Terrorism in Europe

The bombings of the Madrid train system in 2004 (left, makeshift shrine), the bombing of Air India Flight 182 in 1985 (centre, memorial), and the City of Poros ship attack in 1988 (right, City of Poros in 1988) constitute the deadliest attacks carried out in Europe on land, in aviation, and in nautical transport respectively, killing 192, 329, and 11 people.

There is a long history of terrorism in Europe. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements (separating countries), while other acts have been related to politics (including anarchism, far-right and far-left extremism), religious extremism, or organized crime. Terrorism in the European sections of the intercontinental countries of Turkey and Russia are not included in this list.

## History

[edit]

### Definitions

[edit]

Defining terrorism is difficult, and there are more than one hundred definitions of it in scholarly literature. The term is used in polemical contexts, thus it can become a move in a campaign rather than an aid to thought.[1] A simple definition would be "use of force against innocent people for political purposes". Some scholars argue that there is no true or correct definition due to terrorism being an abstract concept without a real presence. Legal definitions contain internal contradictions and might be misused.[2] There is an overlap between terrorism and various other forms of conflict and violent action, including civil wars[3] or non-international armed conflicts. This is the case with several significant non-international conflicts in Europe, where there thus can be dispute as to what counts as terrorism: examples include the Irish War of Independence (1919–21), the breakup of Yugoslavia and subsequent conflicts,[4] the First (1994–6) and Second Chechen Wars (1999–2009), and the War of Dagestan (1999).

### Early history

[edit]

In the Middle Ages, maritime nations in Europe sponsored pirates and privateering against rivals, which can be compared to terrorism.[5][6] The term "terror" is used about the reign of terror in France, carried out by the Jacobins in 1792-4.

### Modern trends

[edit]

* Statistics from 2006 to 2013 by affiliation
* Attacks

* Arrests

Part of a series on

Terrorism

* Definitions
* History
* Incidents

By ideology

* Anarchist
* Communist
* Left-wing/Far-left
* Narcotics-driven
* Nationalist
* Right-wing/Far-right

Religious

* Atheist
* Buddhist
* Christian (Mormon)
* Hindu
* Jewish
* Sikh

Special-interest / Single-issue

* Suffragette
* Anti-abortion
* Green/Ecological
* Misogynist

Related topics

* Violent extremism
* Ethnic violence
* Militia movement
* Resistance movement

Structure

* Financing
* Fronting
* Radicalization (online)
* Training camp
* Death squad
* Clandestine cell system
* Leaderless resistance
* Lone wolf
* Domestic

* Methods
* Tactics

* Agro-terrorism
* Aircraft hijacking (list)
* Decapitation
* Bombing
* Animal-borne
* Car (list)
* Improvised
* Letter
* Threat
* Proxy
* Bioterrorism
* Cyberterrorism
* Dry run
* Environmental
* Hostage-taking
* Individual terror
* Insurgency
* Kidnapping
* Lone wolf
* Nuclear
* Paper
* Piracy
* Propaganda of the deed
* Shooting
* School
* Spree
* Stabbing
* Suicide attack (list)
* Rockets and mortars
* Vehicle-ramming

Terrorist groups

* Designated terrorist groups
* Charities accused of ties to terrorism

Adherents

* Violent non-state actors

State terrorism

* China
* Soviet Union
* United States
* Myanmar
* Russia

State-sponsored terrorism

* India
* Israel (Zionist terrorism)
* Libya
* Pakistan
* Russia (Soviet Union)
* Sri Lanka
* United States
* Venezuela

Response to terrorism

* Counter-terrorism
* International conventions
* Anti-terrorism legislation
* Terrorism insurance

* v
* t
* e

Terrorism in Europe around the beginning of the twentieth century was often associated with anarchism.[7][8]

Terrorism within the European Communities since 1951 has often been linked to separatist movements, including the Irish Republican Army within the United Kingdom, and Euskadi Ta Askatasuna within Spain. Other perpetrators have been linked to far-right and far-left extremism, environmental extremism and anarchism. Since 2001, there has been an increase in attacks linked to extremist groups, particularly in France. Many separatist terrorist activities also have a religious angle, as, for example, with Chechen separatism in Russia.[citation needed]

There have been recent increases in the number of high-fatality attacks. There had been a decrease in the number of overall fatalities from terrorist attacks between 1990 and 2015, compared to those between 1970 and 1990.[9] Prior to 1990, on average 150 people died each year from terrorist attacks; this figure would be even higher if the large number of people who died in 1988 from the Pan Am 2013 bombing were included. From 1990, an average of a little under 50 people died each year. There was an increase of fatalities from 2011, with the attacks by far-right extremist Anders Breivik in Norway, and Islamist extremist attacks in France in 2015 and 2016.

