially the devout meditation on the passion of Christ (Autobiography 11.20).
* The second, Devotion of Peace, is where human will is surrendered to God. This occurs by virtue of an uplifted awareness granted by God, while other faculties, such as memory, reason, and imagination, are not yet safe from worldly distraction. Although a partial distraction can happen, due to outer activity such as repetition of prayers or writing down spiritual things, the prevailing state is one of quietude (Autobiography 14.1).
* The third, Devotion of Union, concerns the absorption-in-God. It is not only a heightened, but essentially, an ecstatic state. At this level, reason is also surrendered to God, and only the memory and imagination are left to ramble. This state is characterized by a blissful peace, a sweet slumber of at least the higher soul faculties, that is a consciousness of being enraptured by the love of God.
* The fourth, Devotion of Ecstasy, is where the consciousness of being in the body disappears. Sensory faculties cease to operate. Memory and imagination also become absorbed in God, as though intoxicated. Body and spirit dwell in the throes of exquisite pain, alternating between a fearful fiery glow, in complete unconscious helplessness, and periods of apparent strangulation. Sometimes such ecstatic transports literally cause the body to be lifted into space.[47] This state may last as long as half an hour and tends to be followed by relaxation of a few hours of swoon-like weakness, attended by the absence of all faculties while in union with God. The subject awakens from this trance state in tears. It may be regarded as the culmination of mystical experience. Indeed, Teresa was said to have been observed levitating during Mass on more than one occasion.[47]

### The seven mansions of the Interior castle

[edit]

The Interior Castle is divided into seven mansions (also called dwelling places), each level describing a step to get closer to God. In her work, Teresa already assumed entrance into the first mansions by prayer and meditation.

The purgative stage, involving active prayer and asceticism:[web 14]

* The first mansion begin with a soul's state of grace, but the souls are surrounded by sin and only starting to seek God's grace through humility in order to achieve perfection.
* The second mansions are also called the Mansion of the Practice of Prayer because the soul seeks to advance through the castle by daily thoughts of God, humble recognition of God's work in the soul and ultimately daily prayer.
* The third mansions are the Mansions of Exemplary Life characterized through divine grace and a love for God that is so great that the soul has an aversion to both mortal and venial sin and a desire to do works of charitable service to man for the ultimate glory of God. The prayer of acquired recollection belongs to the third mansion.[48]

The illuminative stage, the beginning of mystical or contemplative or supernatural prayer:[web 14]

* The fourth mansions are a departure from the soul actively acquiring what it gains as God increases his role. In this mansion, the soul begins to experience two types of supernatural prayer, namely the Prayer of Supernatural (or passive) Recollection and The Prayer of Quiet;[web 14]
* The fifth mansion is The Prayer of Union, in which the soul prepares itself to receive gifts from God;

Unitive stage:[web 14]

* The sixth mansion is the betrothal (engagement) of the soul with God can be compared to lovers. The soul spends increasing amounts of time torn between favors from God and from outside afflictions.
* The seventh mansion is the spiritual marriage with God, in which the soul achieves clarity in prayer

### Nine grades of prayer

[edit]

#### Overview

[edit]

The first four grades of Teresa's classifications of prayer belong to the ascetical stage of spiritual life. These are vocal prayer, meditational or mental prayer, affective prayer, and acquired or natural recollection.[49][50][web 15]

According to Augustin Poulain and Robert Thouless, Teresa described four degrees or stages of mystical union, namely the prayer of quiet, full or semi-ecstatic union, ecstatic union or ecstasy, and transforming or deifying union, or spiritual marriage (properly) of the soul with God.[49][51] While Augustin Poulain and Robert Thouless do not mention the Prayer of Supernatural (or passive) Recollection as a separate stage,[49][51] Aumann discerns infused contemplation as a separate stage in the fourth mansion of the Interior Castle.[50][web 15] Together, these "five grades are infused prayer and belong to the mystical phase of spiritual life".[50][web 15]

Thomas Merton disagrees on a fine-cut distinction between acquired contemplation and the prayer of quiet, noticing the Carmelite tendency of systematization, whereas Teresa herself was just describing her personal experiences.[52] Commenting on Teresa's writings and the scholarly discussions on the precise stages, Thomas Merton comments: "with all these divisions and distinctions, comings and goings and varieties of terms, one tends to become impatient with the saint".[53]

Aumann synthesizes Teresa's writings into nine grades of prayer:[50][54][web 15]

Threefold classification | The Life | Interior Castle | Nine grades

|
|
|

Ascetic  | Devotion of the Heart  | First mansions  | 1\. vocal prayer
2\. mental prayer or prayer of meditation
3\. affective prayer
Second and third mansions  | 4\. prayer of simplicity, or acquired contemplation or recollection
Illuminative  | Devotion of Peace  | Fourth mansions  | 5\. infused contemplation or recollection
6\. prayer of quiet
Unitive  | Devotion of Union  | Fifth mansions  | 7\. prayer of (simple) union
Devotion of Ecstasy  | Sixth mansions  | 8\. prayer of conforming or ecstatic union
Seventh mansions  | 9\. prayer of transforming union.

#### Ordinary prayer or ascetical stage

[edit]

##### Mental or meditational prayer

[edit]

Mental prayer is a form of prayer "performed without aid of any particular formula."[55] It is distinguished from vocal prayers, "prayers performed by means of a given formula",[55] Prayer is mental when the thoughts and affections of the soul are not expressed in a previously determined formula.[web 16] According to Teresa of Ávila, mental prayer is meditational prayer, in which the person is like a gardener, who, with much labour, draws the water up from the depths of the well to water the plants and flowers.[56][57] According to Teresa of Avila, mental prayer can proceed by using vocal prayers in order to improve dialogue with God.[58] According to Lehodey, mental prayer can be divided into meditation, more active in reflections, and contemplation, more quiet and gazeful.[59]

##### Natural or acquired contemplation – prayer of simplicity

[edit]

For Teresa of Avila, in natural or acquired contemplation, also called the prayer of simplicity[i] there is one dominant thought or sentiment which recurs constantly and easily (although with little or no development) amid many other thoughts, beneficial or otherwise. The prayer of simplicity often has a tendency to simplify itself even in respect to its object, leading one to think chiefly of God and of his presence, but in a confused manner.[49]

In the words of Saint Alphonsus Maria de Liguori, acquired contemplation "consists in seeing at a simple glance the truths which could previously be discovered only through prolonged discourse": reasoning is largely replaced by intuition and affections and resolutions, though not absent, are only slightly varied and expressed in a few words. Similarly, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, in his 30-day retreat or Spiritual Exercises beginning in the "second week" with its focus on the life of Jesus, describes less reflection and more simple contemplation on the events of Jesus' life. These contemplations consist mainly in a simple gaze and include an "application of the senses" to the events,[61]: 121 to further one's empathy for Jesus' values, "to love him more and to follow him more closely".[61]: 104

Definitions similar to that of Saint Alphonsus Maria de Liguori are given by Adolphe Tanquerey ("a simple gaze on God and divine things proceeding from love and tending thereto") and Saint Francis de Sales ("a loving, simple and permanent attentiveness of the mind to divine things").[62]

