Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt

Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, often referred to as TAD or TADAE, is a four volume corpus of Aramaic inscriptions written in Egypt during the Ancient Egyptian period, written by Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni.[1]

Originally envisaged to be the Corpus Papyrorum Aramaicarum, following the Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, it grew to incorporate all Aramaic inscriptions from the region, not just on papyrus, so the title was changed – this time borrowing from J. C. L. Gibson's 1971 Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions.[1]

Each of volumes 1-3 contains 40-50 texts (vol. 1 letters (A); vol. 2 contracts (B); vol. 3 literary texts (C)), and volume 4 contains 478 texts, including D1-5: 216 papyrus fragments; D6: 14 leather; D7-10: 87 ostraca. The collection does not include the Saqqarah papyri[a] and most of the Clermont-Ganneau ostraca.[b][4][5]

It is the standard reference textbook for the Aramaic Elephantine papyri and ostraca, as well as other examples of Egyptian Aramaic, which together provide the primary extant examples of Imperial Aramaic worldwide.[6]

## Concordance

[edit]

Name  | Discovered | Date | Location | TAD | Cowley (C)  | Grelot | Other ref | Museum number

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Adon Papyrus | 1942 | 600s BCE |  | A1.1 |  |  | KAI 266 |
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri | 1945 | 400-500 BCE | University of Cairo | A2.1 |  | 28 | Bresciani-Kamil 4[7] |
A2.2 |  | 26 | Bresciani-Kamil 2[7] |
A2.3 |  | 25 | Bresciani-Kamil 1[7] |
A2.4 |  | 27 | Bresciani-Kamil 3[7] |
A2.5 |  | 29 | Bresciani-Kamil 5[7] |
A2.6 |  | 30 | Bresciani-Kamil 6[7] |
A2.7 |  | 31 | Bresciani-Kamil 7[7] |
Private Letters |  | 1906-08 | 400-500 BCE | Egyptian Museum | A3.1 | 54  | - | Sachau 39 | Pap. No. 3456 = J. 43493
| A3.2 | 55  | - | Sachau 40 | Pap. No. 3457 = J. 43494
Padua Aramaic papyri | 1815-19 (published 1960) | Museo Civico di Padova | A3.3 |  | 14 |  | Aramaic Papyrus 1
A3.4 |  |  |  | Aramaic Papyrus 2
| 1906-08 | Egyptian Museum | A3.5 | 41  | - | Sachau 13 | Pap. No. 3437 = J. 43474
| A3.6 | 40  | 16 | Sachau 14 | Pap. No. 3438 = J. 43475
| A3.7 | 39  | 15 | Sachau 12 | Pap. No. 3436 = J. 43473
| A3.8 | 42  | 17 | Sachau 16 | Pap. No. 3440 = J. 43477
Wilbour Aramaic papyrus  | 1893 | Brooklyn Museum | A3.9 |  |  | Kraeling 13[8] | Brooklyn Museum 47.218.151
| 1970 | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | A3.10 |  |  |  | P. Berlin 23000
| 1959 | Museo Archeologico di Firenze | A3.11 |  |  |  | Inv. n. 11913
Jedaniah Communal Archive  | Passover Letter  | 1906-08 | 419 - 407 BCE | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | A4.1 | 21  | 96 | Sachau 6 | P. 13464
| Egyptian Museum | A4.2 | 37  | 97 | Sachau 10 | Pap. No. 3434 = J. 43471
| A4.3 | 38  | 98 | Sachau 11 | Pap. No. 3435 = J. 43472
| Egyptian Museum of Berlin and Egyptian Museum of Cairo | A4.4 | 56+34  | 100 | Sachau 15 | Berlin P. 13456 + Pap. No. 3439 = J. 43476
Strasbourg Aramaic papyrus  | 1898  | Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire (Strasbourg) | A4.5 | 27  | 101 |  | Aram. 2
| 1906-08  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | A4.6 | 66  |  |  | P. 13445
Temple Reconstruction Letter  | A4.7 | 30  | 102 | Sachau 1 | P. 13495
| Egyptian Museum | A4.8 | 31  | 102 | Sachau 2 | Pap. No. 3428 = J. 43465
| Egyptian Museum of Berlin | A4.9 | 32  | 103 | Sachau 3 | P. 13497
| Egyptian Museum | A4.10 | 33  | 104 | Sachau 5 | Pap. No. 3430 = J. 43467
Official (semi-official) Letters | Maspero Saqqara Aramaic papyrus  | 1902 | 436 - 300s BCE | Académie des Inscriptions | A5.1 |  |  |  | Inscriptions 5-7
| 1906-08 | Egyptian Museum | A5.2 | 16  | 18 | Sachau 7 | Pap. No 3431 = J. 43468
Turin Aramaic Papyrus | 1824 | Musco Egizio di Torino | A5.3 | 70  |  | CIS II 144 | Prov. 645
Memphis Serapeum Aramaic papyrus  | 1862[9] | Egyptian Museum | A5.4 | 76  |  | CIS II 151 | Pap. No. 3654 = J. 59204