Europol has published an annual trend report on terrorist attacks (including failed, foiled, and completed attacks) and terrorist-related arrests in the EU since 2006.[10] The reports identify that perpetrators' known or suspected affiliations have been disparate in nature. Europol break these down into five categories: jihadist terrorism (previously termed "religiously-inspired terrorism"); ethno-nationalist and separatist terrorism; left-wing and anarchist terrorism; right-wing terrorism; and single-issue terrorism. Europol's reports do not provide a breakdown of the proportion of attacks that have been completed or the type of damage inflicted. According to these data, the vast majority of terrorist attacks in the EU between 2006 and 2013 were affiliated with ethnonational or separatist motives, followed by left-wing and anarchist attacks, and those that are registered as 'unspecified'. A significant number of terror attacks were motivated religiously or associated with right-wing groups. Among those arrested on terror-related crimes, most were religiously motivated and form the largest group, followed by separatist related terror suspects.

In 2015, a total of 211 completed, failed, or foiled terrorist attacks were reported by EU states, resulting in 151 fatalities (of which 148 were in France, with 130 of them occurring during the November 2015 Paris attacks) and over 360 people injured. As in previous years, separatist attacks accounted for the largest proportion (65), followed by jihadist attacks (17). Jihadist attacks caused the largest number of fatalities (150) and injuries (250). The United Kingdom reported the largest number of attacks (103) but did not provide statistics on suspected affiliation.[11] Tackling jihadist terrorism threats has become an over-riding priority for security services, although many commentators express concerns that the risk of far-right terrorism is currently being underestimated.[12]

In 2017, British intelligence MI5 said that Northern Ireland is the most concentrated area of terrorist activity "probably anywhere in Europe", with weekly threats from dissident Irish republicans.[13]

Europol report all deaths from terrorist activity in 2018 were caused by jihadist terrorism. As of 2019, Europol reported that left-wing terrorist groups in the EU had appeared to have ceased their operational activities.[14]

In 2023, Hamas linked operatives, planning a terrorist attack, against Jews and Israelis in Denmark were arrested by the Mossad and Danish authorities.[15]

## Prevention

[edit]

### International cooperation

[edit]

Main articles: Europol, Interpol, and Counter Terrorism Group

The seat of the European Police Office (Europol) in The Hague. Cover of the Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2017

European states were at the fore of plans for an international criminal court under the League of Nations in the 1930s, working through the Committee for the Repression of Terrorism (CRT). The CRT sought to define terrorism and get nation's domestic policies to support anti-terrorism activities. Opposition by Britain and tensions over fascism in Germany and Italy limited the final proposals.[16]

Current European cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism includes the European Police Office (Europol), an EU agency, and Interpol. TREVI was an early example of EU cooperation in this field.

The main transnational activity to combat terrorism in recent years has been through Europol. They have categorised acts of terrorism that have either failed, been foiled or been successfully executed within the European Union (EU) as either pertaining to religious issues, right-wing, left-wing or separatist movements. The field is subject to considerable cooperation among national authorities.

### National authorities

[edit]

In July 2014 France introduced legislation to combat terrorism by toughening surveillance, making it lawful to detain individuals linked to radical "Islamist" groups, and to block Internet sites that incite anti-Semitism, terrorism and hatred. The country's Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve revealed 600 French nationals were in Syria at the time or planned to go there. The bill includes a ban on foreign travel for up to six months for those believed to hold terrorist sympathies, provides for the confiscation and invalidation of passports, and prohibits airlines from allowing such individuals to fly.[17]

From 2005, the United Kingdom government introduced the CONTEST strategy, which seeks to improve co-operation between security services, and other public and private organisations.[18] This includes four strands, namely Pursue, (seeking to apprehend potential terrorists), Prevent, (seeking to reduce risks of 'radicalisation', deter potential terrorists and share information), Protect, (seeking to ensure the security of potential targets and organisations is optimised), and Prepare, (seeking to ensure an effective response in the immediate aftermath of any attack). Similar strategies have been adopted by other countries across the European Union, and there have been increases in co-operation between nations and security forces.