Natural or acquired contemplation has been compared to the attitude of a mother watching over the cradle of her child: she thinks lovingly of the child without reflection and amid interruptions. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states:

> What is contemplative prayer? St. Teresa answers: 'Contemplative [sic][j] prayer [oración mental] in my opinion is nothing else than a close sharing between friends; it means taking time frequently to be alone with him who we know loves us.' Contemplative prayer seeks him 'whom my soul loves'. It is Jesus, and in him, the Father. We seek him, because to desire him is always the beginning of love, and we seek him in that pure faith which causes us to be born of him and to live in him. In this inner prayer we can still meditate, but our attention is fixed on the Lord himself.[66]

#### Infused or higher contemplation – mystical union

[edit]

According to Hardon, infused contemplation is "A supernatural gift by which a person's mind and will become totally centered on God. Under this influence the intellect receives special insights into things of the spirit, and the affections are extraordinarily animated with divine love. Infused contemplation assumes the free co-operation of the human will."[67] According to Poulain, it is a form of mystical union with God, a union characterized by the fact that it is God, and God only, who manifests Himself.[49] According to Poulain, mystical grace may also manifest as visions of the humanity of Christ or an angel or revelations of a future event, and include miraculous bodily phenomena sometimes observed in ecstatics.[49]

In Teresa's mysticism, infused contemplation is described as a "divinely originated, general, non-conceptual, loving awareness of God".[68] According to Dubay:

> It is a wordless awareness and love that we of ourselves cannot initiate or prolong. The beginnings of this contemplation are brief and frequently interrupted by distractions. The reality is so unimposing that one who lacks instruction can fail to appreciate what exactly is taking place. Initial infused prayer is so ordinary and unspectacular in the early stages that many fail to recognize it for what it is. Yet with generous people, that is, with those who try to live the whole Gospel wholeheartedly and who engage in an earnest prayer life, it is common.[68]

According to Thomas Dubay, infused contemplation is the normal, ordinary development of discursive prayer (mental prayer, meditative prayer), which it gradually replaces.[68] Dubay considers infused contemplation as common only among "those who try to live the whole Gospel wholeheartedly and who engage in an earnest prayer life". Other writers view contemplative prayer in its infused supernatural form as far from common. John Baptist Scaramelli, reacting in the 17th century against quietism, taught that asceticism and mysticism are two distinct paths to perfection, the former being the normal, ordinary end of the Christian life, and the latter something extraordinary and very rare.[69] Jordan Aumann considered that this idea of the two paths was "an innovation in spiritual theology and a departure from the traditional Catholic teaching".[70] And Jacques Maritain proposed that one should not say that every mystic necessarily enjoys habitual infused contemplation in the mystical state, since the gifts of the Holy Spirit are not limited to intellectual operations.[71]

##### The Prayer of Quiet

[edit]

For Teresa of Avila, the Prayer of Quiet is a state in which the soul experiences an extraordinary peace and rest, accompanied by delight or pleasure in contemplating God as present.[72][73][web 17][74] According to Poulain, "Mystical union will be called spiritual quiet when the Divine action is still too weak to prevent distractions: in a word, when the imagination still retains a certain liberty".[49] According to Poulain, in incomplete mystical union, or the prayer of quiet or supernatural recollection, the action of God is not strong enough to prevent distractions, and the imagination still retains a certain liberty.[49]

##### Full or semi-ecstatic union

[edit]

According to Poulain, "Mystical union will be called [...] full union when its strength is so great that the soul is fully occupied with the Divine object, whilst, on the other hand, the senses continue to act (under these conditions, by making a greater or less effort, one can cease from prayer".[49]

##### Ecstatic union

[edit]

According to Poulain, "Mystical union will be called [...] ecstasy when communications with the external world are severed or nearly so (in this event one can no longer make voluntary movement nor energy from the state at will)."[49]

##### Transforming union

[edit]

The transforming union differs from the other three specifically and not merely in intensity. According to Poulain, "It consists in the habitual consciousness of a mysterious grace which all shall possess in heaven: the anticipation of the Divine nature. The soul is conscious of the Divine assistance in its superior supernatural operations, those of the intellect and the will. Spiritual marriage differs from spiritual espousals inasmuch as the first of these states is permanent and the second only transitory."[49]

## Portrayals

[edit]

Portrayals of Teresa include the following:

Detail of St. Theresa, 1827, by French painter François Gérard Portrait of Sarah Bernhardt as Thérèse in La Vierge d'Avila by Catulle Mendès (1906)

### Literature

[edit]

* Simone de Beauvoir singles out Teresa as a woman who truly lived life for herself (and perhaps the only woman to do so) in her book The Second Sex.[75]
* She is mentioned prominently in Kathryn Harrison's novel Poison.[76] The main character, Francisca De Luarca, is fascinated by her life.
* Don DeLillo in End Zone depicted Teresa as a saint who eats from a human skull to remind herself of final things.
* R. A. Lafferty was strongly inspired by El Castillo Interior when he wrote his novel Fourth Mansions. Quotations from St. Teresa's work are frequently used as chapter headings.[77]
* Pierre Klossowski prominently features Saint Teresa of Ávila in his metaphysical novel The Baphomet.[78]
* George Eliot compared Dorothea Brooke to St. Teresa in Middlemarch (1871–1872) and wrote briefly about the life and works of St. Teresa in the "Prelude" to the novel.[79]
* Thomas Hardy took Saint Teresa as the inspiration for much of the characterisation of the heroine Tess (Teresa) Durbeyfield, in Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), most notably the scene in which she lies in a field and senses her soul ecstatically above her.[80]
* The contemporary poet Jorie Graham features Saint Teresa in the poem Breakdancing in her volume The End of Beauty.[81]
* Bárbara Mujica's novel Sister Teresa, while not strictly hagiographical, is based upon Teresa's life.[web 18]
* Timothy Findley's 1999 novel Pilgrim features Saint Teresa as a minor character.[82]
* Vita Sackville-West wrote a double biography contrasting the two Carmelites Teresa of Avila and Thérèse of Lisieux, The Eagle and the Dove, re-issued in 2018.[83]

### Painting, illustration, and sculpture

[edit]

* Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit is a 1612–1614 painting by Peter Paul Rubens and is exhibited in the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam,[84] and Rubens' c. 1614 painting of the same subject is in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
* Another Rubens portrait of Teresa, from 1615, is now in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.[web 19]
* Saint Teresa was the inspiration for one of Bernini's most famous sculptures, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa (mid-17th century) in Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome.[85][web 20]
* St. Teresa was painted in 1819–20 by François Gérard, a French neoclassical painter.[web 21]
* St Theresa of Avila is a 1754-1755 painting by Joseph-Marie Vien and is exhibited in the New Orleans Museum of Art in New Orleans, Louisiana.