Maspero Elephantine Aramaic papyrus  | 1902 |  | A5.5 | 80  |  | RES 248 | Académie des Inscriptions 2-4
The Letters of Arsames and his Colleagues  | 1906-08 | 427 - 400 BCE | Egyptian Museum | A6.1 | 17  | 60 | Sachau 4 | Pap. No. 3429 = J. 43466
A6.2 | 26  | 61 | Sachau 8 | Pap. No. 3432 = J. 43469
1933 (published 1954)  | Bodleian Library | A6.3 |  | 64 | Driver 3 + Frag 7.1[10] | Pell. Aram. VII
A6.4 |  | 62 | Driver 2 + Frag 9.6[10] | Pell. Aram. IV (bottom left) + XII
A6.5 |  | 63 | Driver 1 and 1a[10] | Pell. Aram. VI
A6.6 |  |  | Driver Frag. 5[10] |
A6.7 |  | 66 | Driver 5[10] | Pell. Aram. IV
A6.8 |  | 65 | Driver 4[10] | Pell. Aram. II
A6.9 |  | 67 | Driver 6[10] | Pell. Aram. VIII
A6.10 |  | 68 | Driver 7[10] | Pell. Aram. I
A6.11 |  | 69 | Driver 8[10] | Pell. Aram. XIII
A6.12 |  | 70 | Driver 9[10] | Pell. Aram. III
A6.13 |  | 71 | Driver 10[10] | Pell. Aram. IX
A6.14 |  | 72 | Driver 11[10] | Pell. Aram. V
A6.15 |  | 73 | Driver 12[10] | Pell. Aram. XIV
A6.16 |  | 74 | Driver 13[10] | Pell. Aram. X
Mibtahiah archive  |  |  |  | B2.1 | 5 | 32 | Sayce-Cowley A |
|  |  | B2.2 | 6 | 33 | Sayce-Cowley B |
|  |  | B2.3 | 8 | 34 | Sayce-Cowley D |
|  |  | B2.4 | 9 | 35 | Sayce-Cowley C |
|  |  | B2.5 | 48 | - | Sachau 38 |
|  |  | B2.6 | 15 | 38 | Sayce-Cowley G |
|  |  | B2.7 | 13 | 36 | Sayce-Cowley E |
| Quit Claim |  | B2.8 | 14 | 37 | Sayce-Cowley F |
|  |  | B2.9 | 20 | 39 | Sayce-Cowley H |
|  |  | B2.10 | 25 | 40 | Sayce-Cowley J |
|  |  | B2.11 | 28 | 41 | Sayce-Cowley K |
Anani archive  |  |  |  |  | B3.1 | 10 | 4 | Sachau 28 |
Mika cedes property to Anani b. Azariah  |  |  | Brooklyn Museum | B3.2 |  | 42 | Kraeling 1+18[8] |
Anani b. Azariah marriage to Tamut  |  |  | B3.3 |  | 43 | Kraeling 2[8] |
Bagazusht and Ubil sell house to Anani b. Azariah  |  |  | B3.4 |  | 44 | Kraeling 3[8] |
Gift from man to wife  |  |  | B3.5 |  | 45 | Kraeling 4[8] |
Emancipation of female slave  |  |  | B3.6 |  | 46 | Kraeling 5[8] |
Father-daughter adjoining house  |  |  | B3.7 |  | 47 | Kraeling 6[8] |
Ananiah son of Haggai marriage  |  |  | B3.8 |  | 48 | Kraeling 7+15[8] |
Slave adoption  |  |  | B3.9 |  | 49 | Kraeling 8[8] |
Father-daughter gift  |  |  | B3.10 |  | 50 | Kraeling 9[8] |
Father-daughter house donation  |  |  | B3.11 |  | 51 | Kraeling 10[8] |
Sale contract  |  |  | B3.12 |  | 53 | Kraeling 12[8] |
Grain loan  |  |  | B3.13 |  | 52 | Kraeling 11[8] |
|  |  |  |  | B4.1 | 49 | 1 | Sachau 44 |
|  |  |  |  | B4.2 | 11 | 3 | Sayce-Cowley L |
|  |  |  |  | B4.3 | 3 | - | Sachau 26 |
|  |  |  |  | B4.4 | 2 | 54 | Sachau 25 |
|  |  |  |  | B4.5 | 29 | 6 | Sachau 29 |
|  |  |  |  | B4.6 | 35 | 7 | Sachau 35 |
|  |  |  |  | B5.1 | 1 | 2 | Sachau 30 |
|  |  |  |  | B5.2 | 65,3+67,3 |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | B5.3 |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | B5.4 | 47 | - | Sachau 37 |
|  |  |  |  | B5.5 | 43 | 8 | Sachau 33 |
|  |  |  |  | B6.1 |  |  | Kraeling 14[8] |
|  |  |  |  | B6.2 | 36 | - | Sachau 9 |
|  |  |  |  | B6.3 | 46 | - | Sachau 31 |
|  |  |  |  | B6.4 | 18 | 5 | Sachau 34 |
|  |  |  |  | B7.1 | 45 | 11 | Sachau 36 |
|  |  |  |  | B7.2 | 7 | 9 | Sachau 27 |
|  |  |  |  | B7.3 | 44 | 10 | Sachau 32 |
|  |  |  |  | B7.4 | 59 |  | Sachau 47 |
Lepsius Aramaic papyrus |  | 1849  |  |  | B8.5 | 69 |  | CIS II 149 |
Literary Texts | Story of Ahikar | 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin and Egyptian Museum of Cairo | C1.1 (+3.7) |  |  | Sachau 49-52, 54-59 | Berlin P. 13446A-H, K-L + Pap. No. 3465 = J. 43502
Blacas papyri | 1825 |  | British Library | C1.2 | 71  |  | CIS II 145 | Pap. 106
Historical Texts | Behistun papyrus | 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | C2.1 (+3.13) |  |  | Sachau 61-62 | P. 13447
Accounts |  | 1880s (published 1915) |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.1 |  |  | RÉS 1791 | Pap. No. 3466 = J. 36499
Göttingen papyrus  | 1884 (published 1974) |  | Göttingen State and University Library | C3.2 |  |  |  | Cod.Ms.or.var.1,xx
| 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.3 | 52  | - | Sachau 22 | Pap. No. 3445 = J. 43482