## Incidents

[edit]

Terrorism deaths in Western Europe 1970-2017, based on the Global Terrorism Database. Red is for deaths in the UK, orange for Spain, green for Italy, blue for France and purple for Germany. Grey are other countries.

### Deadliest attacks

[edit]

The following is a list of terrorist incidents in Europe which resulted in at least ten civilian deaths. It lists attacks on civilians by non-state actors that are widely referred to as terrorism. It excludes attacks that took place in transcontinental countries such as Turkey and Russia. For incidents in Russia, see Terrorism in Russia and for incidents in Turkey, see Terrorism in Turkey.

Key: motivation

Nationalism/Separatism Islamist Right-wing Left-wing Other

Date  | Country/Region  | Incident  | Casualties  | Perpetrator

|
|
|
|

28 Jul 1835 |  France | Assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe I | 18 killed, 23 injured (inc. 1 perp.)[19] | Giuseppe Marco Fieschi
13 Dec 1867 |  UK | Clerkenwell explosion | 12 killed, 120 injured[20] | Irish Republican Brotherhood
7 Nov 1893 |  Spain | Gran Teatre del Liceu bombing | 20+ killed,[8] 40+ injured[21] | Santiago Salvador Franch
7 Jun 1896 |  Spain | Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing | 12 killed, 44 injured[21] | Anarchists (suspected)
28 Apr 1903 |  Ottoman Empire | Thessaloniki bombings of 1903 | 16 killed (inc. 6 perp.), 16 injured[22] | Boatmen of Thessaloniki
31 May 1906 |  Spain | Botched assassination of Alfonso XIII | 30 killed, 100 injured[23] | Mateo Morral Rocca
15 Aug 1906 |  Congress Poland | Bloody Wednesday | 19 to 200 killed, 43 to >100 injured[24][25] | Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party
13 Dec 1921 |  Romania | Bolgrad palace bombing | 100 killed[26] | Bessarabian Separatists
23 Mar 1923 |  Italy | Diana Theatre bombing (Milan) | 21 killed, 172 injured[27] | Anarchists
16 Apr 1925 |  Bulgaria | St Nedelya Church bombing | 150 killed, 500+ injured[28] | Bulgarian Communist Party
1 May 1947 |  Italy | Portella della Ginestra massacre | 11 killed, 33 wounded[29] | Salvatore Giuliano
18 Jun 1961 |  France | Vitry-Le-François train bombing | 28 killed, 100+ injured[30] | Organisation Armée Secrète
12 Dec 1969 |  Italy | Piazza Fontana bombing | 17 killed, 88 injured[31] | Ordine Nuovo
21 Feb 1970 |  Switzerland | Swissair Flight 330 bombing | 47 killed[32] | PFLP-GC
4 Dec 1971 |  UK | McGurk's Bar bombing | 15 killed, 17 injured[33] | Ulster Volunteer Force
26 Jan 1972 |  Czechoslovakia | JAT Flight 367 bombing | 27 killed[34] | Ustaše (suspected)
5 Sep 1972 |  West Germany | Munich massacre | 17 killed[35] | Black September
17 Dec 1973 |  Italy | Rome airport attacks | 34 killed, 22 injured[36] | Black September
4 Feb 1974 |  UK | M62 coach bombing | 12 killed, 38 injured[37] | Provisional IRA
17 May 1974 |  Ireland | Dublin and Monaghan bombings | 34 killed, 300 injured[38] | Ulster Volunteer Force
4 Aug 1974 |  Italy | Italicus Express bombing | 12 killed, 48 injured[39] | Ordine Nero
8 Sep 1974 |  Greece | TWA Flight 841 bombing | 88 killed[40] | Abu Nidal Organization
13 Sep 1974 |  Spain | Cafetería Rolando bombing | 13 killed, 71 injured[41] | ETA
21 Nov 1974 |  UK | Birmingham pub bombings | 21 killed, 182 injured[42] | Provisional IRA
5 Jan 1976 |  UK | Kingsmill massacre | 10 killed, 1 injured[43] | South Armagh Republican Action Force
17 Feb 1978 |  UK | La Mon restaurant bombing | 12 killed, 30 injured[44] | Provisional IRA
2 Aug 1980 |  Italy | Bologna massacre | 85 killed, 200+ injured[45] | Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari
26 Sep 1980 |  West Germany | Oktoberfest bombing | 13 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 211 injured[46] | Gundolf Köhler
20 Jul 1982 |  UK | Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings | 11 killed, 50 injured[47] | Provisional IRA
6 Dec 1982 |  UK | Droppin Well bombing | 17 killed, 30 injured[48] | Irish National Liberation Army
23 Dec 1984 |  Italy | Train 904 bombing | 16 killed, 267 injured[49] | Sicilian Mafia
12 Apr 1985 |  Spain | El Descanso bombing | 18 killed, 82 injured[50] | Islamic Jihad Organization
23 Jun 1985 |  Atlantic Ocean in Irish airspace  | Air India Flight 182 bombing | 329 killed[51] | Babbar Khalsa
23 Nov 1985 |  Malta | EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking | 60 killed (inc. 2 perps.)[52] | Abu Nidal Organization
27 Dec 1985 |  Italy
Austria | Rome and Vienna airport attacks | 23 killed (inc. 4 perps.), 139 injured[53] | Abu Nidal Organization
14 Jul 1986 |  Spain | Plaza República Dominicana bombing | 12 killed, 32 injured[54] | ETA
19 Jun 1987 |  Spain | Hipercor bombing | 21 killed, 45 injured[55] | ETA
8 Nov 1987 |  UK | Remembrance Day bombing | 12 killed, 63 injured[56] | Provisional IRA
11 Dec 1987 |  Spain | Zaragoza Barracks bombing | 11 killed, 88 injured[57] | ETA
21 Dec 1988 |  UK | Pan Am Flight 103 bombing | 270 killed[58] | Abdelbaset al-Megrahi
22 Sep 1989 |  UK | Deal barracks bombing | 11 killed, 21 injured[59] | Provisional IRA
29 May 1991 |  Spain | Vic bombing | 10 killed, 44 injured[60][61] | ETA
15 Aug 1998 |  UK | Omagh bombing | 29 killed, 300+ injured[62] | Real IRA
16 Feb 2001 |  FR Yugoslavia | Podujevo bus bombing | 12 killed, 40 injured [63] | Kosovo Albanian Militants (suspected)
27 Sep 2001 |  Switzerland | Zug massacre | 15 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 18 injured[64] | Friedrich Leibacher
11 Mar 2004 |  Spain | Madrid train bombings | 193 killed, 2,050 injured[65] | Al-Qaeda
7 Jul 2005 |  UK | 2005 London bombings | 56 killed, (inc. 4 perps.), 784 injured[66] | Al-Qaeda
11 Apr 2011 |  Belarus | Minsk Metro bombing | 15 killed, 204 injured[67] | Dzimitry Kanavalau and Vlad Kavalyou
22 Jul 2011 |  Norway | Norway attacks | 77 killed, 319 injured[68] | Anders Behring Breivik
7–9 Jan 2015  |  France | January 2015 Île-de-France attacks | 20 killed (inc. 3 perps.), 22 injured[69] | Al-Qaeda
13 Jan 2015 |  Ukraine | Volnovakha bus attack | 12 killed, 18 injured[70] | Donetsk People's Republic (suspected)
13 Nov 2015 |  France | November 2015 Paris attacks | 137 killed (inc. 7 perps.), 413 injured[71][72] | Islamic State
22 Mar 2016 |  Belgium | Brussels bombings | 35 killed (inc. 3 perps.), 340 injured[73] | Islamic State
14 Jul 2016 |  France | Nice truck attack | 87 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 434 injured[74] | Islamic State
22 July 2016 |  Germany | 2016 Munich shooting | 10 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 36 injured[75] | David Sonboly
19 Dec 2016 |  Germany | Berlin Christmas market attack | 13 killed, 55 injured[76][77] | Islamic State
22 May 2017 |  UK | Manchester Arena bombing | 23 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 250 injured[78] | Salman Ramadan Abedi
17–18 Aug 2017  |  Spain | 2017 Barcelona attacks | 24 killed (inc. 8 perps.), 152 injured[79][80] | Islamic State
19 Feb 2020 |  Germany | Hanau shootings | 11 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 6 injured[81] | Tobias Rathjen

### Costliest attacks

[edit]

These are the incidents that had the highest financial damage. By far the biggest three are listed here below, all having occurred in the United Kingdom, and all by the same organisation.[82][83][84]