#### Iconography

[edit]

Theresa is usually shown in the habit of the Discalced Carmelites, and writing in a book with a quill pen. Sometimes there is a dove, symbolizing the Holy Spirit.[86]

### Drama and film

[edit]

* Hugh Ross Williamson wrote a play, Teresa of Avila, about her life, which premiered in London in 1961.
* Performance artist Linda Montano has cited Teresa of Ávila as one of the most important influences on her work and since her return to Catholicism in the 2000s has done performances of her life.[87]
* Teresa de Jesús (1984), directed by Josefina Molina and starring Concha Velasco, is a Spanish made-for-TV mini-series. In it, Teresa is portrayed as the determined foundress of new Carmelite houses while protecting the infant Jesus statue on her many arduous journeys. The devotion to the Child Jesus spread quickly in Spain, possibly due to her mystical reputation, and then to other places, including France.[web 22]
* Nigel Wingrove's 1989 short film Visions of Ecstasy was based on Teresa of Ávila. The film features fantasised sexualised scenes of Teresa with the body of Jesus on the cross. It is the only work to be refused certification by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) on the grounds of blasphemy.[web 23]
* Dževad Karahasan. The Delighted Angel drama about Teresa of Ávila and Rabija al-Adavija, Vienna-Salzburg-Klagenfurt, ARBOS 1995.[citation needed]
* Paz Vega stars as Teresa in Teresa, el cuerpo de Cristo, a 2007 Spanish biopic directed by Ray Loriga.[88]
* St. Teresa also features prominently in the 2009 Ron Howard film, Angels and Demons, where the Bernini sculpture, "The Ecstasy of St. Teresa", is an important clue in helping Robert Langdon (Tom Hanks) find an anti-matter bomb that is hidden in and set to destroy the Vatican.
* Marian Álvarez portrays Teresa in the 2015 television film of the same name directed by Jorge Dorado and made for the 500th anniversary of her birth.[web 24]
* Blanca Portillo, Greta Fernández, and Ainet Jounou portray Teresa in the 2023 film of the same name directed by Paula Ortiz.[89]

### Music

[edit]

* Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed two motets for the feast of Saint Teresa: Flores, flores o Gallia for two voices, two flutes and continuo (H.374), c. 1680 and the other, for three voices and continuo (H.342), in 1686–87.
* She is a principal character of the opera Four Saints in Three Acts by the composer Virgil Thomson with a libretto by Gertrude Stein.[90][91]
* Saint Teresa is the subject of the song "Theresa's Sound-World" by Sonic Youth off the 1992 album Dirty, lyrics by Thurston Moore.[92]
* "Saint Teresa" is a track on Joan Osborne's Relish album, nominated for a Grammy Award in 1996.[web 25]
* References to Saint Theresa and her visions appear in several songs across multiple albums by the Hold Steady, including "Chicago Seemed Tired Last Night",[93] "The Sweet Part of the City",[94] and "Our Whole Lives"[95]

## See also

[edit]