| 1906-07 (published 1974) |  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | C3.4 |  |  |  | P. Berlin 23103
| 1917 |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.5 | p. 318  |  | Aimé-Giron | Pap. No. 3656 = J. 59209
| 1966-72 (published 1983) |  | Egyptian Antiquities Service | C3.6 |  |  | Segal 47 | Register No. 5881
Ahigar erased text  | 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin and Egyptian Museum of Cairo | C3.7 (+1.1) |  |  | Sachau 49-52, 54-59 | Berlin P. 13446A-H, K-L + Pap. No. 3465 = J. 43502
| 1926 |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.8 |  |  | Aimé-Giron 5-20, 24, 39 | Pap. No. 3470, 3471, 3472, 3474 J. 50053, 50054, 50055, 50057
| 1906-07 (published 1988) |  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | C3.9 |  | 105 | Kraeling 13 | P. Berlin 23128–32, 23134
Bresciani papyrus  | 1940 (published 1971) |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.10 |  |  |  | Pap. No. 3484 = J. 72527
| 1966-72 (published 1983) |  | Egyptian Antiquities Service | C3.11 |  |  | Segal 20+19 | Register No. 2212 + 2195
Louvre Aramaic papyrus  | 1826 (published 1863) |  | Louvre | C3.12 | 72  |  | CIS II 146 | AF 7991
Memorandum from verso of the Behistun papyrus | 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | C3.13 (+2.1) | 61–63, 64,21 + 68,5  |  | Sachau 61-62 | Berlin P. 13447 verso
| 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.14 | 24  | 55 | Sachau 19 | Pap. No. 3442 = J. 43479 + 43479A
| 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum of Berlin | C3.15 | 22  | 89 | Sachau 18 | P. 13488 + Nos. 64 and 76 of 96 Frags. + P. Berlin 23101
| 1893 (published 1953) |  | Brooklyn Museum | C3.16 |  | - | Kraeling 17[8] | Brooklyn Museum 47.218.153
| unknown |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.17 |  |  | Aimé-Giron 78+77 | Pap. No. 3476 = J. 59202
| 1966-72 (published 1983) |  | Egyptian Antiquities Service | C3.18 |  |  | Segal 45 | Register No. 2201
| 1827 (published 1869) |  | Vatican Museum | C3.19 | 73  |  | CIS II 147 | Inv. No. 22955
| 1966-72 (published 1983) |  | Egyptian Antiquities Service | C3.20 |  |  | Segal 57 | Register No. 2215
| 1862 (published 1887) |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.21 | 75  |  | CIS II 150 | Pap. No. 3653 = J. 59203
| 1966-72 (published 1983) |  | Egyptian Antiquities Service | C3.22 |  |  | Segal 48 | Register No. 1560
|  | C3.23 |  |  | Segal 87 | Register No. 5891
|  | C3.24 |  |  | Segal 106 | Register No. 5666
| 1880s |  | Egyptian Museum | C3.25 | 78  |  | CIS II 153 | Pap. No. 3478 = J. 60144
| 1924-25 |  | C3.26 |  |  | Aimé-Giron 87 | Pap. No. 3469 = J. 50052
Harrow papyrus  | 1880s (published 1923) |  | Harrow School Museum | C3.27 | 83  |  |  |
| 1906 |  | Bodleian Library | C3.28 | 81  |  |  | MS. Heb. a. 5 (P)
| unknown |  | Museo dell'Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente, Università di Roma | C3.29 |  |  |  | Pap. Levi Della Vida
Lists |  | 1913 |  | Egyptian Museum | C4.1 | p. 317  |  | Aimé-Giron | Pap. No. 3655 = J. 59208
| 1926 |  | C4.2 |  |  | Aimé-Giron 46 + 50 + 25 + 47; 26, 30, 33, 61, 75 | Pap. No. 3473, 3474 = J. 50056. 50057
| 1966-72 (published 1983) |  | Egyptian Antiquities Service | C4.3 |  |  | Segal 53 | Register No. 1558
| 1906-08 |  | Egyptian Museum | C4.4 | 12  | 56 | Sachau 17 | Pap. No. 3441 = J. 43478
|  | C4.5 | 19  | 57 | Sachau 21 | Pap. No. 3444 = J. 43481
|  | C4.6 | 23  | 58 | Sachau 20 | Pap. No. 3443 = J, 43480
|  | C4.7 | 51  | - | Sachau 23 | Pap. No. 3446 = J. 43483
|  | C4.8 | 53  | 59 | Sachau 24 | Pap. No. 3447 = J. 43484
Vatican papyrus  | 1827 (published 1884) |  | Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana | C4.9 | 74  |  | CIS II 148 | Papiro Borgiano Aramaico 1
Other | Chester ostraca  |  |  | British Museum | D7.13 |  |  | KAI 271, CIS II 138 | E14219
Dream ostracon  |  |  |  | D7.17 |  |  | KAI 270, CIS II 137 |
Serapeum Offering Table |  |  |  | D20.1 |  |  | KAI 268 |
Saqqara Aramaic Stele |  |  |  | D20.3 |  |  | KAI 267 |
Carpentras Stele |  |  |  | D20.5 |  |  | KAI 269 |
Ankh-Hapy stele |  |  |  | D20.6 |  |  | KAI 272 |