Date  | Country/Region  | Incident  | Cost (USD)  | Perpetrator

|
|
|
|

24 Apr 1993 |  London, UK | 1993 Bishopsgate bombing | $2 billion  | Provisional IRA
15 Jun 1996 |  Manchester, UK | 1996 Manchester bombing | $996 million  | Provisional IRA
10 Apr 1992 |  City of London, UK | Baltic Exchange bombing | $897 million  | Provisional IRA

### Terrorism by country and region

[edit]

* Terrorism in the Balkans
* Terrorist activity in Belgium
* Terrorism in Denmark
* Terrorist incidents in France
* Terrorism in Germany
* Terrorism in Greece
* Terrorism in Italy
* List of terrorist incidents in the Netherlands
* List of terrorist incidents in North Macedonia
* Terrorism in Norway
* Terrorism in Russia
* Terrorism in Serbia
* Terrorism in Spain
* Terrorism in Sweden
* Terrorism in Switzerland
* Terrorism in Turkey
* Terrorism in the United Kingdom
* Terrorism in Yugoslavia

## See also

[edit]

* Europe portal

* Islamic terrorism in Europe
* List of terrorist incidents
* Terrorism in the United States
* Terrorism in India
* Hindu terrorism
* Violence against Christians in India
* Left-wing terrorism
* Right-wing terrorism

## References

[edit]

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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Barry M. Rubin; Judith Colp Rubin (2008). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765622068.
* Besenyo, Janos (2017). "ATACURI PUŢIN COSTISITOARE, COMPLOTURI IMPERCEPTIBILE? PREZENTARE GENERALĂ PRIVIND CARACTERUL ECONOMIC AL TERORISMULUI ACTUAL" [Low Cost Attacks, Imperceptible Plots? General Presentation on the Economic Character of Current Terrorism]. Impact Strategic (in Romanian). 62 (1): 84–101. ISSN 1582-6511.
* Poland, J.M (1988). Understanding Terrorism. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.

## Further reading

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Further information: Terrorism in the United Kingdom § Further reading

* Bakker, Edwin. "Characteristics of jihadi terrorists in Europe (2001–2009)." in Jihadi terrorism and the radicalisation challenge ( Routledge, 2016) pp. 145-158. online

* Bowie, Neil G. (April 2021). "40 Terrorism Databases and Data Sets: A New Inventory" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. XV (2). Leiden University. ISSN 2334-3745.
* Burleigh, Michael. Blood and rage: a cultural history of terrorism. Harper, 2009.; major scholarly study
* Chaliand, Gérard and Arnaud Blin, eds. The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda. (University of California Press, 2007).
* Ebner, Julia. The rage: The vicious circle of Islamist and far-right extremism (Bloomsbury, 2017).
* Graef, Josefin. Imagining Far-right Terrorism: Violence, Immigration, and the Nation State in Contemporary Western Europe (Routledge, 20220.
* Hewitt, Christopher. "Terrorism and public opinion: A five country comparison." Terrorism and Political Violence 2.2 (1990): 145-170.
* Hof, Tobias. "From extremism to terrorism: The radicalisation of the far right in Italy and West Germany." Contemporary European History 27.3 (2018): 412-431.
* Hof, Tobias. "The threat of transnational terrorism." in Understanding Global Politics (Routledge, 2019) pp. 375-389.

* Jones, Seth G., Catrina Doxsee, and Nicholas Harrington. The Right-wing Terrorism Threat in Europe (Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2020) online.
* Kaunert, Christian, Joana de Deus Pereira, and Mike Edwards. "Thick Europe, ontological security and parochial Europe: the re-emergence of far-right extremism and terrorism after the refugee crisis of 2015." European politics and society 23.1 (2022): 42-61. online
* Kaunert, Christian, and Sarah Léonard. "The collective securitisation of terrorism in the European Union." West European Politics 42.2 (2019): 261-277. online
* Kepel, Gilles. Terror in France (Princeton University Press, 2017).
* Koehler, Daniel. Right-wing terrorism in the 21st century: The 'National Socialist Underground' and the history of terror from the far-right in Germany (Routledge, 2016).