* Asín on mystical analogies in Saint Teresa of Avila and Islam
* Book of the First Monks
* Byzantine Discalced Carmelites
* Carmelite Rule of St. Albert
* Constitutions of the Carmelite Order
* Mount Carmel#Canaanites
* Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites
* Saints and levitation
* Saint Teresa of Ávila, patron saint archive
* Spanish Renaissance literature
* Teresa de Jesús, 1984 Spanish language mini-series
* St. Teresa's Church (Hong Kong)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b At some hour of the night between 4 October and 15 October 1582, the night of the transition in Spain from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.
2. ^ Pronounced /ˈɑːvɪlə/
3. ^ Spanish pronunciation: [teˈɾesa ˈsantʃeθ de θepeða ˈdaβila i a.uˈmaða]
4. ^ Teresa wrote that it must be a cherub (Deben ser los que llaman cherubines), but Fr. Domingo Báñez wrote in the margin that it seemed more like a seraph (mas parece de los que se llaman seraphis), an identification that most editors have followed. Santa Teresa de Ávila. "Libro de su vida". Escritos de Santa Teresa.
5. ^ For the creation of the work and an analysis of its transgression of religious decorum, see Franco Mormando's article, "Did Bernini's 'Ecstasy of St. Teresa' Cross a 17th-century Line of Decorum?," Word and Image, 39:4, 2023: 351–83 doi:10.1080/02666286.2023.2180931.
6. ^ Rowe 2011, p. 47 refers to the Castilian Cortes as the "Castilian parliament"
7. ^ Learn more about what was modified in the modern update of The Interior Castle.
8. ^ See: The Autobiography Chs. 10–22
9. ^ Catholic Dictionary: Prayer of simplicity: "Meditation replaced by a purer, more intimate prayer consisting in a simple regard or loving thought on God, or on one of his attributes, or on some mystery of the Christian faith. Reasoning is put aside and the soul peacefully attends to the operations of the Spirit with sentiments of love."[60]
10. ^ Mental prayer, "oración mental", is not contemplative prayer.[63][64][65]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
2. ^ Lehfeldt 2017, p. 217.
3. ^ a b Pope Paul VI 1970a.
4. ^ Thous Tuset, Carmen (2015). "Santa Teresa de Jesús, su guion de vida" (PDF). Opción. 31 (2). Maracaibo: Universidad del Zulia: 1063; 1065.
5. ^ Carravilla Parra, Jesús (2015). "La experiencia de Dios y el realismo de Teresa de Jesús" (PDF). Cuadernos de Pensamiento (28): 114. ISSN 2660-6070.
6. ^ Foa 2015.
7. ^ a b Clissold 1982.
8. ^ Jimenez, Richard (5 June 2023). "Teresa de Cepeda y Fuentes, primera poeta ecuatoriana". Petroglifos Revista Crítica Transdisciplinaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 September 2024.
9. ^ Medwick 1999, Expeditions.
10. ^ Teresa of Avila & Lewis 1870. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTeresa_of_AvilaLewis1870 (help)
11. ^ Zimmerman (1912). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZimmerman1912 (help)
12. ^ Pirlo 1997, p. 241.
13. ^ a b Herzog, Schaff & Hauck (1908), p. 412.
14. ^ Teresa of Avila & Zimmerman 1997. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTeresa_of_AvilaZimmerman1997 (help)
15. ^ a b The Interior Castle, St. Teresa of Avila.
16. ^ Barton 1982.
17. ^ Rodriguez 2007.
18. ^ a b Teresa, of Avila (1919). Letters. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : Baker. pp. 1–2.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
19. ^ a b c d e Kavanaugh & Rodgriguez 1991, pp. 9–27.
20. ^ Salamony 2017.
21. ^ Counsell 2011, p. 207.
22. ^ "Carmelites find St. Teresa of Ávila's body still incorrupt after opening coffin for study of relics". National Catholic Register. 30 August 2024.
23. ^ Walter Sánchez Silva (29 August 2024). "St. Teresa of Ávila's body remains incorrupt after almost 5 centuries". Catholic News Agency.
24. ^ Pope Paul VI 1970b.
25. ^ Rowe 2011, p. 77.
26. ^ Rowe 2011.
27. ^ Darricau n.d.
28. ^ Wong n.d.
29. ^ Santini 1995.
30. ^ Stephen Webre, Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
31. ^ Introduction, p. 16, 21.
32. ^ Teresa, Introduction, p. 2
33. ^ Detweiler & Jasper (2000), p. 48.
34. ^ Teresa of Avila, St. (1 February 1972). Interior Castle. Image. p. 8\. ISBN 0-385-03643-4.
35. ^ Mercer 2017, pp. 2539–2555.
36. ^ Eat, Pray, Love by Elizabeth Gilbert, Chapter 46.
37. ^ 'God Doesn't Want Your Real Estate' Beliefnet.com.
38. ^ Entering the Castle Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine Integral Institute.
39. ^ 'Teen Daze, Official Website'
40. ^ 'Chapter II, Internal Castle, Sacred-texts.com'
41. ^ 'New Life, iTunes Store'
42. ^ Garriga Espino 2015, pp. 35–53.
43. ^ Kirvan, John J. (1996). Let Nothing Disturb You: A Journey to the Center of the Soul with Teresa of Avila. Ave Maria Press. pp. 14–15.
44. ^ Aumann (1982), p. 362. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAumann1982 (help)
45. ^ Zimmerman (2012). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZimmerman2012 (help)
46. ^ Herzog, Schaff & Hauck (1908), p. 413.
47. ^ a b Clissold 1982, pp. 63–64.
48. ^ Aumann 1982, p. 366. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAumann1982 (help)
49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Poulain (1908).
50. ^ a b c d Aumann (1980).
51. ^ a b Thouless (1971), p. 125.
52. ^ Merton (2008), p. 245-246.
53. ^ Merton (2008), p. 241-242.
54. ^ Aumann (1982). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAumann1982 (help)
55. ^ a b Simler (2009).
56. ^ Wynne (1911).
57. ^ Lehodey (1912), p. 13. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLehodey1912 (help)
58. ^ Teresa of Ávila (2007), p. 141. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFTeresa_of_Ávila2007 (help)
59. ^ Lehodey (1912), p. 5. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLehodey1912 (help)
60. ^ Catholic Dictionary: Prayer of simplicity, Catholic Dictionary: Prayer of simplicity
61. ^ a b "Louis J. Puhl, S.J. Translation – The Spiritual Exercises". Ignatian Spirituality. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
62. ^ William Johnston, The Inner Eye of Love: Mysticism and Religion (Harper Collins 2004 ISBN 0-8232-1777-9), p. 24
63. ^ Wallenfang & Wallenfang (2021), p. "B. Mental Prayer or the Prayer of meditation".
64. ^ Hollenback (1996), p. 535.
65. ^ Wyhe (2008), p. 174.
66. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2709 Archived August 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
67. ^ John Hardon, Modern Catholic Dictionary
68. ^ a b c Thomas Dubay, Fire Within (Ignatius Press 1989 ISBN 0-89870-263-1), chapter 5
69. ^ Jordan Aumann, Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition (Sheed & Ward 1985 ISBN 0-89870-068-X), p. 247 and p. 273
70. ^ Aumann, Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition, p. 248
71. ^ Aumann, Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition, p. 276
72. ^ Teresa of Ávila, p. 177. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFTeresa_of_Ávila (help)
73. ^ Teresa of Ávila (1921), p. 104.
74. ^ Maria de' Liguori, Alfonso (1999). "Prayer of Quiet". In Frederick M. Jones (ed.). Selected writings. Paulist Press. p. 176\. ISBN 0-8091-3771-2.
75. ^ Beauvoir 2011, p. 729.
76. ^ Harrison 1995.
77. ^ Lafferty 1999.
78. ^ Klossowski 1998.
79. ^ Maynard 2009, pp. 77–80.
80. ^ Moore 1990, p. 25.
81. ^ Graham 1999.
82. ^ Findley 1999.
83. ^ Sackville-West 2011.
84. ^ "Saint Teresa of Avila's Vision of the Dove – Peter Paul Rubens (in 1612-1614)".
85. ^ Jordanova 2012, pp. 79–94.
86. ^ Stracke, Richard. "St. Teresa in Art". www.christianiconography.info.
87. ^ Knowles et al. 2002, pp. 18–34.
88. ^ "Teresa, el cuerpo de Cristo". IMDb. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
89. ^ Zurro, Javier (24 October 2023). "Paula Ortiz presenta 'Teresa' en Seminci: "La duda es el motor más revolucionario contra los dogmatismos y el fascismo"". eldiario.es. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
90. ^ Park 2009, pp. 28–44.
91. ^ Tommasini 1998.
92. ^ Hontiveros 2016.
93. ^ The Hold Steady – Chicago Seemed Tired Last Night, retrieved 5 May 2023
94. ^ The Hold Steady – The Sweet Part of the City, retrieved 5 May 2023
95. ^ The Hold Steady – Our Whole Lives, retrieved 5 May 2023

## Sources

[edit]

This article was originally based on the text in the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.