## Reviews

[edit]

### Volume 1

[edit]

* Williamson, H. G. M. (1987). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt 1: Letters, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Vetus Testamentum, 37(4), 493–493. https://doi.org/10.2307/1517566
* Lipiński, E. (1988). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt ('wsp t’wdwt ’rmywt mmşrym h’tyqh), newly copied, edited and translated into Hebrew and English by..., 1. Letters. Appendix: Aramaic Letters from the Bible, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Orientalia, 57(4), 434–436. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43077597
* Kaufman, S. A. (1988). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Letters, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 47(4), 289–290. http://www.jstor.org/stable/544888
* Grelot, P. (1988). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into Hebrew and English, I. Letters. Appendix: Aramaic Letters from the Bible. 34 × 24, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Revue Biblique (1946-), 95(2), 294–299. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44088910

### Volume 2

[edit]

* Lipiński, E. (1990). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt ('wsp t’wdwt ’rmywt mmşrym h’tyqh), newly copied, edited and translated into Hebrew and English by..., 2. Contracts. Vol. 1: text, copies in reduced size (LIV-191 p.); vol. 2: copies (37 foldouts), by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Orientalia, 59(4), 552–554. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43075793
* Grelot, P. (1990). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Revue Biblique (1946-), 97(2), 270–276. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44089014
* Segal, J. B. (1992). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, II, Contracts, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 78, 344–344. https://doi.org/10.2307/3822102

### Volume 3

[edit]

* Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1995). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, 3: Literature, Accounts, Lists, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 115(4), 710–711. https://doi.org/10.2307/604758
* Grelot, P. (1996). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, 3: Literature, Accounts, Lists, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 27(3), 351–355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24660077

### Volume 4

[edit]

* Gianto, A. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions (Texts and Studies for Students), by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Biblica, 81(3), 443–445. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42614297
* Dion, P.-E. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into Hebrew and English, Vol. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 318, 77–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/1357731

## Work

[edit]

* Volume 1
* Volume 3
* A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic

## Previous corpuses

[edit]

* Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1878). "Origine Perse Des Monuments Araméens d'Égypte (Notes d'archéologie orientale) Premier Article". Revue Archéologique. 36. Presses Universitaires de France: 93–107\. ISSN 0035-0737. JSTOR 41735287.
* "Deuxième Article". Revue Archéologique. 37. Presses Universitaires de France: 21–39\. 1879. ISSN 0035-0737. JSTOR 41735338.
* Sayce and Cowley, Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, (London, 1906)
* Arthur Ungnad, 1911, Aramäische Papyrus aus Elephantine
* Eduard Sachau, 1911, Aramäische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer jüdischen Militär-Kolonie zu Elephantine
* Text
* Plates
* Arthur Ernest Cowley, 1923, Aramaic papyri of the fifth century B.C
* Noël Aimé-Giron, 1931, Textes araméens d'Égypte
* Grelot, Pierre (1972). Documents araméens d'Égypte. Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient (in French). Éditions du Cerf.

## Notes

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1. ^ Discovered from 1966-73, the group consists of 202 papyrus fragments and 5 ostraca; none of these are full or almost full texts: Pardee writes “As a matter of connected text, however, this collection is much less important than the groups of texts published by Sayce, Sachau, Cowley, Driver, Kraeling, and Bresciani and Kamil, for there is not a single complete document among these 202 papyri.”[2]
2. ^ Discovered in the early 20th century, but very few have been published.[3]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Botta, A.F. (2012). ""Mr. Elephantine" Bezalel Porten". In the Shadow of Bezalel. Aramaic, Biblical, and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Bezalel Porten. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Brill. p. xi-xvi. ISBN 978-90-04-24083-4.
2. ^ Pardee, D. (1988). [Review of Aramaic Texts from North Saqqâra with Some Fragments in Phoenician, by J. B. Segal]. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 47(2), 154–156. http://www.jstor.org/stable/544400
3. ^ Porten, B., & Yardeni, A. (1993). Ostracon Clermont-Ganneau 125(?): A Case of Ritual Purity. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 113(3), 451–456. https://doi.org/10.2307/605393
4. ^ Gianto, A. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions (Texts and Studies for Students), by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Biblica, 81(3), 443–445. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42614297
5. ^ Dion, P.-E. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into Hebrew and English, Vol. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 318, 77–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/1357731
6. ^ Cook, Edward (2022). Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 3-7. ISBN 978-1-108-78788-8. "Imperial Aramaic (IA) [Footnote: Other names: Official Aramaic, Reichsaramäisch. Because many of the surviving texts come from Egypt, some scholars speak of "Egyptian Aramaic."]… As noted, the documentation of IA is significantly greater than that of Old Aramaic; the hot and dry climate of Egypt has been particularly favorable to the preservation of antiquities, including Aramaic texts written on soft media such as papyrus or leather. The primary, although not exclusive, source of our knowledge of Persian-period Aramaic is a large number of papyri discovered on the island of Elephantine… All of the Egyptian Aramaic texts have been collected and reedited in the Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt… This is now the standard text edition… Outside of Egypt, Aramaic texts written primarily on hard media such as stone or pottery have been discovered, including texts from Palestine, Arabia, Asia Minor, Iraq (Babylon), and Iran (Persepolis). A recent discovery, of uncertain provenance, is a relatively large collection of documents, now in a private collection, consisting mainly of the correspondence of the official Akhvamazda of Bactria dating from 354 to 324 BCE (Nave & Shaked 2012). They are similar in some ways to the Arshama archive published by Driver; the find-spot was no doubt Afghanistan."
7. ^ a b c d e f g Edda Bresciani; Murād Kāmil, 1966, Le lettere aramaiche di Hermopoli, Memorie (Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche)., ser. 8 ;, v. 12, fasc. 5.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kraeling, Emil G.H. (1953). The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the Fifth Century B.C. from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-405-00873-3. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
9. ^ Bargès, J.J.L. (1862). Papyrus égypto-araméen appartenant au Musée égyptien du Louvre (in French). Duprat.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Driver, G.R.; Mittwoch, E. (1968). Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B.C. Zeller.