* Land, Isaac, ed., Enemies of humanity: the nineteenth-century war on terrorism. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
* Miller, Martin A. The foundations of modern terrorism: state, society and the dynamics of political violence. (Cambridge UP, 2013).
* Norris, Jesse J. "When (and where) can right-wing terrorists be charged with terrorism?" Critical studies on terrorism 13.4 (2020): 519-544.
* Pannier, Alice, and Olivier Schmitt. "To fight another day: France between the fight against terrorism and future warfare." International Affairs 95.4 (2019): 897-916. online
* Ravndal, Jacob Aasland. "Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation." European Journal of Political Research 57.4 (2018): 845-866. online

* Romagnoli, M. 2016, "The Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: (Inter)relations, Motives & Risks", Almatourism, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 125–133.
* Samaan, Jean-Loup, and Andreas Jacobs. "Countering jihadist terrorism: A comparative analysis of French and German experiences." Terrorism and Political Violence 32.2 (2020): 401-415.

* Tausch, Arno. "Estimates on the Global Threat of Islamic State Terrorism in the Face of the 2015 Paris and Copenhagen Attacks," Middle East Review of International Affairs, (2015) 19#1 online

## External links

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* European Counter Terrorism Centre – Europol
* List of most wanted fugitives in Europe – Europol

* v
* t
* e

Terrorism in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

* v
* t
* e

Islamic terrorism in Europe

General|

* Terrorism in Europe
* Islamic terrorism
* Islamic extremism
* Islam and violence
* Jihadism
* Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
* ISIL-related terrorist attacks in France
* Brussels ISIL terror cell
* Cannes-Torcy cell
* Insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
* Al-Qaeda involvement in Europe
* Lone wolf
* Salafi jihadism

Attacks|

| East|

* 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing
* Shchelkovo Highway police station attack
* Crocus City Hall attack

|

North|

* 2010 Stockholm bombings
* 2015 Copenhagen shootings
* 2017 Stockholm truck attack
* 2017 Turku attack
* 2022 Oslo shooting

| United
Kingdom|

* 2005 London bombings
* Glasgow Airport attack
* Murder of Lee Rigby
* 2017 Westminster attack
* Manchester Arena bombing
* 2017 London Bridge attack
* Parsons Green train bombing
* 2019 London Bridge stabbing
* 2020 Streatham stabbing
* 2020 Reading stabbings
* Murder of David Amess

|

South|

* 2003 Istanbul bombings
* 2004 Madrid train bombings
* 2017 Barcelona attacks

West|

* 2020 Vienna attack

| Belgium|

* Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
* 2016 Brussels bombings
* 2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers
* 2016 stabbing of Brussels police officers
* June 2017 Brussels attack
* August 2017 Brussels attack
* 2018 Liège attack

|

France|

* Air France Flight 8969
* 1995 bombings
* Toulouse and Montauban shootings
* 2013 La Défense attack
* 2014 Tours police station stabbing
* 2015 Île-de-France attacks
* Charlie Hebdo shooting
* Hypercacher siege
* 2015 Nice stabbing
* Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack
* 2015 Thalys train attack
* 2015 Paris attacks
* 2016 Paris police station attack
* 2016 Magnanville stabbing
* 2016 Nice truck attack
* 2016 Normandy church attack
* 2017 Orly Airport attack
* 2017 Champs-Élysées attack
* 2017 Notre Dame attack
* 2017 Champs-Élysées ramming
* Levallois-Perret attack
* 2017 Marseille stabbing
* Carcassonne and Trèbes attack
* 2018 Paris knife attack
* 2018 Strasbourg attack
* 2019 Lyon bombing
* Paris police headquarters stabbing
* 2020 Romans-sur-Isère knife attack
* 2020 Paris stabbing attack
* Murder of Samuel Paty
* 2020 Nice stabbing
* Rambouillet knife attack

Germany|

* 2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting
* Hanover stabbing
* Würzburg train attack
* 2016 Ansbach bombing
* 2016 Berlin truck attack
* 2017 Hamburg knife attack
* 2020 Dresden knife attack

Netherlands|

* Murder of Theo van Gogh
* 2018 Amsterdam stabbing attack
* 2019 Utrecht tram shooting

Counter-
terrorism|

| Operations|

* Opération Sentinelle, France
* Operation Vigilant Guardian, Belgium
* Operation Temperer, UK

|

Raids|

* 2014 anti-terrorism operations in Norway
* January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium
* Brussels lockdown
* 2016 Brussels police raids
* 2015 Saint-Denis, France raid
* 2017 Saint Petersburg raid

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