Printed sources

* Auclair, Marcelle (1950). La vie de Sainte Thérèse d'Avila, la Dame Errante de Dieu. Paris, France: Éditions du Seuil. OCLC 4154440. (493 pages) French original
* Auclair, Marcelle (1953). Saint Teresa of Avila. First English publication. New York: Pantheon.
* Auclair, Marcelle (1988). Saint Teresa of Avila. Kathleen Pond (trans.) (Reprint of first English publication: New York: Pantheon, 1953 ed.). Petersham, MA: St. Bede's Publications. ISBN 9780932506672. ISBN 0932506674, OCLC 18292197 (457 pages)
* Aumann, Jordan (1980), Spiritual Theology, A&C Black
* Balltondre Pla, Mónica (2012). Extasis y visiones: La experiencia contemplativa de Teresa de Ávila (Pensamiento del Presente). Erasmus. ISBN 9788492806980.
* Barton, Marcella Biro (1982). "Saint Teresa of Avila: Did she have Epilepsy?". The Catholic Historical Review. LXVIII (4).
* Beauvoir, Simone de (2011). The Second Sex. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27778-7.
* Clissold, Stephen (1982). St. Teresa of Avila (2nd ed.). London: Sheldon. ISBN 0-85969-347-3.
* Counsell, Michael (2011). 2000 Years of Prayer. Hymns Ancient and Modern. ISBN 978-1-85311-623-0.
* Darricau, Raymond (n.d.). "Margaret of the Most Holy Sacrament (Margaret Parigot, 1619-1648)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2007.
* Detweiler, Robert; Jasper, David (2000). "Teresa of Avila, The Interior Castle". Religion and literature: a reader. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25846-8.
* Findley, Timothy (1999). Pilgrim. HarperFlamingo Canada. ISBN 978-0-00-224258-5.
* Foa, Anna (2 March 2015). "Teresa's 'marrano' grandfather". Osservatore Romano. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017.
* Garriga Espino, Ana (10 December 2015). "El desafío editorial de las cartas de Teresa de Jesús" (PDF). Edad de Oro (in Spanish). 35 (10). Autonomous University of Madrid: 35–53\. doi:10.15366/edadoro2015.34.002. ISSN 0212-0429. OCLC 5998749260.
* Graham, Jorie (1999) [1987]. The End of Beauty. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-880-01616-2.
* Harrison, Kathryn (1995). Poison. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-43140-4.
* Herzog, Johann Jakob; Schaff, Philip; Hauck, Albert (1908), The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge Volume 11, New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co.
* Hollenback, Jess Byron (1996), Mysticism: Experience, Response, and Empowerment, Penn State Press
* Hontiveros, Romeo (14 October 2016). "Readings & Reflections: Saturday of the Twenty-eighth Week in Ordinary Time & St. Teresa of Avila, October 15,2016". pagadiandiocese.org. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
* Howell, James C. (2009). Introducing Christianity: Exploring the Bible, Faith, and Life. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-23297-9.
* Hsia, R. Po-chia (2004). A Companion to the Reformation World. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-22017-6.
* Ibáñez, Pedro (1882). La Vida de la Santa Madre Teresa de Jesús (in Spanish). Madrid.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link); English translation Ibáñez, Pedro (1888). The Life of S. Teresa of Jesus. London.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Jansen, Gary (2018). Life Everlasting: Catholic Devotions and Mysteries for the Everyday Seeker. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-525-50386-6.
* Jordanova, Ludmilla (2012). The Look of the Past: Visual and Material Evidence in Historical Practice. Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70906-4.
* Kavanaugh, Kieran; Rodgriguez, Otilio (1991). The Collected Works of Saint John of the Cross (3rd ed.). ICS Publications. ISBN 978-0-935216-14-1.
* Kirvan, John (1996). Let Nothing Disturb You: A Journey to the Center of the Soul with Teresa of Avila. Ave Maria Press. ISBN 978-0-87793-570-4.
* Klossowski, Pierre (1998). The Baphomet. Marsilio. ISBN 978-1-56886-056-5.
* Knowles, Elizabeth (2009). Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923717-3.
* Knowles, Alison; Heartney, Eleanor; Monk, Meredith; Montano, Linda; Ehn, Erik (September 2002). "Art as spiritual practice". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art. 24 (3): 18–34\. doi:10.1162/15202810260186620. JSTOR 3246344. S2CID 57572255.
* Lafferty, R. A. (1999). Fourth Mansions. Wildside. ISBN 978-1-880448-96-0.
* Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. (2017). Religious Women in Golden Age Spain: The Permeable Cloister. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-90454-4.
* Maynard, Lee Anna (2009). Beautiful Boredom: Idleness and Feminine Self-Realization in the Victorian Novel. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4555-4.
* McLean, Julienne (2003). Towards Mystical Union: A Modern Commentary on the Mystical Text "The Interior Castle" by St. Teresa of Avila. St Paul's. ISBN 978-0-8543-9661-0.
* Medwick, Cathleen (1999). "Expeditions". Teresa of Avila: The Progress of a Soul. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-54794-2.
* Mercer, Christia (2017). "Descartes' debt to Teresa of Ávila, or why we should work on women in the history of philosophy". Philosophical Studies. 174 (10): 2539–2555\. doi:10.1007/s11098-016-0737-9. S2CID 171117738.
* Merton, Thomas (2008), An Introduction to Christian Mysticism. Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 3, Cisterian Publications
* Moore, Kevin Z. (1990). The Descent of the Imagination: Postromantic Culture in the Later Novels of Thomas Hardy. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5451-1.
* Pirlo, Fr. Paolo O. (1997). "St. Teresa of Avila". My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. p. 241\. ISBN 971-91595-4-5.
* Park, Josephine Nock-Hee (2009). "The Orients of Gertrude Stein". College Literature. 36 (3): 28–44\. ISSN 0093-3139. JSTOR 20642036.
* Pope Paul VI (27 September 1970a). "Proclamazione di Santa Teresa d'Ávila Dottore della Chiesa" [Proclamation of Saint Teresa of Avila as a Doctor of the Church]. La Santa Sede (in Italian). Retrieved 13 October 2017.
* Pope Paul VI (3 October 1970b). "Proclamazione di Santa Caterina da Siena Dottore della Chiesa" [Proclamation of Saint Catherine of Siena as a Doctor of the Church]. La Santa Sede (in Italian). Retrieved 13 October 2017.
* Poulain, Augustin (1908). "Contemplation". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012.
* Rodriguez, Javier Alvarez (2007), Epilepsy and Mysticism, pp. 59–69, retrieved 11 April 2019
* Rowe, Erin Kathleen (2011). Saint and Nation: Santiago, Teresa of Avila, and Plural Identities in Early Modern Spain. Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-07815-1.
* Sackville-West, Vita (2011). The Eagle and the Dove. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-1434-2.
* Salamony, Ryan (2017). The Compassionate Mother of Carmel: Teresa of Avila and the Carmelite Model for Twenty-First-Century Seekers (PDF) (Senior). Goucher College. hdl:11603/3898. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018.
* Santini, M. (1995), The Holy Infant of Prague, Prague: Martin
* Simler, Joseph (2009), Catechism of Mental Prayer, TAN Books
* Teresa of Ávila (1921). Benedict Zimmerman (ed.). The Interior Castle. Translated by The Benedictines of Stanbrook. London: Thomas Baker.
* Teresa of Ávila; Zimmerman, Benedict (1997). Life of St. Teresa of Jesus. Tan Books. ISBN 978-0-89555-603-5.
* Teresa of Avila (2007). The Way of Perfection. Translated by Benedictines of Stanbrook. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60206-261-0.
* Thouless, Robert Henry (1971). An introduction to the psychology of religion. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-09665-0.
* Tommasini, Anthony (1998). Virgil Thomson: Composer on the Aisle. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393318586.
* Wallenfang, Donald; Wallenfang, Megan (2021), Shoeless: Carmelite Spirituality in a Disquieted World, Wipf and Stock Publishers
* Williams, Rowan (2004). Teresa of Avila. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-7341-7.
* Wong, Anders (n.d.). "History of the Infant Jesus of Prague". ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
* Wyhe, Cordula van (2008), Female Monasticism in Early Modern Europe: An Interdisciplinary View, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd
* Wynne, J (1911). "Prayer". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
* Zimmerman, Benedict. "St. Teresa of Jesus". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14\. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Web-sources

1. ^ "Holy Days". The Church of England. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016.
2. ^ "Saints of the Week!". resurrectionpeople.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
3. ^ "Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)". Encyclopedia of European Social History. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
4. ^ "First female Doctor of the Church to be honored this week". Catholic News Agency. 11 October 2009.
5. ^ "St. Teresa of Avila". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
6. ^ "Discalced Carmelite History". OCD General House. 2 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
7. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
8. ^ "Saint Therese of the Child Jesus of the Holy Face". Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Gateway. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
9. ^ "History of the Infant Jesus of Prague". Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
10. ^ "Infant of Prague". Devotions & Prayers. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
11. ^ "Infant Jesus of Prague". CatholicSaints.Info. 14 February 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
12. ^ "She Thinks, Therefore I Am". Columbia Magazine. Fall 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
13. ^ "Nada te turbe". Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
14. ^ a b c d Catholic Strength, The Seven Mansions
15. ^ a b c d St. Teresa's Nine Grades of Prayer
16. ^ Leen, Edward, Progress Through Mental Prayer
17. ^ Jordan Aumann, Grade 6: Prayer of the Quiet Archived 18 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ "Bárbara Mujica". Washington Independent Review of Books. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
19. ^ "St. Therese of Avila by Peter Paul Rubens". Museum of Art History.
20. ^ "Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Teresa". History and Appreciation of Art II. Lumen. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
21. ^ "St. Teresa of Avila – On Love". The Fra Angelico Institute for Sacred Art. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
22. ^ Teresa de Jesús at IMDb
23. ^ "Visions of Ecstasy gets UK rating after 23 year ban". BBC News. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
24. ^ "Teresa". San Sebastian Film Festival. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
25. ^ "Joan Osborne Relish". austriancharts.at. Hung Medien.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Carolyn A. Greene. Castles in the Sand fiction with cited sources about Teresa of Avila Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-0-9791315-4-7
* Jean Abiven. 15 Days of Prayer with Saint Teresa of Avila, New City Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-56548-366-8
* Gould Levine, Linda; Engelson Marson, Ellen; Feiman Waldman, Gloria, eds. (1993). Spanish Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Source Book. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-31326-823-6.
* Bárbara Mujica, Teresa de Ávila: Lettered Woman, (Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press, 2009).
* E. Rhodes, "Teresa de Jesus's Book and the Reform of the Religious Man in Sixteenth Century Spain," in Laurence Lux-Sterritt and Carmen Mangion (eds), Gender, Catholicism and Spirituality: Women and the Roman Catholic Church in Britain and Europe, 1200–1900 (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011),
* John Thomas, "Ecstasy, art & the body. St. Teresa of Avila's 'Transverberation', and its depiction in the sculpture of Gianlorenzo Bernini" in John Thomas, Happiness, Truth & Holy Images. Essays of Popular Theology and Religion & Art (Wolverhampton, Twin Books, 2019), pp. 12–16.
* John Thomas, "Architectural image and via mystica. St. Teresa's Las Moradas", in John Thomas, Happiness, Truth & Holy Images. Essays of Popular Theology and Religion & Art (Wolverhampton, Twin Books, 2019), pp. 39–48.
* Du Boulay, Shirley (2004). Teresa of Avila: An Extraordinary Life. Katonah, New York: BlueBridge. ISBN 978-0-974-24052-7.

## External links

[edit]

Teresa of Ávila at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity

Library resources about
Teresa of Ávila

* * *

* Online books
* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

By Teresa of Ávila

* Online books
* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* "Works of St. Teresa of Avila (Online)". Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
* Teresa 500: Videos of a conference held at Roehampton University in 2015 on the 500th anniversary of Teresa's birth
* "St. Teresa, Virgin", Butler's Lives of the Saints
* Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
* Biography Online: Saint Teresa of Avila
* Patron Saints: Saint Teresa of Avila
* Books written by Saint Teresa of Avila, including Saint John of the Cross
* Works by Teresa of Ávila at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Teresa of Ávila at the Internet Archive
* Works by Teresa of Ávila at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* Basilica of Saint Teresa in Alba de Tormes Archived 28 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
* Alba de Tormes, sepulcro de Santa Teresa – Tomb of Saint Teresa on YouTube (in Spanish)
* Life of St. Teresa of Jesus, of The Order of Our Lady of Carmel
* Way of Perfection
* Interior Castle or The Mansions
* Convent of St Teresa in Avila
* Poems of Saint Teresa
* Santa Teresa: an Appreciation, 1900, by Alexander Whyte, from Project Gutenberg
* Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square

* v
* t
* e

Carmelites

A list of all the congregations, notable members, priories, churches, and convents of the Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Carmelites)

General

| Attributes|

* Elijah
* Elisha
* Saint Joseph
* Saint Joachim
* Saint Anne
* Albert of Jerusalem
* Rule of Saint Albert
* Book of the First Monks
* Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
* Our Lady of Mount Carmel
* Mount Carmel
* Flos Carmeli
* Sabbatine Privilege

|

Orders
and groups|

* Discalced Carmelites (also known as Teresian Carmelites)
* Monks of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel
* Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel
* Carmelites of Mary Immaculate
* Carmelites of the Holy Face (Palmarian)

Tertiary|

* Third Order of Carmelites
* Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites

Liturgy|

* Rite of the Holy Sepulchre

Spiritual classics|

* The Interior Castle
* Way of Perfection
* Dark Night of the Soul
* Ascent of Mount Carmel
* The Living Flame of Love
* The Practice of the Presence of God

Members of the Carmelite Order

| Beatified Carmelites|

* Francesco Lippi
* John Soreth
* Jane of Toulouse
* Bartolomeo Fanti
* Baptist Spagnoli of Mantua
* Maria Crocifissa Curcio
* Anne of Saint Bartholomew
* Candelaria of San José
* Francisco Palau
* Giovanna Scopelli
* Kuriakose Elias Chavara
* Angelo Agostini Mazzinghi
* Françoise d'Amboise
* Teresa Maria Manetti
* Elia of Saint Clement
* María Guggiari Echeverría
* María López de Rivas Martínez
* Marie-Eugène de l'Enfant-Jésus

|

Congregations of sisters|

* Carmelite Sisters of Charity
* Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm
* Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles
* Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel
* Carmelite Daughters of the Divine Heart of Jesus
* Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel
* Carmelite Sister of the Divine Providence
* Carmelite Missionaries Sister of Saint Therese of Child Jesus
* Carmelite Sister of Mother Candelaria
* Corpus Christi Carmelites
* Institute of Our Lady of Carmel
* Congregation Of Our Lady Of Mount Carmel
* Carmelite Sisters of Our Lady

Carmelite pope|

* Pope Telesphorus

Carmelite bishops|

* Inácio de São Caetano
* Robert Mascall
* Pierre de Casa
* Filippo Iannone

Carmelite cardinals|

* Girolamo Maria Gotti
* Joaquín Lluch y Garriga
* Adeodato Giovanni Piazza
* Anders Arborelius

Carmelite martyrs|

* Angelus of Jerusalem
* Luigi Rabatà
* Teresa of St. Augustine & Companions
* Marie-Geneviève Meunier
* Redemptus of the Cross
* Denis of the Nativity
* Hilary Januszewski
* Teresa Benedicta of The Cross
* Isidore Bakanja
* Jacques Retouret
* Alfons Maria Mazurek
* Elvira Moragas Cantarero
* María Pilar de San Francisco de Borja
* María Ángeles de San José
* Teresa del Niño Jesús y de San Juan de la Cruz
* Angel Prat i Hostench and 16 companions
* Titus Brandsma

Carmelite saints|

* Pope Telesphorus
* Cyril of Constantinople
* Simon Stock
* Nuno Álvares Pereira
* Andrew Corsini
* Peter Thomas
* Albert of Trapani
* Euphrasia Eluvathingal
* George Preca
* Kuriakose Elias Chavara

Carmelite mystics & doctors of the church|

* John of the Cross
* Teresa of Ávila
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* Mary of Jesus Crucified
* Serafina of God
* Maria Petyt
* Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi
* Teresa of the Andes
* John of St. Samson
* Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín
* Ana de Jesús
* Elizabeth of the Trinity
* Archangela Girlani
* Maria Candida of the Eucharist
* Marianna Fontanella
* Marie of St Peter
* Marie of the Incarnation
* Anna Maria Redi

Venerable Carmelites|

* Ana de Jesús
* Veronica of the Passion
* Thérèse of Saint Augustine
* Mariana of the Purification
* María Luisa Josefa
* Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament
* Fulton Sheen
* Teofilo Camomot
* Lúcia de Jesus Rosa dos Santos of Fátima

Carmelite Servants of God|

* Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín
* Camille de Soyécourt
* Mary of Saint Peter
* Maria Francesca of the Holy Spirit
* Giovanni Antonio Guadagni
* Raffaele Rossi
* Anastasio Ballestrero

* Louise de La Vallière
* Anne Worsley
* Margaret Mostyn
* Agnes Mariam de la Croix
* Jessica Powers
* Ann Teresa Mathews
* Catharine Burton
* Natividad Zialcita
* Tadea de San Joaquín
* Josefina Constantino

Carmelite brothers|

* Lawrence of the Resurrection
* Brother John of Saint Samson

Carmelite scholars|

* Arnold Bostius
* Ludovicus a S. Carolo
* Robert Bale
* Guido Terrena
* William Beckley
* William Gregory
* Juan Bautista de Lezana
* John Baconthorpe

Carmelite theologians|

* Gerard of Bologna
* John Bamptomn
* Thomas Netter
* Henri de Saint-Ignace
* John Bate
* Thomas á Jesu
* Philip of the Blessed Trinity
* Franciscus Bonae Spei
* Pedro Cornejo de Pedrosa
* William Badby
* John Beston

Carmelite tertiaries|

* Maria Crocifissa Curcio
* Maria de Dominici
* Teresa of St. Rose of Lima
* Kuriakose Elias Chavara

Filippo Lippi

Carmelite churches, convents, and monasteries

| Carmelite churches|

* Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church
* St. Joseph's Carmelite Church, Berkeley Road
* Church of Our Lady Victorious
* Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence
* Annunciation Church, Mdina
* Santa Maria del Carmine
* Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield

|

Carmelite convents|

* Aylesford Priory

Carmelite basilica|

* Santa Maria del Carmine, Naples
* San Martino ai Monti
* San Martino, Bologna
* Basilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata

Carmelite monasteries|

* Convento de San José (Ávila)
* Berdychiv Carmelite Monastery
* Muhraqa Carmelite Monastery
* Stella Maris Monastery
* Carmelite Monastery Church of the Annunciation
* Monastery of Mary, Mother of Grace
* Marylake Carmelite Monastery
* Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield
* Döbling Carmelite Monastery

Carmelite education

| Colleges and universities|

* Whitefriars College
* Carmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland

|

Pontifical universities|

* Teresianum
* Institutum Carmelitanum

Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

History of the Catholic Church

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
* By country or region
* Ecclesiastical history
* Timeline
* Papacy
* Papal primacy
* Catholic ecumenical councils
* First seven
* Catholic Bible
* Biblical canon
* Vulgate
* Crusading movement
* History of the Roman Curia
* Religious institutes
* Christian monasticism
* Catholic culture
* Art
* Role in civilization
* Vatican City
* Papal States
* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches

Early Church
(30–325/476)|

| Origins and
Apostolic Age (30–100)|

* Jesus
* Ministry
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Holy Spirit
* Mary
* John the Baptist
* Apostles in the New Testament
* Commissioning
* Peter
* John
* Paul
* Stephen
* Council of Jerusalem
* Split with Judaism
* New Testament
* Background
* Gospels
* Acts
* Pauline epistles
* General epistles
* Revelation

|

Ante-Nicene period (100–325)|

* Persecution
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* Pope Clement I
* Polycarp
* Ignatius
* Irenaeus
* Justin Martyr
* Canon
* Tertullian
* Origen

Late antiquity
(313–476)|

| Great Church
(180–451)
Roman
state church
(380–451)|

* Constantine the Great
* Christianity
* Arian controversy
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* First Council of Nicaea
* Pope Sylvester I
* First Council of Constantinople
* Biblical canon
* Jerome
* Vulgate
* Council of Ephesus
* Council of Chalcedon

|

Early Middle Ages|

* Benedict of Nursia
* Monasticism
* Second Council of Constantinople
* Pope Gregory I
* Gregorian chant
* Third Council of Constantinople
* Saint Boniface
* Byzantine Iconoclasm
* Second Council of Nicaea
* Charlemagne
* Pope Leo III
* Fourth Council of Constantinople
* East–West Schism

High Middle Ages|

* Pope Urban II
* Investiture Controversy
* Clash against the empire
* Crusades
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* First Council of the Lateran
* Second Council of the Lateran
* Third Council of the Lateran
* Pope Innocent III
* Latin Empire
* Francis of Assisi
* Fourth Council of the Lateran
* Inquisition
* First Council of Lyon
* Second Council of Lyon
* Bernard of Clairvaux

Late Middle Ages|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Pope Boniface VIII
* Western Schism
* Avignon Papacy
* Pope Clement V
* Council of Vienne
* Knights Templar
* Catherine of Siena
* Pope Alexander VI
* Age of Discovery

Protestant Reformation
Counter-Reformation

* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Counter-Reformation
* Exsurge Domine
* Dissolution of the monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Peter Canisius
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* European wars of religion
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* United States
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazism
* Mit brennender Sorge
* Pope John XXIII
* Pacem in terris
* Second Vatican Council
* Ecumenism
* Judaism
* Pope Paul VI (coronation)
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* Communism
* Pope John Paul II
* HIV/AIDS
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2023
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis
* Laudato si'
* Patriarch Kirill
* COVID-19 pandemic

* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

History of Catholic theology

Key figures

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
* Timeline
* History of the papacy
* Papal primacy
* Ecumenical councils
* Catholic Bible
* Vulgate
* Biblical canon
* History of Christian theology

Early Church|

* Paul
* Clement of Rome
* First Epistle of Clement
* Didache
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Polycarp
* Epistle of Barnabas
* The Shepherd of Hermas
* Aristides of Athens
* Justin Martyr
* Epistle to Diognetus
* Irenaeus
* Montanism
* Tertullian
* Origen
* Antipope Novatian
* Cyprian

Constantine to
Pope Gregory I

* Eusebius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Arianism
* Pelagianism
* Nestorianism
* Monophysitism
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Ambrose
* John Chrysostom
* Jerome
* Augustine of Hippo
* John Cassian
* Orosius
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Peter Chrysologus
* Pope Leo I
* Boethius
* Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
* Pope Gregory I

Early Middle Ages|

* Isidore of Seville
* John Climacus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Monothelitism
* Ecthesis
* Bede
* John of Damascus
* Iconoclasm
* Transubstantiation dispute
* Predestination disputes
* Paulinus II of Aquileia
* Alcuin
* Benedict of Aniane
* Rabanus Maurus
* Paschasius Radbertus
* John Scotus Eriugena

High Middle Ages|

* Roscellinus
* Gregory of Narek
* Berengar of Tours
* Peter Damian
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Joachim of Fiore
* Peter Abelard
* Decretum Gratiani
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Peter Lombard
* Anselm of Laon
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Hugh of Saint Victor
* Dominic de Guzmán
* Robert Grosseteste
* Francis of Assisi
* Anthony of Padua
* Beatrice of Nazareth
* Bonaventure
* Albertus Magnus
* Boetius of Dacia
* Henry of Ghent
* Thomas Aquinas
* Siger of Brabant
* Thomism
* Roger Bacon

Mysticism and reforms|

* Ramon Llull
* Duns Scotus
* Dante Alighieri
* William of Ockham
* Richard Rolle
* John of Ruusbroec
* Catherine of Siena
* Bridget of Sweden
* Meister Eckhart
* Johannes Tauler
* Walter Hilton
* The Cloud of Unknowing
* Heinrich Seuse
* Geert Groote
* Devotio Moderna
* Julian of Norwich
* Thomas à Kempis
* Nicholas of Cusa
* Marsilio Ficino
* Girolamo Savonarola
* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Reformation
Counter-Reformation

* Erasmus
* Thomas Cajetan
* Thomas More
* John Fisher
* Johann Eck
* Francisco de Vitoria
* Thomas of Villanova
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francisco de Osuna
* John of Ávila
* Francis Xavier
* Teresa of Ávila
* Luis de León
* John of the Cross
* Peter Canisius
* Luis de Molina (Molinism)
* Robert Bellarmine
* Francisco Suárez
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Francis de Sales

Baroque period to
French Revolution

* Tommaso Campanella
* Pierre de Bérulle
* Pierre Gassendi
* René Descartes
* Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
* António Vieira
* Jean-Jacques Olier
* Louis Thomassin
* Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
* François Fénelon
* Cornelius Jansen (Jansenism)
* Blaise Pascal
* Nicolas Malebranche
* Giambattista Vico
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Louis de Montfort
* Maria Gaetana Agnesi
* Alfonso Muzzarelli
* Johann Michael Sailer
* Clement Mary Hofbauer
* Bruno Lanteri

19th century|

* Joseph Görres
* Félicité de La Mennais
* Luigi Taparelli
* Antonio Rosmini
* Ignaz von Döllinger
* John Henry Newman
* Henri Lacordaire
* Jaime Balmes
* Gaetano Sanseverino
* Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
* Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
* Giuseppe Pecci
* Joseph Hergenröther
* Tommaso Maria Zigliara
* Matthias Joseph Scheeben
* Émile Boutroux
* Modernism
* Neo-scholasticism
* Léon Bloy
* Désiré-Joseph Mercier
* Friedrich von Hügel
* Vladimir Solovyov
* Marie-Joseph Lagrange
* George Tyrrell
* Maurice Blondel
* Thérèse of Lisieux

20th century|

* G. K. Chesterton
* Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
* Joseph Maréchal
* Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
* Jacques Maritain
* Étienne Gilson
* Ronald Knox
* Georges Bernanos
* Dietrich von Hildebrand
* Gabriel Marcel
* Marie-Dominique Chenu
* Romano Guardini
* Edith Stein
* Fulton Sheen
* Henri de Lubac
* Dorothy Day
* Henri Daniel-Rops
* Jean Guitton
* Josemaría Escrivá
* Nouvelle théologie
* Karl Rahner
* Yves Congar
* Bernard Lonergan
* Emmanuel Mounier
* Jean Daniélou
* Hans Urs von Balthasar
* Marcel Lefebvre
* Frederick Copleston
* Alfred Delp
* Edward Schillebeeckx
* Thomas Merton
* René Girard
* Hans Küng
* Johann Baptist Metz
* Jean Vanier
* Henri Nouwen

21st century|

* Pope John Paul II
* Alice von Hildebrand
* Carlo Maria Martini
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Gustavo Gutiérrez
* Alasdair MacIntyre
* Walter Kasper
* Raniero Cantalamessa
* Michał Heller
* Peter Kreeft
* Jean-Luc Marion
* Tomáš Halík
* Aidan Nichols
* Scott Hahn

* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

Saints of the Catholic Church

Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
Stages of canonization: Servant of God →  Venerable →  Blessed →  Saint

Virgin Mary|

* Mother of God (Theotokos)
* Immaculate Conception
* Perpetual virginity
* Assumption
* Marian apparition
* Titles of Mary
* Joseph (husband)

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Barnabas
* Bartholomew
* James of Alphaeus
* James the Great
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Archangels|

* Gabriel
* Michael in the Catholic Church
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Anthony of Kiev
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Homobonus
* Lazarus Zographos
* Louis Bertrand
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Sergius of Radonezh
* Theophanes the Confessor
* Pio of Pietrelcina

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary of Bethany
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors of the Church|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
* Peter Damian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Francis de Sales
* Peter Canisius
* John of the Cross
* Robert Bellarmine
* Albertus Magnus
* Anthony of Padua
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek
* Irenaeus

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
* Cappadocian Fathers
* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
* Desert Fathers
* Desert Mothers
* Dionysius of Alexandria
* Dionysius of Corinth
* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Epiphanius of Salamis
* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Abda and Abdisho
* Boris and Gleb
* Charles de Foucauld
* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Christina of Persia
* Dominguito del Val
* Devasahayam Pillai
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* John Fisher
* Korean Martyrs
* Lorenzo Ruiz
* Martyrs of Lübeck
* Luigi Versiglia
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of Algeria
* Martyrs of Cajonos
* Martyrs of Compiègne
* Martyrs of Drina
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Gorkum
* Martyrs of Japan
* 21 Martyrs of Libya
* Martyrs of La Rioja
* Martyrs of Damascus
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of Prague
* Martyrs of Sandomierz
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Martyrs of Zenta
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Titus Brandsma
* 17 Thomasian Martyrs
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Ulma Family
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia

Missionaries|

* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Damien of Molokai
* Evermode of Ratzeburg
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nino of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Catherine of Bologna
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine Labouré
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Faustina Kowalska
* Faustina and Liberata of Como
* Genevieve
* Hiltrude of Liessies
* Joan of Arc
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* María de las Maravillas de Jesús
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Patricia of Naples
* Rosalia
* Rose of Lima
* Teresa of the Andes
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Trasilla and Emiliana
* Ubaldesca Taccini
* Josephine Bakhita

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Four Holy Marshals
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Martyr of charity
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Seven Champions
* Venerated couples
* Virtuous pagan

* Catholic Church portal
* Saints portal

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* 2
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Argentina
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* 2
* Israel
* Finland
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* RISM

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template